Martin J. Walsh v. Walmart, Inc.

21-486-ag
Martin J. Walsh v. Walmart, Inc.
1
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3
____________________ 4
5
August Term, 2021 6
7
(Argued: June 7, 2022 Decided: October 4, 2022) 8
9
Docket No. 21-486-ag 10
11
____________________ 12
13
MARTIN J. WALSH, SECRETARY OF LABOR, 14
15
Petitioner, 16
17
v. 18
19
WALMART, INC., OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY 20
AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION, 21
22
Respondents. 23
24
____________________ 25
26
Before: POOLER, LOHIER, and NARDINI, Circuit Judges. 27
28
The Department of Labor brings this petition seeking review of a final 29
order issued on December 31, 2020 by the Occupational Safety and Health 30
Review Commission. The Commission found the phrase “stored in tiers” in the 31

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second sentence of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.176(b) did not apply to pallets of 1
merchandise located in a Walmart Distribution Center in Johnstown, New York. 2
Because the Secretary of Labor’s interpretation was reasonable, we vacate the 3
judgment and remand for further proceedings. 4
Vacated and remanded. 5
____________________ 6
JUAN CARLOS LOPEZ, Senior Attorney, U.S. 7
Department of Labor (Seema Nanda, Solicitor of Labor, 8
Edmund C. Baird, Associate Solicitor for Occupational 9
Safety and Health, Louise M. Betts, Counsel for 10
Appellate Litigation, Anne E. Bonfiglio, on the brief), 11
Washington, D.C., for Petitioner Martin J. Walsh, Secretary 12
of Labor. 13
14
RONALD W. TAYLOR, Venable LLP (Benjamin E. 15
Stockman, on the brief), Baltimore, MD, for Respondent 16
Walmart, Inc. 17
18
19
POOLER, Circuit Judge: 20
Martin J. Walsh, the United States Secretary of Labor, seeks review of a 21
final order issued on December 31, 2020 by the Occupational Safety and Health 22
Review Commission (the “Commission”). This case arose after an employee at a 23
Walmart distribution center in Johnstown, New York (the “Distribution Center”) 24

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3
was injured when merchandise fell approximately 40 feet from shelving above 1
her. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) inspected 2
the workplace and issued Walmart a serious citation on the ground that the 3
company violated 29 C.F.R. § 1910.176(b), the “Secured Storage Standard,” which 4
pertains to the safety of stored materials and states: 5
Secure storage. Storage of material shall not create a hazard. Bags, 6
containers, bundles, etc., stored in tiers shall be stacked, blocked, 7
interlocked and limited in height so that they are stable and secure 8
against sliding or collapse. 9
10
Id. OSHA proposed a $10,864.00 penalty. 11
Following a hearing, an administrative law judge (“ALJ”) affirmed the 12
serious citation and the proposed penalty, finding that Walmart violated Section 13
1910.176(b). Walmart then filed a petition for discretionary review of the ALJ’s 14
decision before the Commission.1 The Commission determined that Section 15
1910.176(b) did not apply because the first sentence of the standard was merely 16
1 To achieve the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970’s objective of
ensuring “safe and healthful working conditions,” the Act “assigns distinct
regulatory tasks to two different administrative actors: the Secretary of Labor
(Secretary); and the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
(Commission), a three-member board appointed by the President with the advice
and consent of the Senate.” Martin v. Occupational Safety & Health Rev. Comm’n,
499 U.S. 144, 156 (1991) (citing 29 U.S.C. §§ 651(b)(3), 661).

