East MacEdonia Baptist Church, Inc.; And Clifton Hayes v. Todd Allen Pettit and the Stracener Family Revocable Trust, David Stracener, Trustee

Cite as 2024 Ark. App. 424
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CV-23-169

EAST MACEDONIA BAPTIST Opinion Delivered September 18, 2024
CHURCH, INC.; AND CLIFTON
HAYES APPEAL FROM THE LONOKE
APPELLANTS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. 43CV-22-188]

V.
HONORABLE SANDY HUCKABEE,
JUDGE
TODD ALLEN PETTIT AND THE
STRACENER FAMILY REVOCABLE
TRUST, DAVID STRACENER,
TRUSTEE AFFIRMED
APPELLEES

BART F. VIRDEN, Judge

Appellants East Macedonia Baptist Church, Inc., and its pastor, Clifton Hayes (“the

Church”), appeal from the Lonoke County Circuit Court’s order finding that appellees

Todd Allen Pettit and the Stracener Family Revocable Trust, David Stracener, Trustee

(“Stracener”), proved the existence of a nonexclusive prescriptive easement providing ingress

and egress to 108 Scroggins Lane in England, Arkansas. The Church raises the following

arguments: (1) Pettit and Stracener lack standing because they failed to assert any injury to

themselves; rather, it was their tenants who were allegedly injured, yet they were not parties

and did not testify; and (2) Pettit and Stracener failed to prove a prescriptive easement
because there was no overt action under a claim of right and their use began with permission.

We affirm.

I. Background

The Church’s property is located at 101 A Street, which intersects with Scroggins

Lane. The church itself faces A street, which is north of the church; Scroggins Lane is to the

east of the church; and there is farmland on the west side of the church. The disputed gravel

driveway is south of, or behind, the church and runs perpendicular to Scroggins Lane. 106

Scroggins Lane is adjacent to the lane, and 108 Scroggins Lane sits west of 106 and south of

the Church’s property. The gravel driveway runs straight past 106 Scroggins Lane, and

testimony and photos show that it veers toward 108 Scroggins Lane, where it ends.

Exhibits and testimony show that the Church purchased its property in approximately

1985. Moreover, there is a deed dated 1986 showing that Lawrence Cates transferred the

property at 108 Scroggins Lane to Virginia Cates. There is a March 2019 warranty deed

referencing 108 Scroggins Lane showing that Virginia transferred an undivided one-half

interest to Pettit and an undivided one-half interest to Stracener and his wife, Benita. A

warranty deed filed in August 2021 shows that Stracener and his wife then transferred their

one-half interest in the property to the Stracener Family Revocable Trust.

In March 2022, Pettit and Stracener filed a petition seeking, in relevant part, a

prescriptive easement with respect to that portion of the Church’s property used as a gravel

driveway and injunctive relief related to the Church’s recent construction of a fence

2
enclosing the driveway. Pettit and Stracener alleged that the driveway served as “the sole

means of ingress and egress” to 108 Scroggins Lane, which they used as a rental property.

II. Bench Trial

Stracener testified that he does not own 106 Scroggins Lane or 110 Scroggins Lane,

which lies south of 106 Scroggins Lane. Stracener said that both he and the tenants of 108

Scroggins Lane had regularly used the gravel driveway behind the church to access the

property during the three years he had owned the land but that, since the Church’s

construction of a fence, neither he nor the tenants—nor emergency vehicles—can access the

property. Stracener said that access to the property is necessary for him to lease it. He said

that a neighbor south of 108 Scroggins Lane had been allowing the tenant to cross his

property to access 108 Scroggins Lane but would not allow access when it is wet. Stracener

said that there is not enough room for a road on 106 Scroggins Lane to access 108 Scroggins

Lane but that he had not measured it. He said that he had not made any improvements to

the gravel driveway but that it had not needed any improvements.

