James Radmore v. Aegis Communications Group, Inc.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 08-4751
_____________
JAMES RADMORE,
Appellant
v.
AEGIS COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC., ET AL.,
Appellees
___________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 08-cv-01616)
District Judge: Honorable Timothy J. Savage
_____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a),
September 15, 2009
Before: SLOVITER, FUENTES, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: September 24, 2009)
OPINION OF THE COURT
FUENTES, Circuit Judge:
Appellant James Radmore appeals the District Court’s dismissal of his claim

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charging Aegis Communications Group, Inc., (“Aegis”), Essar Services (Mauritius) (f.k.a.
World Focus), (“World Focus”), and Essar Investments Ltd., (“Essar,” collectively
“appellees”), with breaches of their fiduciary duties of loyalty, care and good faith in
connection with the 2006 short-form merger wherein World Focus converted Aegis into a
privately held corporation. First, the District Court dismissed Radmore’s claims against
World Focus and Essar pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2), holding that it lacked
personal jurisdiction over these foreign corporations. Second, the District Court dismissed
Radmore’s claims against Aegis pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a
claim upon which relief could be granted because the court determined that Radmore’s
sole remedy was an appraisal action in Delaware’s Court of Chancery. For the foregoing
reasons, we affirm the District Court’s judgment.
I.
The District Court had jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)
and we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary
review of the District Court's order granting appellees’ motion to dismiss. See Santiago v.
GMAC Mortgage Group, Inc., 417 F.3d 384, 386 (3d Cir.2005).
II.
Because we write primarily for the parties, we discuss the facts only to the extent
necessary for resolution of the issues on appeal.
This suit stems from the 2006 short-form merger, executed pursuant to Section 253

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of Delaware General Corporation Law, whereby World Focus acquired Aegis’s
outstanding minority common stocks by merging World Focus’s wholly-owned subsidiary
ACG Acquisition into Aegis. As a result, Aegis was converted into a privately owned
company. Radmore, a minority shareholder, held 1,065,500 shares at the time of the
merger. Pursuant to Section 262(d)(2) of Delaware General Corporation Law,
Computershare mailed a Notice of the short-form merger via first class U.S. mail to all of
Aegis’s record holders of common stock. The document sent to record holders was
entitled “Notice of Merger and Appraisal Rights.” The first page on this Notice indicated
Aegis’s minority shareholders were to be paid five cents per share. Because Radmore was
a beneficial owner of the stock, Notice was sent to Cede & Co., his broker and the holder
of record.
Radmore commenced this action in Pennsylvania state court, accusing appellees of
breaching their fiduciary duties of care, loyalty and good faith. He further contended that
the merger lacked fair dealing and fair process. Radmore also stated that the five cent
cash-out price was “blatantly unfair and fraudulent and grossly inadequate compensation
for the share”and a dollar below market value. (App. 13). Appellees removed the action
to federal court and subsequently filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, contending, in
relevant part, that: (1) the District Court lacked personal jurisdiction over World Focus
and Essar, and (2) Radmore failed to state a claim because he did not plead fraud with the

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1 Aegis conceded the District Court’s jurisdiction.
2 Essar Investments is a privately held Indian company. It owns no shares of
World Focus. (App. 397).
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sufficient particularity required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 9.1
The District Court granted appellee’s motion to dismiss. Citing Provident Nat’l
Bank v. California Fed. Savs. & Loan Ass’n, 819 F.2d 434, 437 (3d Cir. 1987), the Court
ruled that it lacked general jurisdiction over foreign corporations World Focus and Essar,
because Radmore failed to offer competent evidence demonstrating that either corporation
had “substantial, continuing and systematic contacts with the forum.” (App. 201). See
also Reliance Steel Prods. Co. v. Watson, Ess, Marshall & Engass, 675 F.2d 587, 588-89
(3d Cir. 1982). The District Court also rejected Radmore’s argument that its personal
jurisdiction over Aegis could be imputed onto parent corporations World Focus and
Essar,2 because he failed to demonstrate the requisite alter ego relationship. Thus, the
District Court dismissed Radmore’s claims against World Focus and Essar.
Next, the District Court granted Aegis’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure
to state a claim. Relying on Glassman v. Unocal Exploration Corp., 777 A.2d 242, 248
(Del. 2001), the District Court noted that Delaware’s short-form merger statute permits a
majority shareholder of at least 90% of another company’s voting stock to merge that
corporation into itself without providing notice to the minority shareholders of the merger.
See Del. Code. a. Tit. 8 § 253(a). Absent fraud or illegality, Delaware law proscribes a
minority shareholder from preventing a short-form merger. The shareholder may,

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however, challenge the valuation of his or her shares in Delaware Chancery Court via an
appraisal action. Despite Radmore’s protestations to the contrary, the District Court held
that his allegations were bald and conclusory, falling “far short of that required to allege
fraud pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).” (App. 204). Having failed to adequately plead
fraud or illegality, the District Court concluded that appraisal rights were the exclusive
remedy available to Radmore.
Finally, the District Court rejected Radmore’s assertion that notice was deficient
because it related to a merger between Aegis and ACG Acquisition, and not a merger of
Aegis into World Focus. The Court reasoned that Radmore’s claim of inadequate notice
was “disingenuous” because the Schedule 13E-3, filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission and cited in his complaint, makes clear that the merger involved ‘Aegis . . .
and ACG Acquisition, Inc.,’ a ‘wholly owned subsidiary of World Focus.’” (App. 207).
Furthermore, The District Court noted that Radmore did receive notice through his broker.
Therefore, The District Court granted Aegis’s motion to dismiss.
III.
On appeal, Radmore argues that the District Court erred because: (1) evidence
revealed “substantial and significant contacts [between World Focus, Essar and] the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; (2) the complaint met Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading
standard; and (3) Aegis’s notice was deficient. We consider each argument in turn.

