New West v. Marcia L. Fudge

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCG
";G21E1372G
< ;;<G!G < ;;<G
#<G
!G
;<%'%,G"G"(&!G!G%!G)"#E
!'<G
#;G
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCG
! ! ! ! ! !! ! !
! ! !! !!
!!!! ! !
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCG
14<2021F 20<2021G
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCG
"%G <G$<G!G G!G <$
$;G
<$$;G'%G'G',G"G "'<G !"&<G
"! !GG"(&!G)"# !'G !G,G *G&'G
!G *G(.G@"'),G *G&'A<G!G#G:15G "!G
"%G'G#%"#%'&<G'G#%'&G&%G"('G'G##%"#%'G
G
* The court granted the parties’ joint motion to waive oral argument.

-- 1 of 5 --

2G ";G21E1372G
&#"&'"!G"GG(!G*"%'G%"(,G:2;7G "!;G&G(!<G
&'&G(!%G"!'%'&G'*!G *G&'G!G'GE
#%' !'G"G"(&!G!G%!G)"# !'F*"&G%!'G
&(&&G"%G"*E!" G'!!'&G#%")G "&'GG"G'G
"!,G"%G"#%'!G'G"(&!G)"# !'FGG&''G
"G"G!&(%!G''G "!,G*"(GG)G"%G !'E
!!G!G%#%G"G'G#%"#%'&GG *G&'G('G"!G
'&G"'"!&G'"G'!!'&G"%G'G#%' !';G *G&'G !E
'!&G''<G(&G'G&G!"G"!%G%&#"!&G"%G !'!!G
"%G%#%<G'G&"(G%)G'G "!,;G('G'G#%' !'G&G
%(&G *G&'B&G !&G"%G#, !'G!G&G"!G'G
"!,G"%G'G!-'G"G "'<G*G&(G *G&'G&G
'G(!&BG#%"#%'"%;G
G&#('G"('G'G&#"&'"!G"G'G%&%)G(!G%"&G
(%!G'G"! !'"!G#%"!<G('G*GG!G$!$
$ "$ ! !<G921G;3G693G@7'G%;G2019AG@ $ $ A<G''G
'G&&(G&G"%GG&#%'G&('G*'G'G#%' !'G&GE
!!';G&G&('G&G'G%&(';GG&'%'G(G%!'G'G
#%' !'B&G "'"!G"%G&( %,G( !';G2021G;;G&';G
G21393G@ ;;G ;G;G4<G2021A;G
$ $ G%&G'*"G"!(&"!&G#%'!!'G'"G'G(%E
%!'G&('=G-%&'<G''G12G;;;GD1702G*)&G'G#%' !'B&G
&")%!G (!',G'"GG G&G"!GG"!'%'>G&"!<G
''G"!,GG"!'%'<G%'%G'!GG&''('G"%G%('"!<G".%&G
*G&'G!,G#%"&#'G"G&(&&;GG#%'&G'G'&G"!E
(&"!&G&G)!<G&"G*G!G'"G%&")GG&#('G"('G'G
!!G"G'G"!'%'&G'*!G *G&'G!G'G#%'E
!';G
('G *G&'G"&G!"'G%,G"!G"!'%'(G;G !E
&'G'G&,&G''G'G#%'&BGG"G#%")!G&(%',G"%G%E
#%&G!G !'!!G #&G''G'G "!,G (&'G"!G'"G

-- 2 of 5 --

";G21E1372G 3G
'G"!G'G#%"'B&G"*!%&#G#&&&G'"G&" "!G&;G&G
*G!"'G";G%#&<G(&G'G "!,G G%" G'GE
%G%&(%,G'%"(G'G#, !'G"G")E %'G%!'&<G'G
"!,G&"(G%)%'G'"G'G%&(%,;G%G#%#&<G(&G'G
"!,G&G&!G'"G#%")G&(%',GG'G#%"'B&G"*!%G
&G'"G 'G'&G%&#"!&'&<G'G(!G&"(G#&&<G*'G'G
(!&<G'"G'G#%"'B&G!*G"*!%;G%G#%#&<G(&GG
"G "G 'G (!G &G '"G #%"''G '!!'&BG !'%&'&<G 'G "!,G
&"(GG&'%('G'"G'G'!!'&G"%G(&G'"G%(G'%G
%!'&;GG!%G"')G"&G!"'G%&")G*G"G'&G#"&E
&'&G'G"!'%'!G#%'&G';G'G%$(%&GGE
&"!G!"G!G%G!(<G*G'&G"!'%'&G;G
*G&'G&G'G#!'.G!G%&G'G%&G"G!"!E#%&(&"!;G
"E*'B&E&'EE'!&E"!&%G&GG#""%G&(&''('G"%G
"!%'G!(G!GG"!'%'G&;G
"*G'G&!B'G$('G%'G'"G&,G''G *G&'G,#&&&$G
"!'%'(G !(;G (%',G % !'&G )G 'G #%'E
!'GG!G"!G'G(!B&G"!'!'&<G!G'&G%G'G"!,G"!E
'%'&G"!G*G *G&'G%&;G!G'G"! !'"!G*&G
" #'<G!G *G&'G!"G"!%G"*!G'G#%"'<G'GE
#%' !'G %&G '&G !G ,G #%"#%G "( !'&G (!%G 'G
!"% G" %G";G"%!G'"G *G&'<G'&G!E
&&%,G&"*&G''G'G!"*G"*!&G'G(!G"('%';G('G''B&G
!"'G &";G G !G "G 'G !G !&G ''G 'G #%' !'G !"G
"!%G&GG&(%',G!'%&';G('G*"$ G'G(!?GGE
&!G "G G &(%',G !'%&'G "&G !"'G !&*%G 'G $(&'"!F
!<G &G *G +#!G ")<G 'G #"&&'&G !(G *G
&'<G 'G ',G "G "'<G 'G %&(%,<G !G 'G '!!'&;G &G
&!&G(&GG'"G'G"!'%'&<G*G"G!"'G%&&G'G&(E
';G *G &'G )G 'G #%' !'G &(%',G !G *')%G
#%"#%',G!'%&'G *G&'G#"&&&&G!G'G(!<G('G'G'G
"G"!G&"G"&G!"'G&'&G*'G *G&'B&G!'%&'G*&;G