Tommy Hobson, who was forty-six years old at the time of trial, testified that, before

he was born, his aunt had owned 108 Scroggins Lane, and his grandmother had owned 106

Scroggins Lane. He stated that the house at 106 Scroggins Lane had been built around 1954

and that a carport had been added ten or fifteen years later. He said that one could not access

108 Scroggins Lane through that carport area because of the back porch and that it had

never been used to access 108 Scroggins Lane. He said that the house at 108 Scroggins Lane

had been built sometime after the house was built at 106 Scroggins Lane. He said that the

3
gravel driveway had been used to access 108 Scroggins Lane “all of [his] life.” Hobson recalled

that the driveway, which he described as an “alleyway,” had been a dirt road at one time and

had continued past 108 Scroggins Lane to the farmland west of the church. He stated that

he remembered that a house had sat where the church currently sits. Hobson said that the

driveway between the old house or barn and 108 Scroggins Lane was “the only way in and

out to back there.” He said that he did not know at the time who owned the property on

which the driveway was located because he was just “a kid.” Hobson stated that gravel had

been on the driveway at issue when he was around ten years old because he remembered

getting in trouble for throwing the rocks from it. Hobson further testified that a new road

could not be constructed to access 108 Scroggins Lane because the houses at 110 Scroggins

Lane and 106 Scroggins Lane were too close together and because there was not enough

room between 106 Scroggins Lane and the gravel driveway at issue.

Scott Foster, a surveyor, testified that the gravel driveway runs east from Scroggins

Lane to the west. He said that the gravel driveway is on the Church’s property, which is Lot

6, but the further it goes toward the west, it veers onto Lot 7 and 108 Scroggins Lane. Foster

stated that the house at 106 Scroggins Lane is about eight feet south of the Church’s property

line but that an air-conditioning unit extends eighteen inches north of the house, meaning

that there is approximately six and a half feet of usable space. Foster said that the minimum

width of a road for emergency-vehicle access is eight feet of usable clearance.

Hayes testified that he has been a pastor since 1983. He said that the Church’s

property was just a cow pasture in 1985 when it was purchased, although he recalled seeing

4
a house’s foundation on the land, and he claimed that there was no road there at all. Hayes

said that the church members moved into the newly built church in 1991, that he had the

road (or driveway) built in 1995, and that a culvert was installed in 1997 or 1998. Hayes said

that no one had assisted the Church in paying for construction of the road and that no one

had ever maintained or made improvements to the road, other than his placement of gravel

on it in 1995.

Hayes conceded that the tenants of 108 Scroggins Lane and their visitors as well as

postal workers used the driveway behind the church to access the property. He said that he

had not complained about this use. Hayes said that he would never give the Church’s

property away and pointed out that it is not his to give. He also testified that the tenants at

108 Scroggins Lane had used the driveway with permission and out of the Church’s

generosity and Christian kindness. He testified that the Church had decided to build a fence

after the tenant at 106 Scroggins Lane had complained about church members parking on

and blocking the road during a church program and that the tenant at 106 Scroggins Lane

had blocked the road and cursed him. Hayes said that the tenant who had caused the trouble

had since moved out of 106 Scroggins Lane. Hayes stated that he had no complaints about

the current tenant at 108 Scroggins Lane but on rebuttal complained about a prior tenant

who had trained dogs and left mattress pieces on the driveway that he had to remove.

Hayes further testified that a vehicle could access 108 Scroggins Lane by going south

of 106 Scroggins Lane. He said that the carport on the south side of the house had been

constructed after the Church had bought its property. He also insisted that he had worked

5
as a contract laborer and had measured the distance between the house at 106 Scroggins

Lane and the Church’s property line and that there was fourteen feet of usable space to

construct a road.

Pettit testified that he and his brother purchased 106 Scroggins Lane in 2015. He

said that the tenant at 108 Scroggins Lane is in his eighties and needs emergency vehicles to

have access to the property. He stated that there is not enough room for a road wide enough

for emergency vehicles to pass on either side of 106 Scroggins Lane. He said that, even if he

agreed to permit construction of a road over the property of 106 Scroggins Lane, his brother

had not similarly agreed. He said that the driveway behind the church had been used for

decades and that there was no need for another road. According to Pettit, a driveway abutting

106 Scroggins Lane would devalue the property and make it harder to rent.

Roy Freeman testified that his wife is a member of the East Macedonia Baptist

Church. He stated that Sybil Hobson, Tommy Hobson’s grandmother, had lived at 106

Scroggins Lane a long time ago and worked with him and his brother at a furniture store.

He said that he and his brother would give Sybil a ride to work. They would pull into the

driveway behind her car under the carport. Freeman recalled that Sybil’s daughter lived at

108 Scroggins Lane but said that he did not know how anyone gained access to the property

and that he did not recall a gravel driveway.

