United States v. Muzio 1

19-33-cr
United States v. Muzio
1
United States Court of Appeals 2
for the Second Circuit 3
4
August Term, 2019 5
6
(Argued: February 28, 2020 Decided: July 15, 2020) 7
8
Docket No. 19-33-cr 9
_____________________________________ 10
11
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 12
13
Appellee, 14
15
v. 16
17
GEORGE MUZIO, JR., 18
19
Defendant-Appellant. 20
_____________________________________ 21
22
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 23
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK 24
_____________________________________ 25
26
Before: 27
28 LIVINGSTON and PARK, Circuit Judges, and UNDERHILL, 29
Chief District Judge.1 30
31
Defendant-Appellant George Muzio, Jr. appeals from a judgment of 32
conviction entered by the United States District Court for the Northern District of 33
New York (D’Agostino, J.) primarily sentencing him to a 420-month term of 34
1 Judge Stefan R. Underhill, Chief United States District Judge for the District of
Connecticut, sitting by designation.

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2
imprisonment. We conclude that Muzio’s sentence is reasonable and AFFIRM. 1
Judge Underhill dissents in a separate opinion. 2
3
TERRENCE L. KINDLON, The Kindlon Law 4
Firm, PLLC, Albany, New York, for 5
Defendant-Appellant. 6
7
P AUL D. S ILVER, Assistant United States 8
Attorney, for Grant C. Jaquith, United States 9
Attorney for the Northern District of New 10
York, Albany, New York, for Appellee. 11
12
P ARK, Circuit Judge: 13
This case concerns the reasonableness of a criminal sentence for child 14
pornography offenses. The district court primarily sentenced Defendant- 15
Appellant George Muzio, Jr. to a below-Guidelines, 420-month term of 16
imprisonment. In light of Muzio’s reprehensible conduct, we conclude that the 17
district court acted well within its discretion. We therefore affirm. 18
I. BACKGROUND 19
A. Facts 20
From August 2014 to May 2016, Muzio exploited at least fourteen underage 21
girls, luring them into sending him a trove of sexually explicit pictures and videos 22

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of themselves.2 Muzio, who was in his thirties, posed as a teenage boy on the 1
internet and manipulated his victims by saying that he was suffering from cancer 2
and by repeatedly professing his love for them, including telling several girls that 3
he would marry them when they were older. He also pressured his victims into 4
sending more pictures and videos when they protested. 5
Muzio then traded many of these pictures and videos with at least one other 6
person on the internet in exchange for more child pornography. He also traded 7
the usernames of his victims with at least two other child pornography consumers, 8
along with “suggestions for ways to approach the girls online so the others could 9
contact and proposition the girls for additional images and videos.” App’x at 138– 10
39. 11
In addition, Muzio downloaded and otherwise received substantial 12
quantities of child pornography. At the time of his arrest, Muzio had 13
approximately 400 videos of child pornography on his laptop. He also 14
surreptitiously videotaped his adolescent female neighbor on hundreds of 15
occasions from the second-floor window of his home. 16
2 Although the government identified only 14 victims, Muzio told probation that he had
actually “communicated with over 100 minors online,” and he “estimated over seventy-five of
those conversations were sexual in nature.”

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4
B. Procedural History 1
Muzio was charged with, and ultimately pled guilty to, two counts of sexual 2
exploitation of a child in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a), (e); six counts of 3
distribution of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2)(A), 4
(b)(1); and one count of possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. 5
§§ 2552A(a)(5)(B), (b)(2). Muzio faced a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years 6
and a maximum of 30 years for each exploitation count, see id. § 2251(e); a 7
mandatory minimum of 5 years and a maximum of 20 years for each distribution 8
count, see id. § 2252A(b)(1); and a maximum of 20 years for the possession count, 9
see id. § 2252A(b)(2). 10
In advance of sentencing, the Probation Office prepared a Pre-Sentence 11
Report (the “PSR”). In calculating Muzio’s Guidelines range under the United 12
States Sentencing Guidelines, the PSR found that Muzio was in Criminal History 13
Category I and that his conduct warranted the highest possible offense level of 43, 14
yielding a Guidelines range of life. Because each crime carried a statutory 15
maximum sentence of less than life, however, the PSR concluded that Muzio’s 16

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5
actual Guidelines range was the combined statutory maximum of 6,000 months.3 1
See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(b). 2
At sentencing, Muzio asked the district court to impose a mandatory 3
minimum sentence of 15 years, to run concurrently on all counts. He did not object 4
to the PSR, which the district court adopted in full. The district court imposed a 5
sentence of 420 months’ incarceration—the mandatory minimum of 15 years for 6
each child-exploitation count and 5 years for one of the distribution counts, to run 7
consecutively, and 5 years each for the remaining distribution and possession 8
counts, to run concurrently with all counts—to be followed by a lifetime term of 9
supervised release. 10
In explaining its sentence, the district court detailed the depth of Muzio’s 11
exploitative conduct. It noted that the two victims of the sexual exploitation 12
counts were only 11 and 13 years old, and it explained how Muzio “sucked these 13
[children] into sending [Muzio] vile, pornographic images . . . by telling them that 14
[he] loved them.” App’x at 143–44. The district court further observed that, in a 15
victim impact statement, one of the victims “indicated that she’s lost emotional 16
trust of men, that it’s affected her ability to have healthy and happy relationships, 17
3 As discussed below, see Section II(B), infra, the PSR erred in calculating this combined
statutory maximum. Muzio’s actual Guidelines range was 2,400 months.

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that she struggles with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, that she doesn’t want to be 1
touched, that she’s had numerous counseling sessions and she still suffers. She 2
suffers from issues of judgment.” App’x at 149. 3
The district court also emphasized the breadth of Muzio’s conduct, which 4
involved “thousands and thousands of conversations with children all throughout 5
the United States and throughout the world.” App’x at 146. Muzio’s victims, the 6
district court observed, are “real” people who are “never going to be able to forget 7
what they did,” and whose images and videos “will live on forever . . . on the 8
internet.” App’x at 148. “Children are supposed to be able to lead their lives 9
without being subjected to this kind of evil.” App’x at 162. 10
The district court acknowledged the letters from family and friends that 11
“indicate[d] that [Muzio] w[as] a good person, a good father, that [he was] a 12
baseball coach, that [he] did good things in the community.” App’x at 148. It also 13
credited Muzio’s “history of mental health issues,” and noted that “after his arrest, 14
[Muzio] indicated he had been sexually abused” as a child. App’x at 152, 153. 15
Nevertheless, the district court concluded that “the only reason to impose a non- 16
guideline sentence in this case is the fact that the guideline range calls for a 17