-- 3 of 5 --

4G ";G21E1372G
*G&'G'&G(&G''G'G'%'G'"!&G'"G'G%&%)G
(!G&G'+G!" <G%" G*G'G"!(&G''G'G (&'G
"*!G'G "!,;G 'G"&G!"'G&,<G"*)%<G''G!,'!G!G'&G
"!'%'&G *'G 'G #%' !'G %$(%G 'G '"G '%'G 'G (!G
''G*,;G 'G*"(GG%(%G'"G#% 'G *G&'B&G'+G%E
#"%'!G'"G&'&G'&G"*!%&#;G%#&GG'&G&"*&G&G
''G *G&'G&G%#"%'G'""G (G!" G!G!&G'"G
-G !G'+G%'(%!&;G
G#%'&BG%&G&(&&G ("(&G!(G!GGG
"#!"!G &&(G !G 2001G ,G 'G !,B&G &&"'G !%G
"(!&G "%G !&(%G "(&!<G !G !'%!G !(G ''G 'G
!,G(&&G'"G(G"#%'"!&<G!GG&'%'G"(%'B&G"#!E
"!;GG$$!$!$$$"$!<G2009G
;;G&';G G96253G@;G*;G';G15<G2009A;G "!G"G'&G
%&&&G'G!'%G$(&'"!G"G"(%G&=G'G"&G'G!E
(G !G "!'%'&G '*!G *G &'G !G 'G #%' !'G
&'&G"('G*"G"*!&G'G%&%)G(!G'%G *G&'G!"G
"!%G"#%'&G'G"(&!G#%"'?G 'G&G"%!,G(!!E
&&%,G'"G&(&&G' G(%'%F!GG&"!G,G&" G"'%G
&'%'G(G!G&" G"'%G&#('G'"G*G'G#%' !'G
*&G!"'GG#%',G%'!,G'&G!"G "%G*'G'!G'GE
&"!G"G'G&'%'G(G!G'&G)%,G&;G
!,<G *G&'G"!'!&G''G'G#%' !'B&G"!'%"G
"G'G%&%)G(!G"!)%'G'G "!,<G!G)"'"!G"G'"%'G
"'%!&;G&G'G&'%'G"(%'G"&%)<GG&('G&!G E
&G "%G "!)%&"!G %$(%&G !G !&'%')G G (!%G
'G%G"%'G &G'<G&G28G;;;GD2675@A<G!G *G
&'G"!&G''G'GG!"'G#%&!'G&(GG G'"G'GE
#%' !';GG% ,G(!%G'GG&G+(&)G*!G'G
&''('G ##&<G &G 28G ;;;G D2679@A<G &"G *G &'G !!"'G

-- 4 of 5 --

";G21E1372G 5G
(&G12G;;;GD1702G&GG*)%G"G&")%!G (!',G'"G#(%E
&(GG'"%'G ;G
"'G''G'&G /%&;G"G)GG G"%G'"%'"(&G"!)%E
&"!G "G #%"#%',<G *G &'G (&'G -%&'G &'&G ''G 'G
"!,G!G'G%&%)G(!G&G'&G#%"#%',;G !G"'%G*"%&<G'"G
*!GG'"%'G G *G&'G (&'G-%&'G*!G'&G"!'%'G F
!GG'GG!GG'"G#%)G"!G'G"!'%'G G@*G
'G !B'A<G *G &'G *"(G !"'G )G !G G "!)%&"!G
G&GG;G
AFFIRMED

-- 5 of 5 --