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4
precatory language. A majority of the Commission held the standard applied 1
only if the material at issue was “stored in tiers,” which they concluded did not 2
apply to the way Walmart stores its merchandise at the Distribution Center. 3
App’x at 284-85. 4
On appeal, the Secretary argues that Section 1910.176(b) applies in this 5
case, as the plain meaning of the word “tiers” unambiguously covers materials 6
arranged one above another, which is how Walmart stores its merchandise at the 7
Distribution Center. The Secretary also argues that even if the standard were 8
ambiguous, we should defer to the Secretary’s interpretation because it is 9
reasonable. Finally, the Secretary argues that the record conclusively establishes 10
that Walmart violated Section 1910.176(b) by exposing its employees to the 11
hazard of stored material falling from the tiered racking. 12
Because the Secretary’s interpretation of the meaning of the word “tiers” in 13
Section 1910.176(b) as applying to the pallets stored at the Distribution Center is 14
reasonable, we vacate the Commission’s order. We remand so that the 15
Commission may apply the correct standard to determine whether Walmart 16
violated Section 1910.176(b). 17
BACKGROUND 18

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I. The Workplace Incident 1
On February 25, 2017, an employee, Jessica Saltsman, was seriously injured 2
while working at Walmart Distribution Center No. 6096 in Johnstown, New 3
York. Saltsman worked as an order filler in the perishable section and was filling 4
orders by placing merchandise onto pallets. In the aisle next to Saltsman, Melanie 5
Boggie, another Walmart employee, was retrieving a pallet from the highest level 6
of racking with a forklift when she inadvertently pushed a pallet holding 7
containers of crescent rolls. The pallet tipped, causing containers of crescent rolls 8
to fall. Most fell into the open gap between the load-bearing beams, but several 9
fell into the aisle where Saltsman was working, striking her on the head, 10
shoulders, and back from an estimated height of 40 to 50 feet. According to 11
Saltsman’s uncontroverted testimony before the ALJ, her long-term injuries 12
included vertebral displacement and loss of curvature in her neck, as diagnosed 13
by a doctor and chiropractor. 14
15
16
II. Walmart’s Storage of Materials 17

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The Johnstown Distribution Center stores its packaged merchandise in 1
pallets and then places those pallets on “selective racking.” App’x at 64. As 2
shown in the photos excerpted below2, the selective racking system has two 3
orange beams, one in the front and one in the back, that serve as load beams on 4
which the stored merchandise is placed in pallets. The racking systems are then 5
placed back-to-back, with items on each pallet stacked directly on top of each 6
other, although the pallets themselves are not stacked on top of each other 7
directly, causing a 42-inch-wide gap under the pallets. The tallest slot is 8
approximately 40 to 50 feet high.3 The racks are arranged such that the pallets are 9
two-deep, back-to-back. Employees load and unload merchandise using aisles 10
between the sets of racks. 11
2 The photos are excerpted exactly as they were shown in the appendix. There
was no elaboration about what the lettering on the photos purports to show.
3 Walmart points to the testimony of Paul Lund, the manager of the Distribution
Center, that the height of the racking varies from 28 to 32 feet high. However, the
ALJ credited Saltsman’s testimony as to the height. We need not resolve this
minor factual issue as our analysis is limited to the language of the statute.

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1
2
App’x at 99-100. 3
Employees who fill orders, such as Saltsman, move through the aisles and 4
retrieve the merchandise from the lowest two levels of the storage racks 5

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manually. Merchandise on the upper shelves is replaced and retrieved using 1
forklifts to lift the pallets onto and off the shelves. 2
III. OSHA’s Investigation 3
On March 28, 2017, OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officer Charles 4
Harvey inspected the Johnstown Distribution Center based on a complaint 5
concerning an employee injury and unsafe conditions. Harvey took photographs 6
of the selective racking system, conducted employee interviews, and obtained 7
training records. He observed that merchandise was at a risk of falling off 8
because of the way the pallets were stored. An employee told Harvey that 9
merchandise frequently fell through the storage racks and landed in the aisles, 10
and that it was a hazard that needed to get fixed to avoid somebody getting 11
injured. Harvey also spoke with the general manager, Paul Lund, who indicated 12
that he was aware of the condition of stored material falling through the racking 13
and that he had the authority to fix it. Lund stated he had investigated the 14
possibility of installing front-to-back racking, but he had not gotten the funding 15
from corporate to make such repairs. 16
After the investigation, OSHA issued Walmart a serious citation alleging 17
the company violated 29 C.F.R. § 1910.176(b) by exposing employees “to struck- 18

