Tamara Ciaramitaro v. Unum Life Insurance Company of America

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 15a0691n.06
No. 14-1248
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
TAMARA CIARAMITARO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
UNUM LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF
AMERICA,
Defendant-Appellee.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
MICHIGAN
OPINION
BEFORE: KEITH, MOORE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges
JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Having reached a favorable outcome in an ERISA
case against defendant Unum, plaintiff Tamara Ciaramitaro sought both the award of a penalty
for failing to timely provide her with pertinent plan information and an award of attorney’s fees,
as provided for in the statute. The district court awarded Ms. Ciaramitaro partial attorney’s fees
and declined to award her penalties; on appeal, she seeks an award of full attorney’s fees and
penalties. ERISA provides that both are awarded at the court’s discretion. Because we cannot
conclude that the district court abused its discretion, we AFFIRM its decision.
I. BACKGROUND
This case was assigned to the district court as a companion to the case Ciaramitaro v.
Unum Life Ins. Co. of America, No. 09 Civ. 13492. Ms. Ciaramitaro brought that earlier case
against her employer, Greektown Casino, and the benefits administrator of her ERISA-covered
long-term disability plan, Unum Life Insurance Company of America, alleging that they failed to

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pay her the benefits due under her disability plan following an on-the-job head injury she
suffered in 2001. Ciaramitaro v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 521 F. App’x 430, 432-34 (6th Cir.
2013) (providing a detailed factual history of Ms. Ciaramitaro’s earlier case against Unum).
Ultimately—after the district court in that case entered an order requiring Unum to produce the
administrative record for the plan—Unum conceded that Ms. Ciaramitaro was eligible for
benefits under the plan. Id. at 433.
Unum activated Ms. Ciaramitaro’s long-term disability plan in April 2011. She believed
that the terms of that plan rendered her eligible for Unum’s “Waiver of Life Premium” benefit,
which enabled her to maintain a life insurance policy without paying a premium provided she
remained disabled and met several other conditions. Ms. Ciaramitaro received no information
about this life insurance coverage after her long-term disability plan took effect, so in March of
2012 her counsel requested from Unum copies of her life insurance policy and all other policies
under which she was insured. Unum did not respond. In August of 2012, Ms. Ciaramitaro’s
counsel contacted Greektown Casino to inquire about the extent of her coverage and again
contacted Unum to inquire about her group life insurance policy in December of that year.
Greektown and Unum ignored these requests as well.
Unable to obtain a response from either her former employer or her insurer, Ms.
Ciaramitaro filed the instant lawsuit against Unum in January of 2013. The suit sought
reinstatement of her life insurance policy, as well as civil penalties, costs, attorney’s fees, and
pre-judgment interest. Unum responded with a motion to dismiss, arguing that res judicata
barred the action because Ms. Ciaramitaro had failed to seek the Waiver of Life Premium benefit
in her prior action against it and, res judicata aside, the applicable three-year statute of
limitations began running in 2004 and would bar the action in any case. The district court denied

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the motion, finding that Ms. Ciaramitaro had no notice of denial of life premium benefits at least
until April 2011, the time she was awarded the long-term disability benefits at issue in her earlier
lawsuit.
On July 16, 2013, the district court issued a scheduling order requiring Unum to provide
“all pertinent plan documents and the administrative record” of Ms. Ciaramitaro’s claim to her
counsel by August 16, 2013. Several days before August 16, Unum’s counsel orally informed
Ms. Ciaramitaro’s counsel that she had been placed on “Life Waiver of Premium” as she had
requested.
In an August 19, 2013 follow-up email to Ms. Ciaramitaro’s counsel, Unum’s counsel
wrote that Ms. Ciaramitaro had been awarded the Life Waiver of Premium benefits she sought,
and that he believed further litigation other than a possible attorney’s fee claim would therefore
be moot. He noted that it was his understanding that Ms. Ciaramitaro’s counsel would provide
him with a statement of fees, which he would review, and “hopefully, resolve without the need
for additional motion practice.” The email also indicated that Unum would produce the
administrative record the following day in response to her counsel’s statement that he
nonetheless wanted it produced. The administrative record was produced on August 19 at Ms.
Ciaramitaro’s insistence, but she asserts that it did not contain pertinent life insurance plan
documents to which she was entitled under the July 16 scheduling order.
On August 21, Ms. Ciaramitaro filed a motion for an emergency order to show cause,
which asserted that though Unum had provided the administrative record, it “did not contain any
of the pertinent life insurance plan documents that Plaintiff may be covered under.” On
September 30, she followed up with a motion for entry of judgment, which asserted that Unum
still had not provided her with the pertinent plan documents.