Theodis Malvin, a church member, testified that he lived with his father in a house

where the church now sits until 1979. He said that there was no road to 108 Scroggins Lane

and that the daughter of the people who lived at 106 Scroggins Lane lived at 108 Scroggins

6
Lane. He said that the daughter would park her car in front of 106 Scroggins Lane and walk

back to the house, but that when she had something too heavy to “tote” back there, her

father would move his truck from 106 Scroggins Lane and let her drive through to access the

property. Malvin said that there was no road behind the church until “the other day” when

he saw “with his own eyes” Hayes and his crew putting in the culvert and laying the gravel

for the road.

In its final judgment, the trial court found that Pettit and Stracener had proved the

existence of a nonexclusive prescriptive easement providing ingress and egress to 108

Scroggins Lane. The trial court ordered the Church to remove any fence, posts, or other

obstructions located on the easement within thirty days and prohibited the Church and its

agents and assignees from interfering with the ingress and egress to 108 Scroggins Lane. 1

III. Standard of Review

We review cases that traditionally sound in equity de novo on the record, but we will

not reverse a finding of fact by the trial court unless it is clearly erroneous. Reynolds v. GFM,

LLC, 2013 Ark. App. 484, 429 S.W.3d 336. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although

there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Willows, LLC v. Bogy, 2013

Ark. App. 59. In reviewing a trial court’s findings, we give due deference to the trial court’s

superior position to determine the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be accorded

1
The Church asserts that the trial court’s final order prohibits it from fencing its land.
We do not read the final order this broadly.

7
to their testimony. Reynolds, supra. Disputed facts and determinations of witness credibility

are within the province of the fact-finder. Id. It is our duty to reverse if our own review of the

record is in marked disagreement with the trial court’s findings. Id.

IV. Discussion

A. Standing

The Church argues that Pettit and Stracener lack standing because they do not assert

that they themselves suffered any injury; rather, their tenants are aggrieved, yet those tenants

did not testify to any injury. The Church argues that one may not adjudicate the claims of

another and that standing is a threshold matter that may be raised for the first time on

appeal.

Pettit and Stracener point out that the Church did not raise the issue of standing

until its motion for a stay pending appeal. They argue that standing must be both raised and

ruled on below in order to preserve the issue for appeal. We agree. See, e.g., Ark. Game & Fish

Comm’n v. Murders, 327 Ark. 426, 938 S.W.2d 854 (1997) (refusing to address the issue of

standing as to whether appellee hunters had standing to assert the rights of nonhunters

because the matter was not raised below and the issue did not involve the court’s

jurisdiction). In any event, Pettit and Stracener alleged in their petition that both they and

their tenants suffered harm as a result of the Church’s interference with their access to the

driveway by building a fence. Pettit and Stracener further alleged that their tenants will have

grounds to terminate their leases with them if the property has no access; that their future

ability to rent the premises will be impaired or rendered impossible if there is no access to

8
the property; and that the value of the property will be greatly diminished if there is no access

to it. Stracener testified to this type of injury at the bench trial.

In addition, Pettit and Stracener have standing because they have a personal stake in

the outcome of this controversy. Pulaski Cnty. v. Ark. Democrat-Gazette, Inc., 371 Ark. 217,

264 S.W.3d 465 (2007). An easement by prescription, which passes with a transfer of the

land, may be used by those who own or legally occupy any part of the estate to which the

easement is appurtenant. Carver v. Jones, 28 Ark. App. 288, 773 S.W.2d 842 (1989). In other

words, Pettit and Stracener as well as their tenants may benefit from an easement.

B. Prescriptive Easement

A prescriptive easement may be gained by one not in fee possession of the land by

operation of law in a manner similar to adverse possession. Five Forks Hunting Club, LLC v.

Nixon Fam. P’ship, 2019 Ark. App. 371, 584 S.W.3d 685. Like adverse possession, prescriptive

easements are not favored in the law because “they necessarily work corresponding losses or

forfeitures in the rights of other persons.” Id. In Arkansas, it is generally required that one

asserting an easement by prescription show by a preponderance of the evidence that one’s

use has been adverse to the true owner and under a claim of right for the statutory period.