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sentence of 500 years,” which was “greater than necessary to meet the goals of 1
sentencing.” App’x at 153, 150. This appeal follows. 2
II. DISCUSSION 3
A. Substantive Reasonableness 4
On appeal, Muzio primarily challenges the substantive reasonableness of 5
his sentence. “[O]ur review of a sentence for substantive reasonableness is 6
particularly deferential,” and we will set aside “only those sentences that are so 7
shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law 8
that allowing them to stand would damage the administration of justice.” United 9
States v. Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265, 289 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks 10
omitted). Mindful of this standard, we conclude that Muzio’s sentence “easily falls 11
within the range of permissible decisions available to the district court.” United 12
States v. Rivernider, 828 F.3d 91, 111 (2d Cir. 2016). 13
The district court carefully reviewed the record and determined that 14
Muzio’s conduct warranted a 35-year sentence. We agree. As described above, 15
Muzio’s conduct was abhorrent, notable for both the number of victims and the 16
lengths he went to manipulate them. The district court therefore acted well within 17
its discretion in imposing a 35-year sentence. 18

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Muzio’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. First, Muzio contends 1
that his sentence “conflicts with” our decisions in United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 2
174 (2d Cir. 2010), and United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181 (2d Cir. 2017). 3
Appellant’s Br. at 20. But Dorvee and Jenkins do not stand for the proposition that 4
nearly any sentence for child pornography above the mandatory minimum is 5
substantively unreasonable. See Appellant’s Br. at 24. Muzio’s reliance on those 6
cases is thus misplaced. 7
Neither Dorvee nor Jenkins involved the production of child pornography. 8
Dorvee pled guilty to a single count of distribution of child pornography, see 9
Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176, and a jury convicted Jenkins of one count of possession of 10
child pornography and one count of transportation of child pornography, see 11
Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 183–84. Both received sentences at or near the statutory 12
maximum. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176; Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184. And neither had 13
any contact with children—virtually or otherwise.4 See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176; 14
4 Although Dorvee did speak with and send pornographic videos to an undercover officer
posing as a child, the undercover officer had initiated the contact, and we emphasized that Dorvee
was “simply too passive, shy, socially anxious, retiring, introverted, submissive, unsure of
himself and distrustful to push or develop a relationship with any other person, child or adult,
unless the other person took the lead.” Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 177 (internal quotation marks omitted).
And Jenkins merely “owned a collection of child pornography and brought it across the U.S.-
Canada border on the way to a family vacation for his personal viewing.” Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184.
He “did not produce or distribute child pornography and did not contact or attempt to contact a
minor.” Id.

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9
Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184. Under those narrow circumstances—i.e., where the 1
defendant was not involved in production of child pornography and had no 2
contact with children—we noted that a straightforward application of the 3
sentencing Guidelines “can lead to unreasonable sentences that are inconsistent 4
with what [18 U.S.C.] § 3553 requires.” Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184. It is in this limited 5
context that we warned that strict adherence to the Guidelines could result in 6
“virtually no distinction between the sentences for . . . the most” and least serious 7
offenders because many of the sentencing enhancements in U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 “are 8
all but inherent to the crime of conviction.” Id. at 186–87. 9
Muzio is undoubtedly a more “dangerous” offender than Dorvee or Jenkins. 10
Id. at 187. Child pornography production offenses are extremely serious and 11
ordinarily warrant significantly harsher punishment than possession or even 12
distribution offenses. See Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 434, 439–40 (2014) (“The 13
demand for child pornography harms children in part because it drives 14
production, which involves child abuse. The harms caused by child pornography, 15
however, are still more extensive because child pornography is a permanent 16
record of the depicted child’s abuse, and the harm to the child is exacerbated by 17
its circulation.”) (cleaned up). Muzio’s conduct also involved manipulating many 18

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victims into repeated acts of producing child pornography. The concerns 1
articulated in Dorvee and Jenkins are therefore inapplicable here, where the 2
defendant was involved in the production of child pornography and had direct 3
contact with child victims. 4
The dissent repeatedly emphasizes that Muzio’s conduct did not involve 5
physical contact.5 But this fails to appreciate the fact that some offenses that do not 6
involve physical contact may nonetheless inflict very real and even more severe 7
harm on victims.6 We thus decline to hold, as a matter of law, that non-contact 8
production of child pornography is categorically less harmful than sexual abuse 9
involving physical contact. Similarly, the dissent’s concerns with the Guidelines 10
5 See, e.g., Dissent at 1 (emphasizing that Muzio “had no physical contact with” and did
not himself film his victims); id. at 2 (noting that Muzio “was never within 100 miles” of his
victims); id. at 14–15 (characterizing child pornography producers who were “physically present
with their victims” as more “serious” offenders than those who were not); id. at 18 (“Muzio’s
conduct was substantially less severe than a typical production offender’s because he never
touched, or tried to touch, any of his victims”); id. at 22 (describing Muzio’s offenses as “closer to
the conduct of defendants in distribution cases,” which “typically do not include sexual contact,”
than to “the conduct of a bad production offender”); id. at 22–23 (asserting a lessened need to
protect the public in sentencing “exclusively an online predator”).
6 See, e.g., Paroline, 572 U.S. at 439–40; id. at 472 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (“The traffic in
images depicting a child’s sexual abuse . . . poses an even greater threat to the child victim than
does sexual abuse or prostitution because the victim must go through life knowing that the
recording is circulating within the mass distribution system for child pornography[,] . . . [causing]
continuing harm by haunting the child in years to come.”) (internal quotation marks omitted);
Ateret Gewirtz-Meydana et al., The Complex Experience of Child Pornography Survivors, 80 Child
Abuse & Neglect 238, 244 (2018) (“Some survivors distinguished between unfilmed child sexual
abuse, and child pornography. According to them, every abuse eventually ends, yet with child
pornography, when images circulate, it feels as if the abuse is constant and continuing.”).

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and so-called “barbaric” sentences are ultimately matters of policy on which we 1
must defer to the judgments of Congress and the Commission. Cf. United States v. 2
Mantanes, 632 F.3d 372, 377 (7th Cir. 2011) (“[I]t is ultimately for Congress and the 3
Commission to consider . . . concerns [regarding disparities in child pornography 4
sentences]. Having said that, however, those concerns can certainly be taken into 5
account by district judges when exercising their sentencing discretion under the 6
now advisory guidelines.”). 7
In any event, the district court did not impose a Guidelines sentence and 8
instead based Muzio’s sentence on the applicable mandatory minimums 9
prescribed by Congress. The court concluded that the Guidelines sentence was 10
“greater than necessary to meet the goals of sentencing” simply by virtue of its 11
duration. App’x at 150. It instead imposed consecutive mandatory-minimum 12
sentences for each child-exploitation count and a third consecutive mandatory- 13
minimum sentence covering all the distribution and possession counts. This was 14
clearly reasonable. Put simply, the district court was not required to give Muzio 15
what would amount to free passes on the second child-exploitation count and the 16
distribution and possession counts. See Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d at 290. 17