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That day, the district court denied Ms. Ciaramitaro’s earlier motion for an order to show
cause, noting that Unum had represented that she had already been supplied with the “Life
Waiver of Premium” benefits at issue, obviating the need for further litigation aside from the
issue of the attorney’s fee. The district court also expressed the belief that Unum had either
already provided Ms. Ciaramitaro with documentation demonstrating that she was covered under
Unum’s life insurance plan, or that it would promptly do so.
On October 16, Mr. Ciaramitaro filed an additional motion again seeking judgment, as
well as attorney’s fees, costs, expenses, and penalties under ERISA. This motion, too, alleged
that she had not received information from Unum about her waiver of life premium benefits, nor
had she been given a copy of her life insurance policy. Ms. Ciaramitaro’s appellate briefing does
not provide the date that Unum ultimately provided the documents, but it indicates that she did
not receive the plan and enrollment information from Unum until some point after her September
30 motion had been filed. Unum’s briefing fails to state when Unum ultimately provided Ms.
Ciaramitaro with a copy of her life insurance policy and other pertinent plan information.
The district court granted Ms. Ciaramitaro’s motion for entry of judgment and her motion
for attorney’s fees, but reduced the fees by more than half upon reviewing each entry, and
determining that much of her attorney’s work was unnecessary. The court denied Ms.
Ciaramitaro’s motion for penalties under ERISA.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Attorney’s Fees and Costs
This Court reviews a district court’s award of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion.
Shelby Cnty. Health Care Corp. v Majestic Star Casino, 581 F.3d 355, 376 (6th Cir. 2009).
“[A]n abuse of discretion exists only when the court has the definite and firm conviction that the

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district court made a clear error of judgment in its conclusion upon weighing relevant factors.”
Moon v. Unum Provident Corp., 461 F.3d 639, 643 (6th Cir. 2006).
ERISA authorizes a district court, in its discretion, to “allow a reasonable attorney’s fee
and costs of action to either party.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1). We apply the following five-factor
King test to determine whether a district court properly exercised its discretion in awarding fees:
(1) the degree of the opposing party’s culpability or bad faith; (2) the opposing
party’s ability to satisfy an award of attorney’s fees; (3) the deterrent effect of an
award on other persons under similar circumstances; (4) whether the party
requesting fees sought to confer a common benefit on all participants and
beneficiaries of an ERISA plan or resolve significant legal questions regarding
ERISA; and (5) the relative merits of the parties’ positions.
Moon, 461 F.3d at 642; see Sec’y of Dep’t of Labor v. King, 775 F.2d 666, 669 (6th Cir. 1985).
“No single factor is determinative,” so “the district court must consider each factor before
exercising its discretion.” Moon, 461 F.3d at 642-43.
The district court found that the first King factor did not hold significant weight because
Unum took what the court considered to be a good faith position that the benefits at issue in the
instant case were separate from the benefits at issue in Ms. Ciaramitaro’s prior case, and then
granted the Waiver of Life Premium benefit “fairly promptly” after losing its motion to dismiss.
Ciaramitaro v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., No. 13-CV-10268, 2014 WL 320077 at *1, (E.D.
Mich. Jan. 29, 2014). Regarding the second factor, the court noted that there was no dispute as
to the parties’ relative financial situations. Id. The court deemed the third factor “inapplicable”
because the case’s unique facts limited its effect on other similarly-situated parties, but held that
it would nonetheless give the factor “a small amount of weight” to encourage other plan
administrators’ “better examination of the policies at issue.” Id. at *2. The fourth factor was
found not to be in play because there was no indication that Ms. Ciaramitaro sought to confer
any common benefit on other plan participants. Id. Finally, the court acknowledged that the

