Azzore Veterinary Specialists Inc. v. Hodgson

Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 158

ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CV-14-694

Opinion Delivered March 4, 2015

AZZORE VETERINARY APPEAL FROM THE POPE COUNTY
SPECIALISTS, LLC CIRCUIT COURT
APPELLANT [NO. CV-14-29]

V. HONORABLE DENNIS CHARLES
SUTTERFIELD, JUDGE
DR. MARIO HODGSON
APPELLEE
REVERSED and REMANDED

WAYMOND M. BROWN, Judge

Azzore Veterinary Specialists, LLC (Azzore) appeals from an order of the Pope

County Circuit Court granting summary judgment in favor of appellee Dr. Mario Hodgson.

Azzore argues that summary judgment was inappropriate because (1) Azzore has a valid

interest in protecting its customer list, (2) a genuine dispute of material fact remains as to what

services Dr. Hodgson performs at his practice, and (3) a genuine dispute of material fact

remains as to whether Azzore permanently waived its right to collect monies owed it at the

end of 2010 by Dr. Hodgson. Because genuine issues of material fact remain to be tried, we

reverse and remand.

In August 2010, Azzore hired Dr. Hodgson to work as a veterinary ophthalmology

specialist. The parties entered into an employment agreement that contained the following

covenant:
Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 158

9. Covenant Not To Compete. For a period of two (2) years after the termination
of his employment for any reason, Employee shall not directly or indirectly, as an
employee, independent contractor, partner, stockholder, proprietor, consultant, joint
venturer, investor or in any other capacity:

(a) engage in, or own, manage, operate or control, or participate in the
ownership, management, operation or control of, any business or entity which
engages anywhere within Pope County, Arkansas, or within a fifty (50) mile
radius of any location at which Employee performs services on behalf of the
Corporation hereinafter (the “Territory”) in the provision of veterinary internal
medicine, diagnostic and surgical services or remote veterinary diagnostic
services;

(b) hire or solicit to perform services (as an employee, consultant or otherwise)
any employees of the Corporation or take any actions which are intended to
persuade any employee of the Corporation to terminate his or her association
with the Corporation; or

(c) solicit any customer of the Corporation to purchase veterinary products or
services that could be supplied by the Corporation.

(d) Employee acknowledges that the Corporation would not enter into this
Agreement unless the Employee agrees to the restrictive covenants set forth in
this Agreement. Employee acknowledges that, given the nature of the
Corporation’s business the covenants contained in this Agreement contain
reasonable limitations as to time, geographical area and scope of activity to be
restrained, and do not impose a greater restraint than is necessary to protect and
preserve for the benefit of the Corporation the goodwill of the Corporation’s
business and to protect the legitimate business interests of the Corporation. If,
however, any provision of this Agreement is determined by any court of
competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable by reason of its extending for too
long a period of time or over too large a geographic area or by reason of its
being too extensive in any other respect or for any other reason, then the
unenforceable provision shall be construed to extend only over the longest
period of time for which it may be enforceable, the largest geographical area as
to which it may be enforceable, and to the maximum extent in all other aspects
as to which it may be enforceable, all as determined by such court and in such
action. Employee acknowledges that any breach of this Agreement will cause
irreparable injury to the Corporation and that actual damages may be difficult
to ascertain and inadequate. Without limiting the availability of legal or
equitable remedies under any provisions of this Agreement, Employee agrees
that the Corporation shall be entitled (subject to applicable law, without the

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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 158

necessity of posting a bond or other collateral security), to an injunction or
injunctions to prevent any breach or threatened breach of this Agreement.
Employee covenants and agrees that if he shall violate any of his covenants or
agreements under this Agreement, the Corporation shall be entitled to an
accounting and repayment of all profits, compensation, commissions,
remuneration or benefits which Employee directly or indirectly has realized
and/or may realize as a result of, growing out of, or in connection with any
such violation. Such remedy shall be in addition to and not in limitation of any
injunctive relief or other rights or remedies to which the Corporation is or may
be entitled at law, in equity or under this Agreement.

Dr. Hodgson’s employment with Azzore ended on August 6, 2013. He filed a complaint for

declaratory judgment regarding the parties’ agreement on August 20, 2013. Azzore filed an

answer and counterclaim on September 23, 2013. The matter was initially heard in district

court. An order was entered on January 24, 2014, in Azzore’s favor.1

Dr. Hodgson filed his complaint for declaratory judgment in the Pope County Circuit

Court on January 29, 2014. Azzore filed its answer and counterclaim on February 4, 2014.

Azzore denied the material allegations of the complaint and asked the court to declare the

agreement enforceable. Azzore counterclaimed for breach of contract, asserting that Dr.

Hodgson owed it $23,253.36 under the terms of the agreement. It also sought an injunction

to prevent Dr. Hodgson from violating section nine of the agreement, and asked for an

accounting and repayment from Dr. Hodgson. On February 11, 2014, Dr. Hodgson filed a

reply to Azzore’s counterclaim denying the material allegations of the complaint. However,

1
At some point, Dr. Hodgson admitted to owing Azzore $16,262.23, but claimed that
Azzore waived its right to collect the amount due at the end of 2010. Therefore, the district
court awarded Azzore the $16,262.23 and $15,000 in attorney’s fees.