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Muzio also challenges the district court’s balancing of the sentencing factors 1
set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). He argues that the district court failed to give 2
“adequate” weight to a number of allegedly mitigating factors, including his (1) 3
mental-health and substance-abuse issues, (2) lack of criminal history, (3) family 4
and community ties, (4) remorse, and (5) supposed “amenability” to supervised 5
release given the nature of his offense and his good behavior while on pretrial 6
release. Appellant’s Br. at 23–25. But the district court considered each of these 7
arguments at sentencing and reasonably concluded that the mitigating factors 8
were outweighed by the “barbaric” nature of Muzio’s conduct. App’x at 162. It 9
acted well within its discretion in doing so. See, e.g., Rivernider, 828 F.3d at 111. 10
B. Procedural Reasonableness 11
Finally, Muzio argues that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable 12
because the district court incorrectly calculated the applicable Guidelines range. 13
Because Muzio did not object below to the district court’s Guidelines calculations, 14
we review this challenge for plain error. See United States v. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d 15
204, 207–08 (2d Cir. 2007). 16
Each crime to which Muzio pled guilty carried a statutory maximum 17
sentence of less than life, so Muzio’s Guidelines range was equal to the combined 18

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statutory maximum. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(b). The PSR and the district court both 1
concluded that this number was 6,000 months, or 500 years. But in actuality, the 2
combined statutory maximum is 2,400 months, or 200 years. 3
Muzio argues that this error rendered it “impossible [for the district court] 4
to formulate a proper sentence.” Appellant’s Supp. Letter at 2. For practical 5
purposes, however, a 200-year sentence and a 500-year sentence are both life 6
sentences, and the district court treated the Guidelines range as such. Cf. United 7
States v. Betcher, 534 F.3d 820, 827–28 (8th Cir. 2008) (noting that a 750-year sentence 8
is “for practical purposes . . . a life sentence, and that is how we view it”). 9
Moreover, the district court expressly disclaimed reliance on the Guidelines in 10
formulating its sentence. We thus conclude that the Guidelines calculation error 11
did not “seriously affect[] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the 12
[sentencing],” and we reject Muzio’s challenge to his sentence as procedurally 13
unreasonable. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d at 209 (internal quotation marks omitted). 14
III. CONCLUSION 15
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed. 16

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Stefan R. Underhill, District Judge, dissenting: 1
George Muzio produced child pornography by tricking minor girls into 2
sexting with him by posing as a teenage boy with cancer. He engaged in no 3
violence and, indeed, had no physical contact with any of the girls. There is no 4
evidence that he has ever had inappropriate contact with any minor. Muzio did 5
not film any of the girls, even remotely. None of the images or videos, as 6
disturbing as they are, involves sex acts with another person. Nevertheless, as a 7
first-time offender, Muzio was sentenced to 420 months—35 years—in prison, a 8
sentence that is more than 12 years longer than the nationwide average sentence 9
for production of child pornography. In my view, that sentence did not 10
meaningfully distinguish Muzio from more culpable child pornography 11
producers, is shockingly high, and is therefore substantively unreasonable. 12
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent. 13
I. BACKGROUND 14
Muzio pled guilty to a nine-count indictment that charged him with 15
producing (two counts), distributing (six counts), and possessing (one count) 16
child pornography. All of Muzio’s charged conduct took place over the internet 17

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using his computer or through his iPhone.1 He was never within 100 miles of his 1
victims; he used deceit to convince the victims to film or photograph themselves 2
and send him the product. He did not touch or film, remotely or otherwise, any 3
victim. 4
The two production charges (brought as sexual exploitation of a child 5
charges) are based upon Muzio’s extensive electronic contact with two particular 6
victims (Victims 1 and 2).2 Muzio used his iPhone and an app called Kik 7
Messenger to communicate with Victims 1 and 2. Between August 2014 and 8
March 2015, Muzio and Victim 1—who lived in Montana—exchanged over 2,000 9
text messages. Victim 1 was eleven years old and Muzio was 33. Muzio 10
represented himself to be a teenage boy. Muzio manipulated Victim 1 by telling 11
her that he loved her and that they would get married one day. Muzio solicited 12
pornographic photographs and videos from Victim 1 and often instructed her in 13
graphic terms what he wanted her to do in those photographs and videos. 14
1 In a related incident—which the district judge considered at sentencing—Muzio used
a home video recorder to record from a window in his own residence his neighbors’ adolescent
daughter walking in and out of her house (i.e., fully clothed and in public).
2 As the majority points out, Muzio likely engaged in similar conduct with more than
seventy-five young girls.

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Muzio also sent Victim 1, on at least one occasion, a photograph of his erect 1
penis. 2
Between October 2015 and January 2016, Muzio and Victim 2—who lived 3
in Georgia—exchanged over 4,700 text messages. Victim 2 was 13, and Muzio 4
was 34. Again, Muzio sent Victim 2 incredibly graphic messages, manipulated 5
Victim 2, and solicited pornographic photographs and videos that Muzio 6
choreographed. 7
On at least two occasions, Muzio traded images and videos of child 8
pornography with other users on Kik. Muzio shared the online contact 9
information of Victim 1 and another young girl with the other users with whom 10
he was trading child pornography. Muzio gave those other users advice about 11
how to speak to those young girls. He said, for instance: “Don’t come off strong 12
with this girl.” PSR at ¶ 52. 13
Finally, when going through seized materials (DVDs), federal agents 14
discovered hundreds of home video clips depicting a teenage girl that were 15
taken over a two- to three-year period. The videos were taken from the second 16
floor of Muzio’s house and featured Muzio’s neighbors’ daughter (when she was 17

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between fourteen and sixteen years old) exiting and entering her house; the 1
videos focused on the girl’s breasts and buttocks. 2
In his written plea agreement with the government, Muzio agreed not to 3
appeal a sentence of incarceration that did not exceed 365 months—the top of the 4
Guidelines range Muzio would have faced for a single count of sexual 5
exploitation of a minor with the enhancements applicable to his conduct (offense 6
level 40 and criminal history category I). District Judge Mae A. D’Agostino 7
sentenced Muzio to 420 months’ imprisonment and lifetime supervised release. 8
The government had submitted that the most relevant and important section 9
3553(a) factor was the need “to protect the public from further crimes of the 10
defendant.” App’x at 139. I quote several portions of the sentencing transcript to 11
highlight (what I believe to be) the reasons animating the district judge’s 12
sentence. 13
Before reading excerpts of text messages between Muzio and Victims 1 14
and 2, Judge D’Agostino explained: 15
We are not talking about a few isolated discussions with children. 16
That would be bad enough. But we’re talking about thousands and 17
thousands of conversations with children all throughout the United 18
States and throughout the world. You knew just how to prey on these 19
victims. You knew just what to say when they would tell you that 20

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they didn’t want to do these things. Any reviewing court has to 1
understand that you were a predator in every sense of the word. 2
3
App’x at 146. Judge D’Agostino continued: 4
[Although] the defendant portrayed himself as a stay-at-home father, 5
actively involved in his children’s lives and activities, . . . he was 6
acting as an online sexual predator . . . . 7
8
. . . 9
10
The defendant not only acted as an online sexual predator, he 11
perpetrated [sic] the online child pornography epidemic by 12
distributing nude and pornographic images and videos of minor 13
females . . . whom he introduced to at least one other individual. He 14
also shared the female’s [sic] social media user names with the 15
individual so he could also attempt to induce the minors to produce 16
further sexually explicit material of themselves. 17
18
App’x at 150–51. Judge D’Agostino also found important that Muzio 19
videotaped and photographed his neighbor’s young minor daughter 20
over a number of years, zooming in on her buttocks and chest as she 21
innocently walked to and from school, her home and her car. 22
23
. . . 24
25
This conduct demonstrates that the defendant poses a risk not only to 26
minors online but to minors in the community as well. 27
28
App’x at 151–52. 29
30
Judge D’Agostino discounted the mitigating effects of both Muzio’s mental 31
health issues and his alleged history of childhood sexual abuse. The Judge 32

