and 24-2640 ROBERT SOFALY v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC Jp Ward & Associates; Travis A. Gordon; Joshua Ward

PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_______________
Nos. 24-2639 and 24-2640
_______________
ROBERT SOFALY
v.
PORTFOLIO RECOVERY ASSOCIATES, LLC
JP WARD & ASSOCIATES; TRAVIS A. GORDON;
JOSHUA WARD,*
Appellants
*Under Fed. R. App. P. 12(a)
DAMIEN MALCOLM
v.
PORTFOLIO RECOVERY ASSOCIATES, LLC
JP WARD & ASSOCIATES; TRAVIS A. GORDON;
JOSHUA WARD,*
Appellants
*Under Fed. R. App. P. 12(a)

-- 1 of 12 --

2
_______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Nos. 2:23-cv-02018 & 2:24-cv-00053)
District Judge: Hon. Cathy Bissoon
_______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
on September 16, 2025
Before: BIBAS, MONTGOMERY-REEVES, and AMBRO,
Circuit Judges
(Filed: September 22, 2025 )
Ryan James
JAMES LAW LLC
1200 Lincoln Way
White Oak, PA 15131
Counsel for Appellants
Lauren M. Burnette
MESSER STRICKLER BURNETTE
1200 Riverplace Boulevard, Suite 105, #1558
Jacksonville, FL 32207
Counsel for Appellee
_______________
OPINION OF THE COURT
_______________

-- 2 of 12 --

3
BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
Courts depend on lawyers’ honesty. Lies, misrepresenta-
tions, even half-truths corrode the rule of law. So courts may
sanction lawyers who violate their duty of candor. Here, two
lawyers sent made-up, handwritten dispute letters to manufac-
ture violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act by a
debt collector, hoping to recover statutory attorney’s fees.
Once the District Court smelled the scheme, it properly sanc-
tioned the attorneys for engaging in a “campaign of deception.”
App. 29. We will affirm.
I. THE DISPUTE LETTERS DESIGNED TO FAIL
Under the FDCPA, when a creditor notifies credit bureaus
about a consumer’s debt, it must disclose whether the debt is
disputed. 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(8). If the creditor fails to do so, the
consumer can sue and recover up to $1,000 in statutory dam-
ages plus costs and reasonable attorney’s fees. § 1692k(a)(2), (3).
J.P. Ward & Associates is a debt-defense law firm that han-
dles many § 1692e(8) claims. To “scal[e]” up its practice and
get more fees, named partner Joshua Ward and lawyer Travis
Gordon hatched a scheme. Appellants’ Br. 4. If a client approached
the firm to dispute a debt, the firm would get his permission to
send the creditor a handwritten letter supposedly signed by the
client himself.
Each “client letter” used the same template. Most of it was
gibberish, alluding to “confusing times,” lamenting how “dif-
ficult [it was] for [the writer] to stay on top of everything,” and
complaining that someone was trying to sell the writer a “crazy
XR 65A80K thing” (presumably a TV). See infra A1–A2.

-- 3 of 12 --

4
Nestled amid this nonsense, the form letter obliquely referred
to disputing a potential debt: “I saw that your company is report-
ing that I owe you a sum of money, but I just don’t think that
is correct.” Id. The firm would then sign the client’s name and
send the disorienting letter to his creditor. If the creditor or the
debt collector who bought the debt did not then mark the debt
as disputed, the firm would sue.
Why handwrite a stream of consciousness? Why ape Joyce,
not Hemingway? Ward and Gordon told the District Court
exactly why. Debt collectors get floods of debt disputes. Ward
and Gordon theorized that debt collectors process the deluge
by using software. They assumed that software could flag
clear, meritorious disputes, especially in typed letters, but not
in handwritten ones stuffed with fluff and guff. So they wrote
letters by hand to boost the chances of not getting a response.
That would create a successful § 1692e claim and a payday. In
other words, the letters were designed not to succeed in disput-
ing a debt, but to fail.
Gordon and Ward’s scheme started to unravel after they
filed state-court complaints for two debtors: Robert Sofaly and
Damien Malcolm. The complaints are identical in substance.
Each attaches a handwritten letter using the firm’s template,
varying only the client’s name, personal information, hand-
writing, and pen color. See infra A1–A2. And each asserts that
even though the debtor had sent a letter disputing a debt to
Portfolio Recovery Associates, a debt collector, Portfolio had
failed to mark the debt disputed.
Portfolio removed both cases to federal court. The District
Court promptly ordered an evidentiary hearing “to explore the