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fifth factor—the relative merits of the parties’ positions—deserved consideration because Unum
conferred the benefit only because the lawsuit was filed. Id.
Exercising its prerogative under the statute to award reasonable attorney’s fees, the court
found that though fees were warranted, only a portion of the requested fees would be awarded
because “in excess of half the fees requested in this case could have been avoided with better
communication.” Id. Specifically, the district court found that given the circumstances of the
case, “conferences—with the assistance of the court if necessary—would have been a far more
effective way to bring this case to a conclusion.” Id. It further found that Ms. Ciaramitaro’s
counsel engaged in “unnecessary motion practice” toward the end of litigation, and that though
he was “under pressure from his client” to file the motions, Unum should not bear the burden of
the resulting fees. Id. The district court subtracted 10 hours of fees from the over 20 hours Ms.
Ciaramitaro’s attorney billed for responding to Unum’s motion to dismiss, and made a few other
smaller cuts to the attorney’s early invoices. Id. The court’s largest cuts to the fees sought came
in its refusal to award fees for the filing of Ms. Ciaramitaro’s motion to compel and subsequent
motions for judgment and sanctions, because it found them to be unnecessary. Id.
Ms. Ciaramitaro’s brief on appeal did not take issue with the district court’s findings with
regard to any particular King factor. Rather, it argued that the court abused its discretion when it
reduced the attorney’s fee award because it failed to acknowledge (1) that Unum had violated the
terms of the July 2013 scheduling order by not turning over the administrative record and plan
documents to the court and to the plaintiff on August 16, 2013, and (2) that Unum did not
provide written confirmation to Ms. Ciaramitaro that she was covered under the life insurance
premium waiver until after Ms. Ciaramitaro filed her motion for an order to show cause and
motion for judgment.

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Unum’s apparent failure to turn over the plan documents by the August 16, 2013
deadline in the scheduling order, and its subsequent delay in providing Ms. Ciaramitaro with
documents confirming her enrollment in the plan and describing her coverage, could reasonably
support the conclusion that at least some of the additional motion practice was warranted: Unum
apparently did not provide Ms. Ciaramitaro with the documents she sought until at least October.
Furthermore, Ms. Ciaramitaro’s doggedness in seeking basic enrollment documents indicating
the terms of her life insurance coverage—as well as documentary proof that she was indeed
covered—is understandable in light of her decade-long battle with Unum to obtain the coverage
to which she was entitled.
Ms. Ciaramitaro was injured in 2001. Ciaramitaro, 521 F. App’x at 432. She was
initially denied disability benefits in 2003, and then spent a year in Unum’s internal appeals
process before her appeal was denied in 2004. Id. at 433. She next took the matter to federal
court for the first time, id., but agreed that her claim be remanded to Unum yet again for
consideration of the plan provisions relating to workers disability compensation benefits under
the Michigan Workers Disability Compensation Act. In 2009, she filed her second federal
lawsuit against Unum because Unum had ultimately denied benefits under the plan to her.
Ciaramitaro, 521 F. App’x at 433. It took another year and a half of litigation before Unum
conceded that she was entitled to benefits under the plan. Id. After her Unum benefits finally
were implemented in 2011, she discovered that the company had failed to activate the Waiver of
Life Premium benefit. When both Unum and Greektown failed to respond to her attorney’s
correspondence about her life insurance, she brought this—her third—federal lawsuit against
Unum. After she successfully defended against Unum’s motion to dismiss, Unum concluded
that she was entitled to the life insurance benefits as well. It is not hard to understand why, after