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explained that “the only reason to impose a non-guideline sentence in this case is 1
the fact that the guideline range calls for a sentence of 500 years.” App’x at 153.3 2
No “other mitigating factors [] would warrant a sentence outside of the guideline 3
range.” Id. 4
Judge D’Agostino noted that her sentence would comply with 18 U.S.C. § 5
3553(a) because it would 6
reflect the seriousness of the offense, and this offense was egregiously 7
serious; it needs to promote respect for the law; it needs to deter 8
further criminal conduct; and it most definitely needs to protect the 9
public from further crimes from this predator. 10
11
App’x at 153. This appeal followed. 12
II. DISCUSSION 13
Sentencing defendants who have committed child pornography offenses is 14
extraordinarily difficult, as is reviewing those sentences for substantive 15
reasonableness. The offense conduct constitutes a serious breach of fundamental 16
societal norms and leaves even seasoned judges disquieted. The conduct of the 17
defendant, and the impact on the victims, is often horrific—especially with 18
defendants who have produced child pornography. These cases instill a sense 19
3 As the Court explains, the correct Guidelines range was 2,400 months, but the
Guidelines range relied on by all at the time of sentencing was “life, or 6,000 months.” App’x at
136. I agree with the Court’s holding that that discrepancy does not provide a basis for reversal.

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7
that the defendants deserve what they get, no matter how long the sentences 1
might be. But, like all offenses, child pornography offenses vary in their 2
seriousness. Even the conduct of producers of child pornography occurs along a 3
spectrum. That spectrum calls for a concomitant range in the seriousness of the 4
sentences imposed, for we have a statutory duty to impose—or affirm—only 5
sentences that are “sufficient, but not greater than necessary,” to serve the 6
purposes of sentencing, even in child pornography cases. I do not believe the 7
sentence imposed on Muzio was the shortest sentence “sufficient” to serve those 8
purposes. Indeed, although his conduct places him among the least serious 9
production offenders, his sentence was dramatically above the national average 10
for production offenders. Because I believe Muzio’s sentence was shockingly 11
high, and thus substantively unreasonable, I would vacate and remand. 12
13
A. Review for Substantive Reasonableness 14
Substantive review of sentences “is intended to ‘provide a backstop’ 15
against sentences that are ‘shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise 16
unsupportable as a matter of law.’” United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174, 183 (2d 17
Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009)). The 18

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factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) govern the Second Circuit’s review for 1
substantive unreasonableness. See United States v. Jenkins, 854 F.3d 181, 187 (2d 2
Cir. 2017). This Court must evaluate whether “each sentencing factor, ‘as 3
explained by the district court, can bear the weight assigned it under the totality 4
of the circumstances in the case.’” Id. at 188 (quoting United States v. Cavera, 550 5
F.3d 180, 191 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc)). 6
It is not empirically surprising that this Court holds that Muzio’s sentence 7
is substantively reasonable. There are almost no decisions, here or in other 8
Circuits, reversing a sentence imposed for production of child pornography on 9
substantive unreasonableness grounds. In the 124 appeals in which this Court 10
has cited 18 U.S.C. § 2251 (not all of which involved claims of substantive 11
unreasonableness), the Court has reversed a sentence for substantive 12
unreasonableness exactly once, and that reversal was short-lived. 13
In United States v. Sawyer, 672 F. App’x 63 (2d Cir. 2016) (“Sawyer I”), the 14
Court vacated and remanded a 30-year sentence imposed by Judge D’Agostino 15
on a producer of child pornography who had engaged in inappropriate physical 16
contact with a four-year-old and a six-year-old. The decision was based, in part, 17
on Judge D’Agostino’s “overreliance on Sawyer’s danger to the community.” Id. 18

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9
at 67. When reviewing the 25-year sentence imposed following remand, the 1
Court again initially vacated and remanded for failure to comply with the 2
mandate. United States v. Sawyer, 892 F.3d 558, 564 (2d Cir. 2018). Five weeks 3
later, the Court withdrew that decision, United States v. Sawyer, 2018 WL 5116340, 4
at *1 (2d Cir. July 26, 2018), and issued an order affirming the judgment, United 5
States v. Sawyer, 2018 WL 5117293, at *1 (2d Cir. July 30, 2018). Several months 6
later, this Court issued a published opinion that rejected the substantive 7
reasonableness appeal and noted that: “The sentence is barbaric without being 8
all that unusual.” United States v. Sawyer, 907 F.3d 121, 126 (2d Cir. 2018) 9
(“Sawyer II”). 10
In a second case, the Court suggested, without holding, that it had 11
concerns about the substantive reasonableness of a sentence imposed on a child 12
pornography producer. It remanded an extremely lengthy sentence “to ensure 13
that the sentence is not based on a clearly erroneous understanding of the facts.” 14
United States v. Brown, 826 F.3d 51, 53 (2d Cir. 2016). About a month later, the 15
panel vacated its opinion and judgment. See Order, United States v. Brown, No. 16
1:12-cr-145 (GLS) (N.D.N.Y.), Doc. No. 57. Ultimately, the Second Circuit 17

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10
affirmed Brown’s 720-month sentence as substantively reasonable. United States 1
v. Brown, 843 F.3d 74 (2d Cir. 2016). 2
The Second Circuit is not unique in its reluctance to reverse child 3
pornography production sentences as substantively unreasonable. I am aware of 4
only two such decisions nationwide. In United States v. Aleo, 681 F.3d 290, 294, 5
299–302 (6th Cir. 2012), the Sixth Circuit reversed as substantively unreasonable 6
a 60-year sentence imposed on a grandfather who made a hidden-camera video 7
of him sexually touching his five-year-old granddaughter while drying her off 8
after a bath. And in United States v. Killen, 729 F. App’x 703, 717–18 (11th Cir. 9
2018), the Eleventh Circuit reversed a 139-year sentence as substantively 10
unreasonable because the district judge refused to take into account unwarranted 11
disparities in sentencing. 12
The creation and trafficking of child pornography is a horrible crime 13
because it perpetuates and elongates the suffering of some of the most innocent 14
in our society. See Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 434, 439–40 (2014). Few 15
crimes cut so deeply against fundamental societal norms. But that should not 16
mean that any sentence within the statutory range is immune from review. As 17
former Chief Judge Dennis G. Jacobs noted, in dissent: “If any sentence between 18