-- 4 of 12 --

5
truth or fiction of [the] letters and the purpose behind them.”
App. 135. At the hearing, Gordon and Ward explained their
debt-defense practice and admitted having the firm’s staff
handwrite, sign, and send the letters. A paralegal said he had
written and signed both letters before ever speaking with
Sofaly or Malcolm.
Dissatisfied, the court ordered the lawyers to show cause
why it should not sanction them. But the lawyers failed. After
briefing, the court dismissed both cases with prejudice under
Rule 11, awarded Portfolio attorney’s fees and costs under its
inherent authority, and ordered the lawyers to write apology
letters and attach the court’s sanction order to future debt-
dispute cases filed in the district. The lawyers and firm now
appeal.
We review Rule 11 sanctions (and, ordinarily, inherent-
authority sanctions) for abuse of discretion. Wharton v. Super-
intendent Graterford SCI, 95 F.4th 140, 147 (3d Cir. 2024);
Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 55 (1991). But because
the lawyers never challenged the inherent-authority sanctions
below, we review those only for plain error. See Fashauer v.
N.J. Transit Rail Ops., Inc., 57 F.3d 1269, 1289 (3d Cir. 1995).
II. THE COURT PROPERLY SANCTIONED THE LAWYERS
FOR THEIR HALF-TRUTHS
A. The nonmonetary sanctions were proper under Rule 11
Rule 11 authorizes sanctioning lawyers who file pleadings
for an “improper purpose, such as to harass, cause unnecessary
delay, or needlessly increase the cost of litigation.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 11(b)(1). Implicit in Rule 11 is a “duty of candor, which

-- 5 of 12 --

6
attorneys violate whenever they misrepresent the evidence sup-
porting their claims.” Wharton, 95 F.4th at 148 (internal quo-
tation marks omitted).
As the District Court found, Ward, Gordon, and their firm
violated Rule 11 by submitting complaints based on misrepre-
sentations and half-truths to harass Portfolio, increase its liti-
gation costs, and gin up attorneys’ fees. Fed R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1).
The complaints, which the lawyers verified under penalty of
perjury, claimed that Sofaly and Malcolm had personally sent
Portfolio letters disputing their debts. But those letters were really
written, signed, and sent by the firm. And the firm used a script
with “oddly specific” and “strange” details designed to con-
fuse. App. 21. At root, the complaints were not what they pur-
ported to be—claims by frustrated debtors who had tried unsuc-
cessfully to dispute their debts. The letters’ real goal was just
the opposite: to fail at disputing those debts, teeing up § 1692e
violations to benefit the firm. So the court did not abuse its
discretion by dismissing with prejudice and imposing non-
monetary Rule 11 sanctions. Cf. Scott v. Vantage Corp., 64
F.4th 462, 472–73 (3d Cir. 2023) (affirming Rule 11 sanctions
where lawyer filed complaints lacking factual support with the
improper purpose of forcing settlements).
The lawyers resist Rule 11 sanctions three ways, but all fall
short. First, they stress that Sofaly and Malcolm had signed
agency agreements letting the firm write and send letters for
them. That is irrelevant. Agency law lets lawyers act for their
clients, but it does not license deception. Put another way,
agency has nothing to do with the misrepresentations the law-
yers made to Portfolio and to the court; it just means that Sofaly

-- 6 of 12 --

7
and Malcolm gave their lawyers permission to make those mis-
representations.
Second, the lawyers claim that Rule 11 does not cover such
“pre-litigation correspondence.” Appellants’ Br. 26. That is
beside the point. The complaints expressly incorporated both
letters and attached them as exhibits. They are not pre-
litigation documents at all. Under Rule 10, “[a] copy of a writ-
ten instrument that is an exhibit to a pleading is a part of the
pleading for all purposes.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) (emphasis
added). So Rule 11 covers the letters as “pleading[s]” and
“other paper[s]” filed with the court. See King v. Fleming, 899
F.3d 1140, 1148 (10th Cir. 2018) (upholding Rule 11 sanctions
for doctoring email attached to complaint); see also Tejero v.
Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, 955 F.3d 453, 460 (5th Cir.
2020) (noting that Rule 11 could apply to a debt-dispute letter
incorporated into a complaint).
Third, the lawyers try to get around Rule 11 because they
first filed the complaints in state court—beyond the reach of
the Federal Rules. But they forfeited this argument by not rais-
ing it below. Plus, Rule 11 covers even “later advocating” a
paper that was “present[ed] to the court” if “after a notice of
removal is filed, a party urges in federal court the allegations
of a pleading filed in state court.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b) &
advisory committee’s note to 1993 amendment; see also
Buster v. Greisen, 104 F.3d 1186, 1190 n.4 (9th Cir. 1997).
Both Ward and Gordon “later advocate[d]” the complaints in
their response to the District Court’s show cause order, as well
as at the sanctions hearing, by asserting that they had done
nothing wrong; that the complaints raised real FDCPA claims;
and that the letters reflected genuine efforts to dispute a debt.