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by hazards from unstable material storage,” and assessing a $10,864.00 penalty. 1
App’x at 4. 2
IV. The ALJ Decision 3
On December 19, 2017, ALJ Keith Bell held a hearing on the merits of the 4
citation. Notably, Walmart did not dispute that the pallets stored in its selective 5
racking system were “stored in tiers” within the meaning of Section 1910.176(b) 6
at the hearing or in its post-hearing brief, instead arguing before the ALJ that the 7
pallets were not covered by the standard because the materials were moved in 8
and out of storage and were therefore not “stored.” 9
ALJ Bell first determined that Section 1910.176(b) applied to Walmart 10
because the materials were dislodged from a pallet that was on Walmart’s 11
storage rack. The ALJ rejected Walmart’s argument that the material that fell was 12
“not covered by [the] standard because it was in the process of being placed into 13
storage,” instead finding the materials that were displaced and fell were already 14
stored on the racks. App’x at 156. ALJ Bell determined that the Commission had 15
previously held that stacked material must be stable and secure even when 16
struck by forklifts. The ALJ further determined that, although Walmart 17
contended that Saltsman entered a 20-foot zone while a lift driver was retrieving 18

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a pallet from the top level, against company rules, both Harvey and Saltsman 1
testified that employees regularly entered this zone. 2
The ALJ concluded that Walmart had knowledge of the presence of the 3
violative condition. Evidence included Saltsman’s testimony that items would 4
fall three to four times during her work week and that she informed managers of 5
her concerns, but that her concerns were ignored. Harvey also testified that an 6
unnamed male employee told him that material frequently fell through the racks, 7
that Lund told him he was aware of the hazard, and an asset protection manager 8
told him that materials fell off the racking system, causing a pallet to tip or fall a 9
couple times a month. 10
ALJ Bell also held that Walmart was precluded from asserting an 11
unpreventable employee misconduct defense because it failed to raise the 12
defense before the hearing. The ALJ determined that the penalty was serious 13
because there was a substantial probability of death or serious physical harm, 14
crediting Saltsman’s uncontroverted testimony that she had severe spinal injuries 15
and had to transfer departments. The ALJ affirmed the penalty of $10,864.00. 16
Finally, the ALJ denied the request for six months to abate the cited conditions 17
because the company made the request only in its post-hearing brief. 18

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V. The Commission Decision 1
On December 31, 2020, the Commission granted Walmart’s petition for 2
discretionary review of ALJ Bell’s decision, and a two-member majority vacated 3
the citation. The Commission decided that the first sentence of the standard, that 4
“[s]torage of material shall not create a hazard,” is “merely a precatory or 5
hortatory introduction to the second sentence, which contains the operative, 6
specific requirements of the provision.” App’x at 284. The Commission stated 7
that the “sheer breadth and generality” of the first sentence, if interpreted as 8
creating a separate obligation, “could raise serious vagueness concerns.” App’x 9
at 285. 10
Therefore, the Commission decided that Section 1910.176(b) applies only if 11
the material at issue is “stored in tiers,” pursuant to the second sentence of the 12
standard, which states in full: “Bags, containers, bundles, etc., stored in tiers shall 13
be stacked, blocked, interlocked and limited in height so that they are stable and 14
secure against sliding or collapse.” The standard does not define “tier,” so the 15
Commission looked to Webster’s Dictionary to determine the “ordinary 16
meaning” of the word. App’x at 285. Webster’s Dictionary defines “tier” to mean 17
“‘a row, rank, or layer of articles,’ and ‘one of two or more rows arranged one 18