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11
the [statutory] minimum and maximum is substantively reasonable as a matter 1
of law unless the offense borders on innocence itself, there is no such thing as 2
substantive unreasonableness in this area.” United States v. Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 3
265, 304 (2d Cir. 2012) (Jacobs, C.J., dissenting); see Brown, 843 F.3d at 85 (Sack, J., 4
concurring) (“[T]he extreme nature of [child pornography] offenses compels . . . 5
particularly meticulous scrutiny.”). As discussed below, the Sentencing 6
Guidelines provide no means for distinguishing among producers of child 7
pornography, so the task falls to substantive reasonableness review. 8
9
B. The Sentencing Guidelines Offer No Help 10
The child pornography production guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1, shares 11
many of the same flaws identified by this Court when it reviewed the child 12
pornography distribution guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 13
184–88. I need not emphasize those flaws here,4 for the thing speaks for itself: 14
4 In my view, although perhaps not as egregiously, section 2G2.1 suffers from some of
the same deficiencies as section 2G2.2 because, rather than being a product of the Commission’s
empirical study, Congress has driven amendments to that guideline and some enhancements
are applicable in so many cases that the guideline does not help distinguish between levels of
culpability among defendants. See, e.g., U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Federal Child Pornography
Offenses 249 (2012) (the “2012 Commission Report”),
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/news/congressional-testimony-and-reports/sex-
offense-topics/201212-federal-child-pornography-offenses/Full_Report_to_Congress.pdf (“Over
the years, the Commission increased the base offense level [under 2G2.1] and added additional

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12
Muzio’s Guidelines range, for a non-violent, first-time offender who had no 1
physical contact with any victim, was calculated to be 6,000 months. We learned 2
on appeal that it was actually “only” 2,400 months, but there is no practical 3
difference between 500 years in prison and 200 years in prison. 4
The Guidelines are an exceedingly blunt tool in the child pornography 5
context. They do not call for consideration of the characteristics of the defendant 6
and do not meaningfully account for differences in conduct committed by 7
persons who violated the same statute. It is axiomatic that punishment should 8
be proportional to an offense. See Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59 (2010); see also 9
enhancements, usually as a result of congressional directives.”); U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Use of
Guidelines and Specific Offense Characteristics: Guideline Calculation Based, Fiscal Year 2018 44,
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/federal-sentencing-
statistics/guideline-application-frequencies/2018/Use_of_SOC_Guideline_Based.pdf (showing
that 90.4 percent of sentences under section 2G2.1 included a two- or four-point enhancement
based on the victim’s age; that 47.6 percent of those sentences included a two-point
enhancement because the offense involved a sex act or sexual contact; and that 39 percent of
those sentences included a two-level enhancement because the victim was in the defendant’s
custody, care, or control); Brown, 843 F.3d at 89 (Pooler, J., dissenting) (“[M]uch of the Dorvee
court’s criticism of the child pornography guidelines applies to the guidelines for production
offenses as well.”); United States v. Grigsby, 749 F.3d 908, 911 (10th Cir. 2014) (“Defendant may
be correct when he says the child pornography production guideline, § 2G2.1, suffers from the
same apparent defect as the distribution guideline, § 2G2.2.”) (citing 2012 Commission Report at
247); United States v. Zauner, 688 F.3d 426, 431 (8th Cir. 2012) (Bright, J., concurring); United
States v. Price, 2012 WL 966971, at *11 (C.D. Ill. Mar. 21, 2012) (explaining that section 2G2.1
“presents some of the same problems” as section 2G2.2), aff’d, 775 F.3d 828, 840–41 (7th Cir.
2014); United States v. Jacob, 631 F. Supp. 2d 1099, 1115 (N.D. Iowa 2009); United States v. Krueger,
2009 WL 4164122, at *3 (E.D. Wis. 2009); but see United States v. Murphy, 792 F. App’x 232, 235
(3d Cir. 2019).

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13
Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 187 (“[C]ourts must guard against unwarranted similarities 1
among sentences for defendants who have been found guilty of dissimilar 2
conduct.”) (citing Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 55 (2007)). Achieving such 3
proportionality is one major reason that the Sentencing Guidelines exist. See 28 4
U.S.C. § 991(b)(1)(B) (articulating that a purpose of the Sentencing Commission is 5
to “avoid[] unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar 6
records who have been found guilty of similar criminal conduct”); U.S.S.G. ch. 1, 7
pt. A, at § 1.3 (noting that, in instituting Guidelines, “Congress sought 8
proportionality in sentencing through a system that imposes appropriately 9
different sentences for criminal conduct of differing severity”); 18 U.S.C. § 10
3553(a)(6). 11
The fact that the sentence imposed in this case falls well below the 12
applicable Guidelines range does not suggest that the sentence is substantively 13
reasonable. The Second Circuit has noted that “the amount by which a sentence 14
deviates from the applicable Guidelines range is not the measure of how 15
‘reasonable’ a sentence is” and that, even when a sentence falls “relatively far 16
below” the Guidelines range, an “individualized application of the statutory 17
sentencing factors” is still required. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184 (citing Gall, 552 18

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14
U.S. at 46–47). Even Judge D’Agostino implicitly recognized the uselessness of 1
the Guidelines range in this case when she remarked that “the only reason to 2
impose a non-guideline sentence in this case is the fact that the guideline range 3
calls for a sentence of 500 years.” App’x at 153. 4
The decision to affirm Muzio’s sentence actually creates the very 5
sentencing disparity that the Guidelines were enacted to dispel. Statistically, 6
Muzio’s conduct places him in the least serious 10 percent of production 7
defendants nationwide. Indeed, according to the U.S. Sentencing Commission, 8
in 2010 (the most recent year for which detailed child pornography offense 9
statistics are available), 74 percent of “production offenders were physically 10
present with their victims or remotely aided and abetted another adult offender 11
in the commission of a sexual contact offense against a minor victim.” See U.S. 12
Sentencing Comm’n, Federal Child Pornography Offenses 263 (2012) (the “2012 13
Commission Report”), 14
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/news/congressional-testimony-and- 15
reports/sex-offense-topics/201212-federal-child-pornography- 16
offenses/Full_Report_to_Congress.pdf. A further 15.5 percent of production 17
offenders were “physically present with their victims” but did not touch them or 18

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15
aid another in touching them. See id. Only 10.5 percent of production offenders 1
neither were physically present nor touched the minor. See id. 2
That last category—“offenders who solicited still images of self-produced 3
child pornography from minors via email or text or who recorded sexually 4
explicit conduct of minors who appeared remotely via webcam”—describes 5
Muzio. See id. at 263 n.56. But, even though Muzio’s conduct would have placed 6
him in the least serious 10 percent of production offenders for the fiscal year 7
2010, his sentence was 153 months longer than the average sentence for all 8
production offenders in 2010. See 2012 Commission Report at 253 (reporting 9
average sentence for production offenders as 267.1 months). That disparity 10
shocks the conscience. 11
Similarly, in 2019, the mean sentence for a sexual abuser5 under the 12
Guidelines was 206 months. See U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, 2019 Sourcebook of 13
Federal Sentencing Statistics tbl.15 (the “2019 Sourcebook”), 14
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual- 15
5 The category “sexual abuse” includes: criminal sexual abuse, sexual abuse of a minor,
sexual abuse of a ward, abusive sexual contact, transportation of a minor for sex, sex trafficking
of children, sex trafficking of adults by force, fraud or coercion, child pornography production,
and child exploitation enterprises. It includes “offenders sentenced under USSG §2G1.1 who
received a Base Offense Level of 34, and all offenders sentenced under USSG §§2A3.1, 2A3.2,
2A3.3, 2A3.4, 2G1.2 (deleted), 2G1.3, 2G2.1, 2G2.3, and 2G2.6.” See 2019 Sourcebook at 214.