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this over ten-year odyssey through both the Unum appeals process and the federal court system,
Ms. Ciaramitaro opted not to rely solely on a short email from Unum’s counsel saying that she
had been awarded the benefits she sought, but instead moved to have the district court’s
scheduling order enforced, and her plan documents produced.
Unum does not refute Ms. Ciaramitaro’s assertion that it failed to provide to her the
documents showing the terms of her life insurance coverage and indicating that she was actually
enrolled until October, even despite her motion practice. Unum’s persistent failure to provide
Ms. Ciaramitaro with her basic life insurance benefit documents indicates that Ciaramitaro’s
motion practice might have been reasonable.
Nonetheless, we review the district court’s order here only for abuse of discretion, and
the fact that the record could support an alternate conclusion is not sufficient to warrant reversal.
Courts have reversed a district court’s denial of attorneys’ fees when the decision does not fall
“within in the range of permissible decisions,” see Slupinski v. First Unum Life Ins. Co.,
554 F.3d 38, 53 (2d Cir. 2009), or when the district court has failed to engage in the appropriate
analysis required in that particular Circuit, see, e.g., Carpenters Health & Welfare Trust for
S. Cal. v. Vonderharr, 384 F.3d 667, 674 (9th Cir. 2004) (reversing district court’s denial of
attorney’s fees because district “paid little heed” to certain principles underlying the “special
circumstances” doctrine); see also Lauder v. First Unum Life Inso. Co., 76 F. App’x 348, 350
(2d Cir. 2003) (reversing district court’s denial of attorney fees where defendant “persiste[d] in
advancing its defense of lack of disability in the district court after [the Second Circuit] had ruled
that it had waived this contention, as well as the frivolous nature of virtually every position it has
advocated in the litigation.”)

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By the August 16 deadline in this case, Unum’s counsel had orally informed Ms.
Ciaramitaro’s counsel that she would be covered by the life insurance plan, and both confirmed
this in an email and attempted to initiate a dialogue about resolving the attorney’s fee issue
several days later. In the end, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in
determining that it would have been more efficient to resolve the remaining issues through
conferences rather than through motion practice after Unum already conceded it would grant Ms.
Ciaramitaro the life insurance benefits she sought. By reaching this conclusion, we do not
condone Unum’s conduct throughout this litigation; in fact, Unum’s conduct has been more often
than not disappointing. We hold only that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it
determined that it was unnecessary to award Ms. Ciaramitaro attorney’s fees for motions filed
after counsel for Unum conceded Ms. Ciaramitaro’s entitlement to the life insurance plan at
issue here.
This court also declines to adopt Ms. Ciaramitaro’s related argument that because
Unum’s briefing specifically targeted $5,819.75 in attorney’s fees that it deemed were
unreasonable—leaving Plaintiff with a balance of $13,885.34—the court was unreasonable in
only awarding $9,584.12 in fees. ERISA grants the district court the discretion to award
reasonable attorney’s fees to either party. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1). Unum argued that Ms.
Ciaramitaro’s attorney should not be entitled to any fees at all, but that if fees were awarded, the
$5,819.75 should be deducted because that amount entirely pertained to unwarranted motion
practice Ms. Ciaramitaro engaged in after dispute had been resolved. The district court was free
under Section 1132 to deny more fees, provided that it did not abuse its discretion in doing so.
Because the district court rationally employed the King factors, and because the record
contains sufficient support for its determination of which fees it allowed and which fees it

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denied, we cannot say that we have a “definite and firm conviction that the district court made a
clear error of judgment in its conclusion upon weighing relevant factors,” as would be required
for a finding that the district court abused its discretion.
B. Penalties
Ms. Ciaramitaro asserts that the district court erred because it denied her penalties under
the statute simply on the basis of its finding that Unum did not have a bad faith position. The
ERISA penalties provision gives courts discretion to impose a fine of up to $100 per day on
“[a]ny administrator . . . who fails or refuses to comply with a request for any information which
such administrator is required by this subchapter to furnish to a participant or beneficiary
. . . within 30 days after such request.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c)(1)(B). This court reviews a district
court’s decision regarding penalties under Section 1132(c)(1) for abuse of discretion. Caffey v.
Unum Life Ins. Co., 302 F.3d 576, 584 (6th Cir. 2002). “An abuse of discretion exists when the
reviewing court is firmly convinced that a mistake has been made.” Bartling v. Fruehauf Corp.,
29 F.3d 1062, 1068 (6th Cir. 1994)).
As Ms. Ciaramitaro correctly notes, a district court has the discretion to award penalties
under ERISA even in the absence of a finding of bad faith on the part of the plan administrator or
prejudice against the plaintiff. McGrath v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 48 F. App’x 543, 557 (6th
Cir. 2002); see also Bartling, 29 F.3d at 1066-67. Nonetheless, the law indicates—and the
parties agree—that though the presence or absence of bad faith on the part of the plan
administrator need not be dispositive, it is a factor that the district court is free to consider.
Bartling, 29 F.3d at 1069. Indeed, in Bartling, a decision in which the district court awarded
penalties to the plaintiffs absent a showing of prejudice or bad faith, the Sixth Circuit noted,
“Many courts have refused to impose any penalty at all under § 1132(c)(1)(B) in the absence of a

