Whether the compensation fund had standing to appeal as a private complainant based on civil claims.
The fund did not show direct civil claims arising from the alleged offense; its asserted harm stemmed only indirectly from the debt enforcement procedure.
For standing under Art. 81 LTF, the complainant must plausibly allege civil claims directly deriving from the offense. Administrative inconvenience, supervisory exposure, or other indirect effects of a payment order are not enough. The claimed declaration of non-existence of the debt and deletion of the collection proceeding are public-law consequences tied to AVS insurance relations, not civil claims.