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above another.’” App’x at 285 (citing W EBSTER ’S THIRD INTERNATIONAL 1
D ICTIONARY OF THE E NGLISH LANGUAGE U NABRIDGED 2391 (1971)). 2
The Commission stated that “[t]he definition’s reference to a ‘layer,’ along 3
with its example of ‘tier upon tier of huge casks,’ plainly narrows the meaning of 4
the term to articles stacked one on top of another with nothing in between.” 5
App’x at 285-86. The Commission pointed to the 1971 edition of Webster’s 6
Dictionary, which defined “tierable” as “suitable for stacking,” as “further 7
support[ing] the notion that ‘tier,’ as used in this provision, applies only to 8
material stacked directly one upon another.” App’x at 286 (citing W EBSTER ’S 9
THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL D ICTIONARY OF THE E NGLISH LANGUAGE 10
U NABRIDGED 2391 (1971)). The Commission likened the definition to tiers on a 11
wedding cake, which “consists of individual layers that sit directly upon the 12
layer below.” App’x at 286. 13
The Commission concluded that “there is simply no evidence that the 14
pallets at issue were ever stacked one upon another,” and noted that “[w]hile 15
photographic evidence shows that the industry-standard selective racking levels 16
in Walmart’s distribution center were themselves arranged one above another, 17
there is no dispute that each rack level had one pallet, with space between the 18

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top of the merchandise on each pallet and the bottom of the next rack level.” 1
App’x at 286. The Commission then reversed the ALJ’s decision and vacated the 2
citation. 3
The dissenting member of the Commission took a different approach, 4
writing that OSHA standards must be interpreted in accordance with the natural 5
and plain meaning of their words. The dissent pointed out that the pallets in 6
Walmart’s distribution center hold assorted merchandise that is often wrapped 7
or bound together, making them “containers” or “bundles.” App’x at 287. And 8
the rack levels on which the pallets rest are arranged one above another, making 9
them “tiers” within the meaning of the standard. App’x at 287. The dissent 10
looked at the plain language of the standard, as well as OSHA guidance, to 11
determine that Section 1910.176(b) applied to the Distribution Center. The dissent 12
explained that the plain language did not restrict the definition of tiers to include 13
only layers stacked one above another with no space in between. 14
DISCUSSION 15
I. Standard of Review 16
We will set aside an order by the Commission if it is “arbitrary, capricious, 17
an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 18

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706(2)(A); see Solis v. Loretto-Oswego Residential Health Care Facility, 692 F.3d 65, 73 1
(2d Cir. 2012). We review legal conclusions de novo, deferring as appropriate to 2
the Secretary’s reasonable interpretation of the Occupational Health and Safety 3
Act. See id. We must uphold factual findings if they are “supported by substantial 4
evidence on the record considered as a whole.” 29 U.S.C. § 660(a); see Solis, 692 5
F.3d at 73. 6
We “review the Secretary’s interpretation to assure that it is consistent 7
with the regulatory language and is otherwise reasonable.” Martin, 499 U.S. at 156 8
(emphasis in original). “[A] reviewing court may not prefer the reasonable 9
interpretations of the Commission to the reasonable interpretations of the 10
Secretary,” and the Supreme Court has “emphasize[d] that the reviewing court 11
should defer to the Secretary only if the Secretary’s interpretation is reasonable.” 12
Id. at 158 (emphasis in original). Thus, the Secretary’s interpretation of an OSHA 13
standard is entitled to substantial deference, “so long as it is reasonable, that is, 14
so long as the interpretation sensibly conforms to the purpose and wording of 15
the regulations.” Id. at 150-51 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 16
I. Applicability of Section 1910.176(b) to Merchandise that Walmart 17
Stored on Tiered Racks 18