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16
reports-and-sourcebooks/2019/2019-Annual-Report-and-Sourcebook.pdf. 1
Indeed, the mean sentence for a sexual abuser in criminal history category VI was 2
272 months. See id. at tbl.27. By any statistical metric, Muzio was sentenced 3
much too harshly. 4
Taken as a whole, the Guidelines themselves indicate that Muzio’s sentence 5
is egregiously long: The Guidelines recommend that many defendants who 6
subject children to repeated, inappropriate sexual contact should spend less than 7
35 years in prison. For instance, under the Guidelines, a first-time offender “who 8
intentionally seeks out and contacts a twelve[-]year-old on the internet, 9
convinces the child to meet and to cross state lines for the meeting, and then 10
engages in repeated sex with the child,” would be subject to a Guidelines range 11
of 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 187 & n.11; Sawyer I, 12
672 F. App’x at 66 (citing Dorvee). Similarly, by my calculation, a first-time 13
offender who, through the internet, entices a 14-year-old into crossing state lines 14
under false pretenses, sells her into the sex trade, and profits from her 15
commercial sex acts would be subject to the same Guidelines range of 151 to 188 16
months’ imprisonment.6 In both of the above situations, the Guidelines range 17
6 This hypothetical individual has been convicted of sex trafficking under 18 U.S.C. §
1591(b)(2). Under U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(a)(2), the defendant’s base offense level is 30. Further, he

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17
would be 108 to 135 months’ imprisonment if the hypothetical defendants pled 1
guilty and earned three points off for acceptance of responsibility. See U.S.S.G. § 2
3E1.1. 3
To the extent that the Guidelines and statistics collected by the Sentencing 4
Commission provide any meaningful guidance regarding what sentence to 5
impose, they suggest that Muzio’s sentence was a shocking aberration. 6
7
C. The Section 3553(a) Factors Do Not Support Muzio’s Sentence 8
The ultimate touchstone for all federal sentencing is 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 9
That statute requires that the “court shall impose a sentence sufficient, but not 10
greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes” of sentencing. Thus, the 11
sentence imposed must: 12
• reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, 13
and provide just punishment for the offense; 14
15
• afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; 16
• protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and 17
has qualified for the misrepresentation enhancement under § 2G1.3(b)(2) (2 levels) and the use-
of-a-computer enhancement under § 2G1.3(b)(3) (2 levels). Thus, the defendant’s total offense
level is 34, which, for a defendant in criminal history category I, yields a Guidelines range of 151
to 188 months’ imprisonment.

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18
• provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational 1
training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most 2
effective manner. 3
4
Muzio’s sentence in this case is substantively unreasonable because it is 5
shockingly high, and the district judge’s heavy reliance on one of the section 6
3553(a) factors—“protection of the public”—cannot bear the weight she assigned 7
it. Although Muzio was convicted of two production offenses, Muzio’s conduct 8
was substantially less severe than a typical production offender’s because he 9
never touched, or tried to touch, any of his victims—he was never even in the 10
same room with one. Still, Judge D’Agostino sentenced Muzio as if he were 11
among the worst-of-the-worst child pornography offenders.7 All of Muzio’s 12
criminal conduct took place in the digital world. No matter what prison term he 13
serves, his computer and phone use will be monitored for the rest of his life— 14
and that is certainly appropriate. In this case, 35 years is—by far—a greater- 15
than-necessary term of imprisonment to achieve the purposes of sentencing. 16
7 Importantly, at oral argument, Assistant United States Attorney Paul Silver
acknowledged that Muzio was not among the worst-of-the-worst child pornography
defendants. AUSA Silver described a “spectrum” of child pornography cases with simple
possession (“the least serious”) at one end and “hands-on abuse of a child” at the other
(“highest end”). Oral Arg. at 11:08–11:35. AUSA Silver explained that production cases fall
“somewhat right in the middle” and that this case fell into the upper half of the production
cases. Id. at 11:35–11:50.

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19
In too many other cases to count, child pornography defendants who rape, 1
molest, or torture children get meaningfully shorter sentences than Muzio did in 2
this case. See, e.g., Brown, 843 F.3d at 92 (Pooler, J., dissenting) (citing United 3
States v. Gilmore, 599 F.3d 160, 162 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming 30-year sentence for 4
defendant who repeatedly raped eight-year-old daughter); United States v. 5
Swackhammer, 400 F. App’x 615, 616 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming 168-month sentence 6
for defendant who repeatedly molested children); United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 7
1160, 1166 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (determining that 30-year sentence (statutory 8
maximum) should be imposed on defendant who raped, sodomized, and 9
sexually tortured fifty or more little girls, some as young as four); United States v. 10
Castro-Valenzuela, 304 F. App’x 986, 988 (3d Cir. 2008) (affirming 220-month 11
sentence for defendant who recorded himself violently sexually assaulting his 12
girlfriend’s seven-year-old niece)); United States v. Batchu, 724 F.3d 1, 3, 14 (1st 13
Cir. 2013) (affirming 365-month sentence for defendant—a “skilled and 14
apparently undeterrable predator” and “relentless and highly dangerous child 15
molester”—who travelled all over the country to sexually exploit fifteen-year-old 16
and violated court-issued restraining orders and state-level prosecutions to do 17
so); United States v. Rudow, 373 F. App’x 298, 299–300 (3d Cir. 2010) (affirming 18

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20
326-month sentence when defendant “made several videos of himself sexually 1
abusing his fourteen-year-old daughter” and had six prior felony convictions, 2
putting him in criminal history category VI). 3
Of course, I acknowledge that this Court has affirmed some extremely long 4
sentences for child pornography defendants convicted—as Muzio was—of 5
production under 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e). See, e.g., Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d at 288– 6
97 (30 years); United States v. Levy, 385 F. App’x 20, 24–25 (2d Cir. 2010) (30 7
years); United States v. Oehne, 698 F.3d 119, 125–26 (2d Cir. 2012) (45 years); 8
United States v. Pattee, 820 F.3d 496, 512–13 (2d Cir. 2016) (47 years); Brown, 843 9
F.3d at 82–84 (60 years); United States v. Rafferty, 529 F. App’x 10, 13–14 (2d Cir. 10
2013) (60 years). 11
A signature feature of those cases is the defendant’s physical proximity to 12
the victims. In all the above-cited cases, for instance, the defendant either had 13
physical/sexual contact with his victims or recorded/photographed them while in 14
the same room. This Court has repeatedly emphasized that physical contact and 15
proximity—and the attempt to have physical contact—are extremely important 16
factors in determining the substantive reasonableness of child pornography 17
sentences. See, e.g., Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 184; Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 191 (“Whether a 18