Id. The statutory period of seven years for adverse possession applies to prescriptive

easements. Ark. Code Ann. § 18-11-106 (Repl. 2015); Ark. Code Ann. § 18-61-101 (Repl.

2015).

Overt activity on the part of the user is necessary to make it clear to the owner of the

property that an adverse use and claim are being exerted. Owners Ass’n of Foxcroft Woods, Inc.

9
v. Foxglen Assoc., 346 Ark. 354, 57 S.W.3d 187 (2001). Mere permissive use of an easement

cannot ripen into an adverse claim without clear action, which places the owner on notice.

Manitowoc Remanufacturing, Inc. v. Vocque, 307 Ark. 271, 819 S.W.2d 275 (1991). Some

circumstance or act in addition to, or in connection with, the use that indicates that the use

was not merely permissive is required to establish a right by prescription. Roberts v. Jackson,

2011 Ark. App. 335, 384 S.W.3d 28. The determination of whether a use is adverse or

permissive is a factual question, and former decisions are rarely controlling on this factual

issue. Id. The plaintiff bears the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that

there has been adverse, not permissive, use of the land in question. Id.

The Church argues that Pettit’s and Stracener’s tenants were allowed to use the gravel

driveway out of courtesy and because of the Church’s generosity and Christian kindness, i.e.,

not because they had a right to use the road. The Church relies on Baysinger v. Biggers, 100

Ark. App. 109, 265 S.W.3d 144 (2007), that “[t]ime alone will not suffice to transform

permissive use into legal title.” The Church also points out that Pettit and Stracener have

not claimed they excluded church members from using the driveway in order to show hostile

use; instead, everyone has shared the road, and there has not been exclusive possession

against the rights of the Church.

The trial court found that Pettit and Stracener proved the existence of a nonexclusive

prescriptive easement. The evidence showed that Pettit and Stracener, their predecessors in

title, their tenants, and visitors to those predecessors in title and tenants as well as postal

workers have used the driveway behind the church to access 108 Scroggins Lane. Hayes

10
admitted that the Church did not object to the tenants’ use of the gravel driveway, even

when a former tenant left mattress bits on the driveway that he had to remove. It was not

until the Church began plans to construct a fence in 2022 that there was an objection.

Although Hayes contends that Pettit’s and Stracener’s tenants used the gravel driveway with

the Church’s permission, this does not account for the decades of use before the Church’s

purchase of the property. When there is usage of a passageway over land, whether it began

by permission or otherwise, if that usage continues openly for seven years after the landowner

has actual knowledge that the usage is adverse to his interest or where the usage continues

for seven years after the facts and circumstances of the prior usage are such that the

landowner would be presumed to know the usage was adverse, then such usage ripens into

an absolute right. Fullenwider v. Kitchens, 223 Ark. 442, 266 S.W.2d 281 (1954).

As for Baysinger, supra, that case involved an “old timber road” through “forested

land.” There was no evidence that the long-time use had been hostile and nothing that would

support a finding of generalized public use of the road, such as is present here. There was

evidence that the driveway here was a dirt road leading to farmland before gravel was placed

on it in the mid-1980s. The testimony shows that it was a well-defined road right off of

Scroggins Lane long before the Church purchased the property. Moreover, there was

testimony that the gravel driveway at issue has been the only means of access to 108 Scroggins

Lane for decades. We are not left with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court

made a mistake in finding that the use of this gravel driveway for decades was adverse, rather

11
than permissive, and that Pettit and Stracener proved by a preponderance of the evidence

that they acquired a nonexclusive prescriptive easement.2

Affirmed.

WOOD and BROWN, JJ., agree.

Robert S. Tschiemer, for appellants.

Brett D. Watson, Attorney at Law, PLLC, by: Brett D. Watson, for appellees.

2
Citing Ark. R. Civ. P. 65, the Church also raises arguments having to do with
preliminary injunctions; however, Pettit and Stracener did not pursue the remedy of a
preliminary injunction after the trial court granted the Church’s motion to set aside an ex
parte temporary restraining order. The Church also asserts that “a more circuitous route
does not constitute grounds for an easement or irreparable harm” and argues that “[t]here is
absolutely no showing of necessity.” The trial court, however, did not find an easement by
necessity, and the Church acknowledges in its reply brief that “[t]his case is not about an
easement by necessity.” We do not address these arguments because the Church has not
explained their relevance to the issues on appeal.

12