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A. The Secretary’s Interpretation 1
To establish a violation of an OSHA standard, the Secretary must 2
demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that: “(1) the cited standard 3
applies; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) the employer knew, or 4
with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative 5
condition; and (4) one or more employees had access to the cited condition.” 6
Triumph Constr. Corp. v. Sec’y of Labor, 885 F.3d 95, 98 n.3 (2d Cir. 2018). The 7
Commission considered only the first prong, ending its analysis after 8
determining that the standard did not apply. 9
The Secretary argues that the Commission erred in finding Section 10
1910.176(b) inapplicable to Walmart’s tiered storage system because it 11
unambiguously includes material placed or arranged one above another in tiered 12
storage racks, such as the system used at the Distribution Center. Alternatively, 13
the Secretary also argues that if the Court finds the regulation ambiguous, the 14
Court should defer to the Secretary’s reasonable interpretation. 15
Courts have “often deferred to agencies’ reasonable readings of genuinely 16
ambiguous regulations,” in what is commonly called Auer deference. Kisor v. 17
Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2408 (2019); see also Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997). 18

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Auer deference is not afforded to an agency’s interpretation of its regulation 1
“unless the regulation is genuinely ambiguous.” Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2415. “If 2
uncertainty does not exist, there is no plausible reason for deference. The 3
regulation then just means what it means—and the court must give it effect, as 4
the court would any law.” Id. 5
The second sentence of the standard states: “Bags, containers, bundles, etc., 6
stored in tiers shall be stacked, blocked, interlocked and limited in height so that 7
they are stable and secure against sliding or collapse.” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.176(b). As 8
the standard does not define the term “tier,” the Commission looked to the 9
dictionary definition. 10
The Commission cited to Webster’s Dictionary, which defines tier as “’a 11
row, rank or layer of articles,’ and ‘one of two or more rows arranged one above 12
another.’” App’x at 285 (citing W EBSTER ’S THIRD INTERNATIONAL D ICTIONARY OF 13
THE E NGLISH L ANGUAGE U NABRIDGED 2391 (1971)). But rather than credit this 14
definition, the Commission focused on a single word: “layer.” Nothing in the 15
word “layer” itself suggests one way or the other whether objects must be placed 16
directly on top of each other. And in cherry-picking the word layer, the 17
Commission overlooked the fact that Webster’s also defines “tier” as a “row,” or 18

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“rank,” something that would encapsulate the shelving system that the 1
Distribution Center uses. 2
As shown in the photos excerpted above, there are crossbeams that create 3
a shelf upon which Walmart stores its pallets. It is reasonable to conclude, as the 4
Secretary did here, that these shelves form “tiers” upon which Walmart stores its 5
containers of materials (i.e., the pallets). The Commission’s cramped definition 6
ignores other types of tiers, including seating arrangements at sporting events 7
and music venues with layers of seats that are independently supported and 8
placed one over the other with gaps between them. 9
Such an interpretation is found in other dictionaries that were published 10
around the time the standard was published. The American Heritage Dictionary 11
from 1969 defines “tier” as “[o]ne of a series of rows placed one above another.” 12
THE AMERICAN H ERITAGE D ICTIONARY OF THE E NGLISH L ANGUAGE 1344 (1969). 13
And the Oxford English Dictionary from 1971 defines “tier” as: “a row, rank, 14
range, course; usually one of a series of rows placed one above another, or at 15
least rising each above the preceding one; e.g. tiers of galleries, shelves, boxes in 16
a theatre, or seats on a sloping floor.” THE C OMPACT E DITION OF THE O XFORD 17
E NGLISH D ICTIONARY 3319 (1971). 18