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showing of prejudice or bad faith” and that “the court below would have been acting within its
discretion if it had imposed no penalty at all on Defendants.” Id.
Here, the district court appears to have erroneously concluded that it lacked discretion to
award penalties in the absence of bad faith. Denying penalties to Ms. Ciaramitaro, the court
stated that:
Clearly it was Unum’s position that plaintiff was not covered under the life
insurance plan. After the court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss, Unum elected to
provide the coverage. As noted above, the court has not found this to be a bad
faith position and does not find that the [penalty] provision applies in this case.
Moreover, even if the court had the discretion to apply the penalty provision in
this situation, it would not do so under the unique circumstances of this case.
Ciaramitaro v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., No. 13-CV-10268, 2014 WL 320077 at *3 (E.D.
Mich. Jan. 29, 2014) (emphasis added). As discussed above, the district court did in fact have
the discretion to apply the penalty provision in this case, even after finding that Unum did not
exhibit bad faith. But though the district court was in error about the standard, it was clear about
what it would hold on remand if called to exercise its discretion: it would not apply the penalty
provision even if it had the power to do so. Id. Because the court explained how it would
exercise its discretion, we decline to remand the case based on the earlier misstatement of the
standard. See Gaeth v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 538 F.3d 524, 532 (6th Cir. 2008) (district court
committed no error when it failed to explicitly make a required finding about a fee award’s
deterrent effect on other companies, when its finding with respect to the defendant “leaves little
doubt” that on remand it would make the same finding with respect to other companies). We
turn to review of the court’s decision to deny penalties.
Here the court considered, as it may, the administrator’s bad faith or lack thereof when
determining whether to award penalties under Section 1132(c)(1). In her briefing on appeal, Ms.
Ciaramitaro specifically points to three requests for information about her insurance policy that

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she believes must give rise to a finding of bad faith here. The first is a letter to Unum sent on
March 16, 2012, requesting “all life insurance policies” and “any other policies [in] which she is
the insured.” The second is an August 25, 2012 email sent to Greektown, requesting Ms.
Ciaramitaro’s enrollment record and current beneficiary designation. The third is a December
17, 2012 letter to Unum inquiring about whether it “continued making life insurance premiums
retroactive on Ms. Ciaramitaro’s life insurance policy” and stating that legal action would be
taken if Unum did not reply within seven days. Absent the August communication, which was
sent only to Greektown, Ms. Ciaramitaro made two information requests to Unum that were
spaced nine months apart. We find Unum’s failure to reply to these communications concerning.
This alone, however, is insufficient to lead to the conclusion that the district court abused its
discretion by determining that Unum was not acting in bad faith.
In addition to considering bad faith, courts determining whether to apply ERISA penalty
provisions for failure to timely disclose documents have considered other factors such as
prejudice to the party seeking the information and the sheer number of plaintiffs affected.
Bartling, 29 F.3d at 1066-67, 1069. Ms. Ciaramitaro, however, has not pointed to any other
pertinent factors that would lead this court to conclude that the district court abused its discretion
by denying penalties in this case.
Accordingly, we do not find that the district court abused its discretion in denying
penalties here. Therefore, we need not reach the parties’ additional arguments concerning the
applicability of the statutory penalties to Unum when another company is the plan administrator
named in the policy.

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III. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the district court’s order awarding the plaintiff partial attorney’s fees and
denying penalties.

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