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A. The District Court Properly Granted World Focus’s and Essar’s Motion to
Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
The District Court properly ruled that it lacked personal jurisdiction over World
Focus and Essar. Radmore correctly notes that the focus of general jurisdiction is on the
defendant’s relationship with the forum state. See Mesalic v. Fiberfloat Corp., 897 F.2d
696, 699 (3d Cir. 1990). He continues to advance his argument that jurisdiction can be
conferred on World Focus and Essar through their relationships with Aegis. See
Appellant’s Brief. at 20. Assuming, arguendo, that a district court could impute personal
jurisdiction to a parent through its subsidy because the subsidy was the parent’s alter ego,
Radmore has failed to offer competent evidence demonstrating that such a relationship
existed between World Focus, Essar and Aegis. The only specific piece of evidence
Radmore cites in support of his alter-ego theory is an e-mail from Aegis employee and
Pennsylvania resident Daniel Mattson to Essar employee Sandip Sen, wherein Mr.
Mattson requested approval of an expense voucher. See Appellant’s Brief at 20. This
lone piece of evidence certainly does not demonstrate that Essar maintained continuous
and substantial contacts with Pennsylvania such that the District Court had personal
jurisdiction over appellees.
Finally, Radmore’s attempt to confer personal jurisdiction through World Focus’s
and Essar’s relationships with Essar Global Ltd. and Essar Group, see Appellant’s Brief at
20-24, also fails because neither Essar Global Ltd. nor Essar Group is a party to this

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3 Likewise, Radmore’s reliance on the failed bid of Essar Steel to Purchase
Pennsylvania corporation Wheeling Pittsburgh does not alter our analysis since he did not
name Essar Steel as a defendant in this action.
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action.3 Therefore, the District Court properly granted World Focus’s and Essar’s motion
to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
B. The Court Properly Granted Aegis’s Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State
a Claim
Next, the District Court correctly concluded that Radmore failed to plead fraud
with the necessary particularity required by Rule 9(b). Indeed, the District Court properly
characterized Radmore’s allegations as bald assertions, conclusory statements, and
improper legal conclusions. See Compl. at ¶¶ 34, 40 (“Said price was . . . fraudulent. . . .
The Transaction . . . lacked fair dealing and fair process.”) (App.13-14). Furthermore, the
District Court correctly rejected Radmore’s only specific allegation – that Aegis
fraudulently increased shares of Aegis in order to dilute minority shareholders’ interests –
because a dispute over share value does not taint a short-form merger such that appraisal
rights would no longer be a minority shareholder’s exclusive remedy . See Glassman, 777
A.2d at 245.
Additionally, the “context” of the complaint Radmore contends provides the
particularity required by Rule 9(b) demonstrates Appellant’s fundamental
misunderstanding of Delaware’s short-form merger statute. Radmore faults the legality of
the short-form merger because it was not subject to fairness review and because Aegis did
not send out advance notice seeking minority shareholders’ approval of the merger. See

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Appellant’s Brief at 17. In advancing these arguments, Radmore completely ignores
Glassman’s conclusion that “[b]y enacting a statute that authorizes the elimination of the
minority without notice, vote, or other traditional indicia of procedural fairness,
[Delaware] effectively circumscribed the parent corporation’s obligations to the minority
in a short-form merger.” 777 A.2d at 243. Aegis was under no legal obligation to seek
Radmore’s approval of the merger or afford him advance notice of the transaction. Thus,
Aegis’s supposed inaction cannot serve as the basis for pleading fraud or illegality such
that appraisal rights would not remain Radmore’s exclusive remedy.
Finally, the District Court correctly held that Radmore had received proper notice
of the short-form merger. First, for the reasons noted above and contrary to Radmore’s
assertions in paragraphs 31 and 42 of his complaint, Aegis was under no legal obligation
to give minority shareholders advance notice of the short-form merger. Second, the
District Court correctly held that Aegis complied with 8 Del. C. § 262(d)(2), Delaware’s
appraisal statute. Computershare timely mailed a Notice to Radmore’s broker. The Notice
clearly set forth the merger’s terms, including the corporations involved, the purchase
price of minority shareholder’s stock, and Radmore’s right to seek appraisal. Radmore’s
reliance on Gilliand v. Motorola Inc., 859 A.2d 80 (Del. Ch. 2004), is misplaced because
that case is readily distinguishable. Unlike the deficient notice in Gilliand, which only
contained “the statutorily mandated information about the mechanics of perfecting a
demand for appraisal and no other information relating to the value of the merged entity or

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its securities,” the Notice at bar contained detailed disclosures. 859 A.2d at 82.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.

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