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These dictionaries make clear that the definition of “tier” may be broader 1
than what the Commission found. The Commission focused on a single word 2
contained within one dictionary to create a limited definition. Nowhere does the 3
definition of “tier” include the notion that the materials must be stacked 4
immediately on top of each other.4 In fact, one definition explicitly states that 5
shelves, such as those Walmart uses to store its merchandise, fall within the 6
definition of tiers. See THE C OMPACT E DITION OF THE OXFORD E NGLISH 7
D ICTIONARY 3319 (1971). 8
The Commission also pointed to a related word, “tierable,” which is 9
defined as “suitable for stacking,” and argued this “further support[ed] the 10
notion that ‘tier’ . . . applies only to material stacked directly one upon another.” 11
App’x at 286 (citing W EBSTER ’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL D ICTIONARY OF THE 12
E NGLISH LANGUAGE U NABRIDGED 2391 (1971)). Yet, the drafters of the standard 13
did not use the word “tierable,” and there is nothing that so narrows the plain 14
4 And we note, as the dissenting commissioner did, that even in the
Commission’s examples, the tiers stacked on top of each other often include
materials in between. For example, a well-made cake will include buttercream
between the tiers, for added flavor and stability. And intricate cakes include
dowels inside, as well as decorative pillars, for added support.

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language of “suitable for stacking” to mean that materials must be directly on 1
top of each other with nothing in between. 2
Walmart argues that the language in the rest of the standard 3
unambiguously mandates restricting the definition of “tier” to only materials 4
stacked on top of each other directly. The standard states: “Bags, containers, 5
bundles, etc., stored in tiers shall be stacked, blocked, interlocked and limited in 6
height so that they are stable and secure against sliding or collapse.” 7
29 C.F.R. § 1910.176(b). Walmart claims that this language limits the definition of 8
tiers to items that can be stored by stacking, blocking, or interlocking them, 9
suggesting that only items that are placed directly on top of each other can be 10
stored in such a manner so that they are stable and secure. 11
Walmart’s argument is unavailing. The standard contains no such limiting 12
language. There is nothing inconsistent in the remaining language of the 13
standard that militates against an interpretation that shelves can be tiers. For 14
example, bags, containers, and bundles can be stacked on shelves and can 15
become unstable and insecure. Here, the pallets stored on the selective racking 16
became unstable and merchandise on the pallets fell. 17

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Even if we were to find that the Commission’s interpretation was 1
reasonable, the Secretary’s interpretation would prevail, as it is entitled to 2
substantial deference “so long as it is reasonable, that is, so long as the 3
interpretation sensibly conforms to the purpose and wording of the regulations.” 4
Martin, 499 U.S. at 150-51 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Kisor, 139 S. 5
Ct. at 2415. We conclude that the Secretary’s competing interpretation of the 6
language of the standard is reasonable. 7
As a general matter, the Secretary argues that the purpose of the standard 8
was to prevent stored materials from falling and striking those below. The 9
Secretary reasonably interprets the plain language of the standard to apply to 10
material arranged one above another vertically, including on shelves, not just 11
materials stacked directly on top of another. As the Secretary points out, if we 12
followed the Commission’s interpretation, “even the storage of items on a 13
patently unstable shelving unit that was subject to toppling over would be 14
exempt from the standard’s coverage simply because the items on the shelves 15
were not ‘stacked directly upon one another with nothing in between.’” 16
Petitioner’s Br. at 25 (citing App’x at 286). Such an interpretation is not consistent 17
with the text or the purpose of the standard. 18

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1
B. The Record Evidence 2
The last issue is whether there is sufficient record evidence that Walmart 3
violated Section 1910.176(b). The Commission did not reach this issue because it 4
found the standard did not apply. To establish a violation of an OSHA standard, 5
the Secretary must demonstrate that: “(1) the cited standard applies; (2) the terms 6
of the standard were violated; (3) the employer knew, or with the exercise of 7
reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition; and (4) one or 8
more employees had access to the cited condition.” Triumph, 885 F.3d at 98 n.3. 9
We hold that the first prong of the test is met. Because the Commission did not 10
resolve these remaining factors, we remand for further proceedings. 11
CONCLUSION 12
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the Occupational 13
Safety and Health Review Commission and remand for further proceedings 14
consistent with our decision. 15

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