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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 158

Dr. Hodgson admitted that he owed Azzore $16,262.23. He requested that the court dismiss

Azzore’s counterclaim and grant him the relief sought in his complaint.

Dr. Hodgson filed a motion for summary judgment on April 1, 2014. In the summary

found in the motion, Dr. Hodgson stated:

The primary piece of the Plaintiff’s veterinary practice consists of performing cataract
surgeries on animals. Plaintiff’s primary source of income is derived from performing
cataract surgeries. The Defendant does not perform cataract surgery on animals, but
[is] attempting to prohibit the Plaintiff from performing cataract surgery on animals.
Further, the Defendant is attempting to collect monies from the Plaintiff for the year
2010 after waiving those amounts in writing. For the reasons set forth hereinbelow,
the Plaintiff requests judgment as a matter of law.

He included an affidavit in which he stated that his practice primarily consisted of performing

cataract surgeries on animals and that a majority of his income is derived from performing

those surgeries. He further stated that Dr. Terry Dew, the owner of Azzore, did not perform

cataract surgeries on animals and that no one else at Azzore provided such service. Dr.

Hodgson also stated that Azzore waived the monies owed for 2010 and attached a copy of an

email he received from Cheree Miller, Azzore’s office manager, informing him of the waiver.2

Dr. Hodgson included an affidavit from Christopher Gray stating that when his pet developed

cataracts, he was told by Azzore that he would have to take it to either Oklahoma or

Memphis for surgery. He said that it would have been convenient for him to have his pet’s

cataract surgery in Pope County.

2
In an email dated June 16, 2011, Miller stated, “Since you started so late in the year,
we waived the year-end calculation/account balance for 2010.”

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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 158

Azzore filed a response to Dr. Hodgson’s summary-judgment motion on April 25,

2014. It disputed every material fact alleged by Dr. Hodgson. Specifically, Azzore stated that

Dr. Hodgson did not limit his practice to cataract surgery, but performed many of the same

procedures that Azzore does. Citing a portion of section seven of the agreement,3 Azzore

stated that there was no permanent waiver of the monies owed in 2010. Azzore included

affidavits from Dr. Dew, Dr. William Miller, and Cheree Miller with its response. Dr. Dew

stated that he viewed a page on Dr. Hodgson’s website in which Dr. Hodgson listed at least

eighteen animal eye-related services performed at his practice, with one being cataract surgery.

Dr. Dew stated that he performs many of the same procedures advertised by Dr. Hodgson.

Dr. Miller stated that because Drs. Dew and Hodgson had the same license, they could

perform any legal service on any animal, including cataract surgery. Cheree Miller stated that

Dr. Hodgson owed Azzore a total of $23,253.36. She also said that when she sent Dr.

Hodgson the email about the 2010 monies, she did not “intend to forever deprive Azzore of

the right to collect that amount from Dr. Hodgson. Instead, [her] intent was to support Dr.

Hodgson’s practice by temporarily refraining from collecting that amount from Dr. Hodgson

while he remained employed at Azzore.”

Dr. Hodgson filed a reply to Azzore’s response on May 5, 2014. He insisted that the

affidavits attached to Azzore’s response were shams “intended to create a question of fact

3
“Failure to insist upon strict compliance with any of the terms, covenants or
conditions hereof shall not be deemed a waiver of such terms, covenants or conditions, nor
shall any waiver or relinquishment of any right or power granted hereunder at any particular
time be deemed a waiver or relinquishment of such rights or power at any other time or
times.”

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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 158

when one does not exist.” He concluded that his motion should be granted because Azzore

failed to meet proof with proof.

A hearing on the motion took place on May 13, 2014. At the conclusion of the

hearing, the court granted Dr. Hodgson’s motion for summary judgment. The court also

found that there was a waiver by Azzore. An order was filed on May 23, 2014, stating in

pertinent part:

6. The Defendant has put forth no proof to rebut that a majority of the Plaintiff’s
practice consists of performing cataract surgeries. The Defendant does not dispute that
it does not provide cataract surgeries. Accordingly, the Defendant failed to meet proof
with proof on this issue in that there is no affidavit or other competent summary
judgment evidence indicating that the Defendant performed cataract surgery prior to
Plaintiff’s employment, since Plaintiff’s employment, or intends to ever perform
cataract surgery. That being the case, paragraph 9 of the parties’ Employment
Agreement (which is referred to herein as “Covenant Not to Compete”) which is the
subject of this action is overly broad and not narrowly tailored in that it prohibits
Plaintiff from performing cataract surgeries that neither the Defendant, nor any of its
agents, employees, and/or representatives performed prior to Plaintiff’s employment,
have performed since Plaintiff’s employment, or intend to perform. Accordingly, the
Court finds that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and Plaintiff is entitled
to judgment in his favor as a matter of law.

