United States of America v. Stephen D. Akridge

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 23a0039p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
STEPHEN D. AKRIDGE,
Defendant-Appellant.
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No. 21-5803
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
No. 1:00-cr-00081-2—Travis Randall McDonough, District Judge.
Decided and Filed: March 13, 2023
Before: McKEAGUE, THAPAR, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Jennifer Niles Coffin, FEDERAL DEFENDER SERVICES OF EASTERN
TENNESSEE, INC., Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Debra A. Breneman, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee.
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OPINION
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THAPAR, Circuit Judge. When Stephen Akridge requested resentencing under the First
Step Act, he represented that he remained a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines.
Citing Akridge’s concession, serious criminal conduct, and post-sentencing misconduct, the
district court declined to reduce his sentence. We affirm.
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I.
In 2001, a jury convicted Akridge of four offenses: (1) conspiring to distribute at least
50 grams of crack cocaine; (2) possessing with intent to distribute crack cocaine; (3) possessing a
firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime; and (4) possessing a firearm as a felon. See
18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g), 924(c)(1)(A), (e)(1); 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846.
Because Akridge had prior convictions for aggravated assault and possession of cocaine,
the district court sentenced him as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. As a career
offender, Akridge received a criminal history category of VI, and his base offense level was
enhanced from 32 to 37. This yielded a then-mandatory Guidelines range of 30 years’ to life
imprisonment for Akridge’s drug-trafficking offenses. Akridge also was subject to a mandatory
consecutive 25-year sentence for using a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, since
he had a prior conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). And finally, he faced a 10-year concurrent
sentence for his felon-in-possession charge.
All told, the court sentenced Akridge to 55 years’ imprisonment: 30 years for his drug
offenses, a concurrent 10-year term for his felon-in-possession offense, and a consecutive
25-year term for possessing a firearm in furtherance of his drug offenses. We affirmed. See
United States v. Akridge, 346 F.3d 618, 633 (6th Cir. 2003).
Congress subsequently passed the Fair Sentencing Act, which reduced the sentencing
disparity between crack- and powder-cocaine penalties. Pub. L. No. 111-220, § 2, 124 Stat.
2372, 2372 (2010). And in the First Step Act, Congress made this change retroactive. Pub. L.
No. 115-391, § 404, 132 Stat. 5194, 5222 (2018). Citing these legal developments and his post-
conviction rehabilitative efforts, Akridge asked the district court for a sentence reduction. In his
resentencing motion, Akridge’s counsel represented that his career-offender designation and
corresponding offense level remained unchanged despite the recent legislation.

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No. 21-5803 United States v. Akridge Page 3
At resentencing, the district court agreed with the parties’ representation that Akridge
was subject to the same Guidelines range of 55 years’ to life imprisonment.1 Proceeding to the
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, the district court noted that while Akridge had taken a number of
vocational and self-improvement classes, he had also received eleven disciplinary sanctions.
Citing Akridge’s post-sentencing misconduct and criminal history, the court declined to reduce
his sentence. Akridge timely appealed.
II.
A resentencing decision under the First Step Act must be both procedurally and
substantively reasonable. United States v. Boulding, 960 F.3d 774, 783 (6th Cir. 2020). But
because district courts have broad discretion to decide whether to reduce a sentence, our review
is highly deferential. Concepcion v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 2389, 2404 (2022). Indeed,
“[o]ther than legal errors in recalculating the Guidelines to account for the Fair Sentencing Act’s
changes, appellate review should not be overly searching.” Id. (internal citation omitted) (citing
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)).
On appeal, Akridge contests only the procedural reasonableness of his sentence. His
argument is twofold.
First, Akridge argues that the district court miscalculated his career-offender Guidelines
range. Under the Guidelines, a criminal defendant receives a career-offender designation if:
(1) he was at least eighteen years old when he committed the instant offense; (2) the instant
offense was a violent or controlled-substance felony; and (3) he committed at least two prior
violent or controlled-substance felonies. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). If he satisfies all three prongs, a
career offender will then receive a sentencing enhancement based on the statutory maximum
applicable to his instant offense of conviction under § 4B1.1(a)(2). U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b).
Although Akridge concedes that he remains a career offender, he argues—for the first
time on appeal—that the district court used the wrong instant offense for purposes of
1Indeed, trial testimony established that Akridge conspired to distribute more than 1.5 kilograms of crack
cocaine, so even under the new crack-cocaine penalties, Akridge would still receive a base offense level of 32,
enhanced to 37 as a career offender. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c).