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21
child pornography offender has had or has attempted to have contact with 1
children is an important distinction.”). In many such cases, too, the defendant is 2
in a position of trust with respect to the victim (a family member or a coach, for 3
instance) and abuses that trust. 4
Muzio’s conduct was, of course, abhorrent. Crucially, however, he never 5
had—or even attempted to have—physical contact with any minor. Indeed, 6
Muzio was never in the same room as a minor victim, and all the relevant 7
evidence suggests that he never would have been. The minors whom Muzio 8
contacted were strangers. Muzio raised two young boys and was a Little League 9
coach for boys between the ages of five and fifteen, but there are no allegations of 10
impropriety against him in those roles. Online, Muzio initiated computer contact 11
with young girls with absolutely no regard for where those girls were located 12
geographically. Muzio never met any of those girls. (Indeed, Muzio’s anxiety 13
made it difficult for him even to leave his own parents’ house.8) In addition, 14
8 A psychologist’s evaluation indicated that Muzio’s significant anxiety “likely affects
his employment outside of the house and his willingness to consistently leave the house for
other than family activities.” App’x at 128–29.

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22
despite the fact that Muzio surreptitiously recorded the young girl who lived 1
next door for years, Muzio never attempted to contact her inappropriately.9 2
Muzio’s conduct is closer to the conduct of defendants in distribution cases 3
than to the conduct of a bad production offender (e.g., a child rapist). In 4
distribution and possession cases, which typically do not include sexual contact, 5
the Second Circuit has vacated as substantively unreasonable several sentences 6
much shorter than the one in this case. See Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 176 (20 years); 7
Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 184 (225 months); see also United States v. DiMartino, 797 F. 8
App’x 27, 30 (2d Cir. 2019) (affirming sentence but acknowledging that the 9
sentences in Dorvee and Jenkins were “shockingly high”). Indeed, in my view, 10
defendants in some distribution cases—including Dorvee, in which the defendant 11
was arrested when he showed up to a meeting with a (fake) 14-year-old boy—are 12
closer to having “sexual contact” with a minor than was Muzio. See Dorvee, 616 13
F.3d at 176. 14
Despite all this, in sentencing Muzio, the district judge focused on the need 15
to protect the public. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C). That sentencing factor cannot 16
bear the weight assigned to it. Jenkins, 854 F.3d at 188 (citing Cavera, 550 F.3d at 17
9 Muzio sent the girl one Facebook message “inquiring about her new dog.” PSR at ¶
69. The neighbor’s daughter did not respond, and Muzio apparently sent no further messages.

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23
191). In Sawyer I and Dorvee, this Court remarked that the sentences in those 1
cases could not “be justified by public protection, given that a defendant who 2
repeatedly has sex with a child would face a far more lenient sentence.” Sawyer I, 3
672 F. App’x at 66 (citing Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 187). As I have noted above, Muzio 4
never touched a young girl, and, in my view, he was not a threat to do so. Muzio 5
may have been a “predator,” but he was exclusively an online predator. Cf. 6
Dorvee, 616 F.3d at 183. For that reason alone, his sentence is substantively 7
unreasonable. 8
Ultimately, Congress has directed that sentences should be “sufficient, but 9
not greater than necessary” to serve the purposes of sentencing. The sentence 10
imposed in this case is much “greater than necessary” to serve the purposes of 11
sentencing. For instance, the sentence goes far beyond what would be necessary 12
for “adequate deterrence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B). There is simply no basis to 13
believe that a sentence of 35 years is necessary to deter Muzio (or anyone else) 14
from committing this crime ever again. No matter what term of incarceration 15
was imposed in this case, Muzio was likely to be subject to a lifetime term of 16
supervised release during which his internet use would be constantly monitored. 17
At oral argument, Muzio’s lawyer conceded that Muzio was not challenging the 18

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24
lifetime term of supervised release. Thus, no matter the term of incarceration, 1
Muzio will always be subject to re-incarceration if he uses the internet for 2
improper purposes. Further, because of Muzio’s age upon release10 and his 3
potential participation in the BOP’s Sex Offender Treatment Program,11 Muzio 4
would be even less of a threat to recidivate. The difference between the 5
mandatory minimum incarceration in this case (fifteen years) and the 35-year 6
sentence imposed simply cannot be justified by specific deterrence. For all the 7
reasons identified above, I also do not believe that general deterrence can justify 8
Muzio’s sentence. 9
Moreover, the sentence in this case does not “promote respect for the law.” 10
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A). Although it affirmed the sentence, this Court recently 11
remarked that a 25-year sentence imposed on a child pornography defendant 12
who had actually made inappropriate contact with a four-year-old and a six- 13
year-old12 was “barbaric.” See Sawyer II, 907 F.3d at 126. If a 25-year sentence for 14
10 See United States v. Craig, 703 F.3d 1001, 1003 (7th Cir. 2012) (Posner, J., concurring)
(“Only 1.1 percent of perpetrators of all forms of crime against children are between 70 and 75
years old and 1.3 percent between 60 and 69.”) (citing government study).
11 See United States v. Mudd, 681 F. App’x 425, 431–32 (6th Cir. 2017) (Merritt, J.,
concurring) (citing a government study that concludes: “[T]he evidence suggests that []
treatment for sex offenders—particularly cognitive-behavioral/relapse-prevention approaches—
can produce reductions in both sexual and nonsexual recidivism”).
12 It is clear that the defendant in Sawyer touched his victims inappropriately. In Sawyer
I, this Court noted a disagreement below regarding whether the defendant had touched the

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25
a defendant who actually touched a four-year-old and a six-year-old was 1
“barbaric,” how can the 35-year sentence in this case be anything but barbaric? 2
No matter how commonly they are imposed, Courts of Appeals should not 3
be in the business of affirming barbaric sentences. Any barbaric sentence, almost 4
by definition, shocks the conscience and must therefore be substantively 5
unreasonable. Indeed, the Supreme Court has made clear that the Eighth 6
Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments “prohibits the imposition 7
of inherently barbaric punishments under all circumstances.” Graham, 560 U.S. at 8
59 (citation omitted). Put differently, a barbaric sentence must, necessarily, be a 9
sentence greater than necessary to comply with the purposes of sentencing. See 10
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Affirming barbaric sentences does not promote respect for 11
the law. 12
As discussed above, the fact that certain child rapists and child sex 13
traffickers are likely under the Guidelines to receive more lenient sentences than 14
victims’ vaginas. See Sawyer I, 672 F. App’x at 66 n.3. This Court explained, though, that the
resolution of that disagreement had been unnecessary because the relevant enhancement under
the Guidelines would have applied even if the defendant did not technically touch the victims’
vaginas but, rather, their “inner thigh.” See id. (citing U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1(b)(2)(A); 18 U.S.C. §
2246(3)). This Court later made clear that Sawyer had “touch[ed] [his victims] in the process” of
photographing them. See Sawyer, 892 F.3d at 561; Sawyer II, 907 F.3d at 124. Thus, although
Sawyer may not have touched his victims’ vaginas, there can be no doubt that Sawyer touched
them inappropriately.

