Question juridique clé
Whether the lack of mandatory defense during investigation violated the right to effective defense
Solution extraite
No. The defendant had been informed of the right to counsel, had special financial and professional knowledge, and no compelling need for mandatory defense arose during the investigation.
Motifs extraits
There is no general constitutional right to mandatory defense at the investigative stage. Even under fairness principles, compulsory counsel is not automatic where the accused can follow the proceedings and no concrete inability to defend is shown.