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No. 21-5803 United States v. Akridge Page 4
§ 4B1.1(a)(2) when recalculating his career-offender Guidelines range. According to Akridge,
instead of using his conviction for conspiring to distribute cocaine (which had a statutory
maximum of life imprisonment), the district court should’ve used his conviction for possessing
cocaine with intent to distribute (which had a statutory maximum of 30 years’ imprisonment).
Had the district court done this, Akridge would’ve received a total offense level of 34 (instead of
37) and a career-offender Guidelines range of 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment (instead of 360
months’ to life imprisonment). See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(2). Akridge bases this argument on two
recent cases: United States v. Havis, 927 F.3d 382 (6th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (per curiam), and
United States v. Cordero, 973 F.3d 603 (6th Cir. 2020).
Second, Akridge also contends for the first time that the district court erred by failing to
account for Havis and Cordero while considering the § 3553(a) factors. In other words, he
argues that the district court’s “§ 3553(a) analysis was procedurally incomplete . . . because it
was anchored” to the wrong career-offender range. Reply Br. 21.
The problem for Akridge is that he not only failed to raise these objections below, but
actually conceded that his original Guidelines range applied. It is possible, then, that Akridge
waived his procedural-reasonableness challenge. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733
(1993). And waived arguments “are not reviewable.” United States v. Aparco-Centeno, 280
F.3d 1084, 1088 (6th Cir. 2002); see United States v. Ruiz, 777 F.3d 315, 320 (6th Cir. 2015).
On appeal, both parties characterize Akridge’s concession as an invited error rather than a
waiver. Though invited error is a “branch” of waiver, the two doctrines are not the same. Harvis
v. Roadway Exp., Inc., 923 F.2d 59, 61 (6th Cir. 1991). Indeed, waiver is the intentional
abandonment of a known right, whereas invited error occurs when a litigant “contributes in some
way to the district court’s error without intentionally relinquishing his rights.” United States v.
Woods, --- F.4th ---, No. 21-5734, 2023 WL 2301472, at *7 (6th Cir. Mar. 1, 2023) (cleaned up).
For this reason, invited errors “fall within the continuum between forfeiture and waiver.” Id.
(cleaned up). After all, when a party “provoke[s] the court” to reach a conclusion without
expressly adopting that position, he doesn’t intentionally abandon a right (waiver) or merely stay
silent (forfeiture). Id. (quoting United States v. Sharpe, 996 F.2d 125, 129 (6th Cir. 1993)).
Rather, he invites error.

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These differences are significant because while we never review waivers, we
sometimes—albeit rarely—review invited errors to prevent “manifest injustice.” Id. at *6
(quoting United States v. Demmler, 655 F.3d 451, 458 (6th Cir. 2011). And when we do, we
review for plain error, the same standard we use for unraised objections. Id. at *7. The
government, however, didn’t argue waiver, only invited or plain error. So we have no briefing
on whether we should treat Akridge’s representation as having crossed “the hazy border between
invited error and waiver.” United States v. Montgomery, 998 F.3d 693, 698 (6th Cir. 2021). Nor
does it matter to the outcome here. Even applying the invited-error standard, we conclude that
Akridge induced the errors he now challenges on appeal and failed to show “manifest injustice.”
As a result, his challenge fails under the invited-error doctrine. And even if we reviewed for
plain error, Akridge would still fail to meet his burden.
A.
Start with invited error. At resentencing, Akridge represented that his original Guidelines
range remained unchanged. See R. 155, Pg. ID 681. And in his appellate briefing, Akridge
“fully acknowledged” that he not only failed to request a lower range at resentencing, but
“instead . . . likely invited” the Guidelines recalculation error he now challenges on appeal.
Reply Br. 16.
Akridge’s representation is significant because a party may not generally “complain on
appeal of errors that he himself invited or provoked the court . . . to commit.” Sharpe, 996 F.2d
at 129 (quoting Harvis, 923 F.2d at 60). Indeed, we will reverse an invited error only in
exceptional circumstances. See United States v. Howard, 947 F.3d 936, 945 (6th Cir. 2020)
(quoting United States v. Schaff, 948 F.2d 501, 506 (9th Cir. 1991)).
Why is it so difficult to obtain review of invited errors? Because doing so interferes with
our adversarial system, which “is designed around the premise that the parties know what is best
for them and are responsible for advancing the facts and arguments entitling them to relief.”
Castro v. United States, 540 U.S. 375, 386 (2003) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring
in the judgment). After all, Article III of the Constitution doesn’t permit federal courts to “sally
forth each day looking for wrongs to right.” United States v. Samuels, 808 F.2d 1298, 1301 (8th