7. Furthermore, the Court takes note that the Covenant Not to Compete is in the
employee/employer setting. In the event the Covenant Not to Compete is upheld,
it will negatively affect the Plaintiff’s potential employment and his ability to earn a
livelihood by prohibiting him from performing cataract surgeries that the Defendant
has not, does not, and has evidenced no intention to ever perform.

8. For these reasons and the reasons stated in Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary
judgment, the Covenant Not to Compete is void as a matter of law as it is not
narrowly tailored to the Defendant’s actual protectable interests.

. . . .

10. Likewise, the Court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact as it relates
to the amount owed by Plaintiff to Defendant pursuant to Defendant’s Counterclaim
filed herein. Specifically, the Court finds that there is no genuine issue of material fact

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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 158

as to whether the Defendant waived the amounts owed by the Plaintiff in writing
under the parties’ employment agreement for the year 2010. With the waiver of the
2010 monies, the Plaintiff owes the Defendant the sum of $16,262.23, which the
Plaintiff has previously tendered to the Defendant. The remaining portions of the
Counterclaim are dismissed with prejudice.

Azzore timely filed a notice of appeal. This appeal followed.

Summary judgment may be granted by a circuit court only when the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any,

clearly show that there are no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated and the party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.4 When the movant makes a prima facie showing of

entitlement, the respondent must meet proof with proof by showing a genuine issue as to a

material fact.5 When a party cannot present proof on an essential element of a claim, the party

moving for summary judgment is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.6

On appeal, we need only decide if summary judgment was appropriate based on

whether the evidentiary items presented by the moving party in support of the motion left

a material question of fact unanswered.7 In making this decision, we view the evidence in

a light most favorable to the party against whom the motion was filed, resolving all doubts and

4
Mercy Health Sys. of Nw. Ark., Inc. v. Bicak, 2011 Ark. App. 341, 383 S.W.3d 869.
5
Id.
6
Id.
7
Id.

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inferences against the moving party.8 Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e)9 requires that

an affidavit provided for or against a motion for summary judgment be made on personal

knowledge, set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and show affirmatively

that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein. A statement that is not

based on personal knowledge, but on inadmissible hearsay, will not be accepted as the basis

for finding a genuine issue of material fact to deny entry of summary judgment.10

A reasonably drawn covenant not to compete is an effective means by which a

principal may protect its customers and its confidential information from appropriation and

use by former agents and competitors.11 Covenants not to compete are not looked upon

with favor by the law.12 In order for such a covenant to be enforceable, three requirements

must be met: (1) the covenantee must have a valid interest to protect; (2) the geographical

restrictions must not be overly broad; and (3) a reasonable time limit must be imposed.13 The

test of reasonableness of contracts in restraint of trade is that the restraint imposed upon one

party must not be greater than is reasonably necessary for the protection of the other, and not

8
Id.
9
(2013).
10
Mercy, supra.
11
Id.
12
Id.
13
Id.

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so great as to injure a public interest.14 Unless the covenantee has a legitimate interest to be

protected by the agreement, the law will not enforce such a contract, as this would merely

prohibit ordinary competition.15

For its first point, Azzore argues that the court erred in granting summary judgment

because it had a valid interest in protecting its customer list. We do not address this argument

because the court made no finding regarding Azzore’s customer list.

Next, Azzore argues that the court erred in granting summary judgment because a

genuine dispute of material fact remains as to what services Dr. Hodgson performs at his

practice. We find merit to this argument. Azzore filed an affidavit from Dr. Dew stating that

Dr. Hodgson advertised procedures in addition to cataract surgery and that Azzore also

performed many of those same procedures. It also included an affidavit from Dr. Miller

stating that Drs. Dew and Hodgson were qualified to perform the same procedures because

they had the same license. The court never addressed the additional services provided by Dr.

Hodgson’s practice. Instead, it based its decision on the fact that Dr. Hodgson primarily

performed cataract surgery and Azzore did not. Genuine issues of material fact remain as to

whether Dr. Hodgson is in direct competition with Azzore and if Azzore has a valid interest

to protect. Accordingly, we reverse and remand on Azzore’s second issue.

Finally, Azzore contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment

because a genuine dispute of material fact remains as to whether Azzore permanently waived

14
Id.
15
Id.

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its right to collect monies owed it at the end of 2010 by Dr. Hodgson. Azzore filed an

affidavit from Cheree Miller stating that it was not her intention to permanently deprive

Azzore of its right to collect the monies Dr. Hodgson owed it for 2010. Azzore also cited

from section seven of the agreement, which essentially states that the failure to insist on strict

compliance is not a waiver of Azzore’s right or power. This was sufficient to defeat a motion

for summary judgment. Therefore, we reverse and remand on this point.

Reversed and remanded.

GLADWIN, C.J., and KINARD, J., agree.

Gill Ragon Owen, P.A., by: Christopher L. Travis, and Drake Mann, for appellant.

The Streett Law Firm, P.A., by: Alex G. Streett, James A. Streett, and Robert M. Veach,

for appellee.

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