-- 7 of 12 --

8
See, e.g., App. 116–22 (Ward defending letters on agency
grounds, categorically denying their falsity, and stating that
everything in the letters besides the debt-dispute sentences
reflected the client’s “opinion”), App. 125–26 (Gordon defending
scheme as proper and echoing agency arguments), App. 129
(Gordon stating that “a lot of the sentiment in [the letters] is
what a lot of our clients feel generally”).
And while the lawyers dredge up a handful of cases holding
that Rule 11 never applies to complaints that are removed,
those cases involve the pre-1993 version of Rule 11, which
applied to papers only at the moment of filing. Cf. Meyer v.
U.S. Bank, N.A., 792 F.3d 923, 928 (8th Cir. 2015). So the Dis-
trict Court properly imposed the nonmonetary sanctions under
Rule 11.
B. The monetary sanctions were proper too under the
court’s inherent authority
The District Court was equally right to use its inherent
authority to award attorney’s fees and costs. The Supreme
Court has long recognized federal courts’ inherent power to
protect the integrity of their proceedings. United States v. Hud-
son & Goodwin, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 32, 34 (1812); Ex parte
Burr, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 529, 531 (1824). That includes by
awarding fees and costs against lawyers who act in bad faith or
commit fraud on the court. Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46. That is
exactly what the court did. It found that the lawyers had inten-
tionally engineered a scheme to mislead Portfolio into vio-
lating the FDCPA—misleading the court into believing that
the letters were legitimate attempts to dispute a debt in the pro-
cess. App. 29; see also App. 21–22, 26. Such conduct “defile[s]”

-- 8 of 12 --

9
the “temple of justice” and mocks the adversarial process. Uni-
versal Oil Prods. Co. v. Root Refin. Co., 328 U.S. 575, 580
(1946). The court properly awarded fees and costs to compen-
sate Portfolio for the expense of defending these contrived cases.
The lawyers offer two responses, but neither persuades.
First, they stress that most of the “conduct at issue occurred
before the existence of any court proceeding.” Appellants’ Br.
42. True but irrelevant. Courts may sanction prelitigation con-
duct “intended to improperly influence the judicial process.”
Xyngular v. Schenkel, 890 F.3d 868, 873 (10th Cir. 2018); see
also Snider v. L-3 Commc’ns Vertex Aerospace, LLC, 946 F.3d
660, 680 (5th Cir. 2019), abrogated on other grounds by Ben
E. Keith Co. v. Dining All., Inc., 80 F.4th 695, 701 (5th Cir.
2023). The letters fit that description. They were meant to sway
the court by deceiving it and meddling with the record.
Second, the lawyers claim that the District Court should
have considered its statutory authority before exercising its inher-
ent power. True, we have emphasized, following Chambers,
that “before utilizing its inherent powers, a district court should
consider whether any Rule- or statute-based sanctions are up
to the task.” Montrose Med. Grp. Participating Sav. Plan v.
Bulger, 243 F.3d 773, 785 (3d Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).
But here, the District Court did consider Rule 11—and con-
cluded that it would not permit monetary sanctions. Even if the
District Court erred in failing to consider alternative statutory
sources of sanctioning authority, that error was harmless. As the
attorneys acknowledge, 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and 15 U.S.C.
§ 1692k(a)(3) would have supported the same sanctions that the
court imposed on its inherent authority.

-- 9 of 12 --

10
* * * * *
Actions have consequences. Gordon and Ward used their
clients to bring contrived lawsuits and make easy money. Even
after the District Court sanctioned them and their firm, they
still refuse to admit that they lied. Instead, they deflect blame,
gesturing at “mistakes” and “imprecise drafting” to avoid
accountability. Appellants’ Br. 20, 27, 42. We expect more
from members of the bar, and we will affirm the sanctions.

-- 10 of 12 --

A1
Appendix: Sofaly and Malcolm Debt-Dispute Letters

-- 11 of 12 --

A2

-- 12 of 12 --