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26
Muzio’s also does not promote respect for the law. Relatedly, the severity of 1
Muzio’s sentence depended, in many ways, on the court in which he was 2
prosecuted. That is, Muzio might well have been subject to lesser penalties for 3
the same conduct had he been prosecuted under the laws of his own state. In 4
New York, an individual who produces child pornography in the way that 5
Muzio did has committed the crime of “promoting an obscene sexual 6
performance by a child.” See N.Y. Penal Law § 263.10. That crime is a class D 7
felony, which is punishable by a maximum of seven years’ imprisonment. See id. 8
at § 70.00(2)(d). In addition, in New York, an individual who knowingly 9
possesses “an obscene sexual performance by a child” has committed a class E 10
felony, for which the maximum punishment is four years. See id. at § 263.11 11
(possession); id. at § 70.00(2)(e) (class E felony punishment). See also Brown, 843 12
F.3d at 88–89 & n.2 (Pooler, J., dissenting) (making this very point). 13
Similarly, individuals in New York who commit crimes worse than Muzio’s 14
will be subject to statutory maximum penalties below Muzio’s sentence if they are 15
prosecuted by state authorities. For instance, in New York, an individual who has 16
sex with a child under eleven years old has committed rape in the first degree. See 17
N.Y. Penal Law § 130.35(3). As a class B felony, the maximum sentence for such 18

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27
conduct is 25 years’ imprisonment. See id. at § 70.00(2)(b). Thus, a child rapist who 1
lives on Muzio’s street might be capped at a sentence of 25 years so long as the 2
local authorities prosecute him. Meanwhile, Muzio, who has never made 3
inappropriate sexual contact with a child, receives a 35-year sentence in the federal 4
courts. Respect for the law decreases when the severity of a defendant’s 5
punishment differs so drastically depending on the identity of the investigative 6
authority.13 Indeed, the disparity in punishment ranges created by the fortuity of 7
the court system that controls the prosecution corrodes public trust that our courts 8
will deliver justice in all cases. 9
D. Factors that Distinguish Among Child Pornography Production Defendants 10
It is not enough to say that we must distinguish among child pornography 11
production defendants and that the Guidelines do not effectively do so. I believe 12
that Courts of Appeals have the obligation to step into the void and provide 13
meaningful guidance for district judges through development of a common law 14
of sentencing. I set forth below a series of non-exclusive factors that I believe 15
should be considered by sentencing judges and reviewing courts when dealing 16
13 Although disparities between state and federal punishments exist in many cases—and
I do not suggest that such disparities are always cause for re-examination of the reasonableness
of federal sentences—the disparity here is extraordinarily salient and difficult to ignore.

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28
with child pornography offenders.14 These factors are intended to provide a 1
broad framework to assist courts in evaluating the relative seriousness of child 2
pornography production offenses, a task that courts are obliged to undertake in 3
order to avoid treating all child pornography production offenders like the worst 4
such offenders. This list is not exhaustive, but I hope it demonstrates some of the 5
many ways in which child pornography production offenses vary in 6
seriousness.15 Those differences must be considered by sentencing judges and by 7
reviewing courts as they go about the difficult and often disturbing task of 8
punishing producers of child pornography. Some of these factors are included in 9
the Guidelines, at least indirectly, and some are not. 10
Factors regarding the nature of the offense: 11
1. Did the defendant engage in violence? The worst child 12
pornography production cases involve the filming of child rape; 13
forced or coerced sex acts are among the most serious offenses 14
imaginable. 15
14 Of course, the “history and characteristics of the defendant,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1),
are important in every sentencing and so will be an important factor in imposing a sentence on
a producer of child pornography, but I do not focus on that factor here.
15 The genius of the common law is that factors identified by one court are refined and
supplemented by future decisions, resulting in an accretion of judgments that wears a pathway
through a difficult legal problem. I hope that courts undertake that process in the sentencing of
child pornography production cases, where the guidance of the Sentencing Guidelines is so
wanting.

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29
2. What is the nature of the sexual contact involved? The conduct 1
ranges from no actual contact to touching of genitalia to full 2
penetration or oral sex. Repeated conduct (multiple times or 3
multiple victims) is substantially more serious than a single 4
episode. 5
3. How was the pornography produced? Was the defendant 6
filming his own interaction with the victim, filming another’s 7
interaction, passively recording through a hidden surveillance 8
device, or soliciting victims’ selfies? Did the defendant 9
participate alone or with others? 10
4. What was the extent of the distribution or use of the images? 11
Was there a commercial exploitation? How wide was 12
distribution on the internet? Were the images used as currency 13
or to barter? 14
5. Did the defendant engage in deceit or trickery, including identity 15
misrepresentation? Fraudulently inducing “voluntary” 16
participation of the victim reflects serious wrongdoing. 17
6. How many films or images did the defendant create? Production 18
of a large volume of material reflects consciousness of 19
wrongdoing. 20
21
Factors regarding the status of the victim(s): 22
7. How old was the victim or victims? The age of a victim can 23
dramatically affect the crime’s seriousness; in general, the 24
younger the more serious, with crimes involving very young 25
victims being especially horrific. 26

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8. How many victims were there? The number of victims and the 1
length of time over which the conduct occurred both can reflect 2
seriousness. 3
9. What relationship/responsibility did the defendant have vis-à-vis 4
the victim? Was the defendant a parent, guardian, relative, 5
babysitter, or person with authority over the victim? 6
10. What was the intellectual capacity of the victim? Was the victim 7
mentally disabled, drugged, or too young to resist/understand? 8
9
In my view, factors one, two, and three are the most important 10
considerations, and they cut in Muzio’s favor. As described above, Muzio did 11
not engage in violence; he had no sexual contact with any victim; and he himself 12
did not film any child pornography. Factors seven, nine, and ten also weigh in 13
Muzio’s favor. Although Muzio’s conduct involved girls as young as 11 14
(including Victim 1), most of his victims “were between 13 and 14 years old,” 15
PSR at ¶ 3(i); many production cases involve much younger children. Further, 16
Muzio and all his victims were strangers, and Muzio did not target especially 17
vulnerable young girls, although he did use deceit to snare his victims, so factor 18
five weighs against him. The extent of Muzio’s conduct—captured in factors 19

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31
four, six, and eight—also weighs against him, but many production defendants 1
engage in more extensive conduct. 2
Application of these factors again confirms that Muzio’s sentence was 3
drastically out of line with the specific facts of his offense and with the nature of 4
his victims. 5
6
III. CONCLUSION 7
For the foregoing reasons, I would vacate Muzio’s sentence and remand 8
for resentencing. Muzio’s sentence is shockingly high and therefore 9
substantively unreasonable. Because the majority has decided to affirm, I 10
respectfully dissent. 11

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