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No. 21-5803 United States v. Akridge Page 6
Cir. 1987) (Arnold, J., concurring in the denial of rehearing en banc). Instead, “[w]e wait for
cases to come to us, and when they do we normally decide only questions presented by the
parties” and preserved for appeal. Id. These considerations are especially salient here because
when resentencing a defendant under the First Step Act, “[a]ll that is required is for a district
court to demonstrate that it has considered the arguments before it.” Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at
2405.
As a result, we will only review an invited error if the inviting party shows that failing to
do so “would result in manifest injustice.” Demmler, 655 F.3d at 458. But here, Akridge hasn’t
satisfied his burden to demonstrate manifest injustice. In fact, he didn’t even mention it in his
briefing. So we decline to “relieve him of the consequences” of his invited error (assuming there
was an error). In re Bayer Healthcare & Merial Ltd. Flea Control Prod. Mktg. & Sales Pracs.
Litig., 752 F.3d 1065, 1073 (6th Cir. 2014). To do otherwise would undermine our adversarial
system, which “regards the adversary process as the best means of ascertaining truth and
minimizing the risk of error.” Mackey v. Montrym, 443 U.S. 1, 13 (1979).
B.
Even if Akridge could clear the invited-error threshold by demonstrating manifest
injustice, he would still have to show that the district court committed plain error. Howard, 947
F.3d at 945. This is a demanding standard. See Greer v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 2090, 2097
(2021). To meet that burden, Akridge must show that: (1) an error occurred; (2) that error was
obvious; and (3) that error affected his “substantial rights.” Id. at 2096. If he satisfies these
three “threshold requirements,” then we have discretion to grant relief if (4) we conclude “that
the error had a serious effect on the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” Id. at 2096–97 (cleaned up). But here, Akridge fails to show that the district court
committed any error, let alone a plain one.
1.
Start with Akridge’s allegedly miscalculated career-offender Guidelines range. When
recalculating a defendant’s Guidelines range under the First Step Act, a resentencing court is
only permitted to make modifications that “reflect the retroactive application of the Fair

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No. 21-5803 United States v. Akridge Page 7
Sentencing Act.” Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2402 n.6. In other words, the First Step Act “tells
[courts] to alter just one variable in the original sentence, not all variables.” United States v.
Maxwell, 991 F.3d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 2021).
But neither Havis nor Cordero fit within that single “variable” that resentencing courts
are permitted to alter under the First Step Act. To be sure, in Havis, we held that attempt crimes
don’t count as career-offender predicate offenses. 927 F.3d at 387. And in Cordero, we
extended Havis to exempt conspiracies to commit a controlled-substance offense as well. 973
F.3d at 626. But for the following two reasons, neither case “reflect[s] the retroactive application
of the Fair Sentencing Act.” Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2402 n.6.
For one thing, we have repeatedly held that Havis doesn’t apply retroactively. United
States v. McCall, 56 F.4th 1048, 1061 (6th Cir. 2022) (en banc) (“Havis, a nonretroactive judicial
decision announcing a new rule of criminal procedure, cannot serve as a basis for relief.”);
United States v. McKinnie, 24 F.4th 583, 587 (6th Cir. 2022) (“Havis does not apply
retroactively.”). And since Cordero merely extends Havis to a related set of offenses, it doesn’t
apply retroactively either. Cordero, 973 F.3d at 626. For another, Havis and Cordero didn’t
apply the Fair Sentencing Act or even mention crack-cocaine penalties. Instead, they covered
career-offender predicate offenses. So neither case fits within the single “variable” that
resentencing courts are permitted to consider when recalculating a defendant’s Guidelines range
under the First Step Act.
So Akridge didn’t show that the district court committed any error, much less a plain one.
2.
Next, Akridge argues that the district court procedurally erred by failing to account for
Havis and Cordero while considering the § 3553(a) factors. Akridge’s argument carries even
less force at this stage because after a district court properly recalculates a defendant’s
Guidelines range, “the First Step Act imposes no additional constraints on [its] discretion.”
United States v. Foreman, 958 F.3d 506, 513 (6th Cir. 2020). Though the resentencing court
“may” consider nonretroactive changes at the § 3553(a) stage—such as those made in Havis and
Cordero—nothing requires it to do so. Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2402 n.6. Instead, “[a]ll that is

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No. 21-5803 United States v. Akridge Page 8
required is for a district court to demonstrate that it has considered the arguments before it.” Id.
at 2405. And here, the district court did exactly that.
To be sure, at the § 3553(a) stage, the resentencing court “must adequately explain the
chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review.” Chavez-Meza v. United States, 138
S. Ct. 1959, 1965 (2018) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 50). But “[t]he appropriateness of brevity or
length, conciseness or detail” is largely left to the resentencing “judge’s own professional
judgment.” Id. at 1964 (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007)).
And here, the district court sufficiently considered the § 3553(a) factors. Indeed, it
expressly declined to reduce Akridge’s sentence in light of his “extensive and severe criminal
history,” “the serious conduct underlying his current convictions,” and his eleven disciplinary
sanctions post-sentencing. R. 159, Pg. ID 696. These findings were sufficiently detailed for
appellate review, and the district court wasn’t required to consider Havis or Cordero at the
§ 3553(a) stage. So Akridge failed to meet his burden here too.
In sum, even if we were to review his invited error, Akridge’s objections wouldn’t
survive plain-error review.
* * *
We affirm.

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