United States of America v. Jeffrey M. West

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-2701
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
JEFFREY M. WEST,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
No. 2:19-cr-20060-MMM-EIL-1 — Michael M. Mihm, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED S EPTEMBER 20, 2022 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 22, 2022
____________________
Before EASTERBROOK, HAMILTON , and BRENNAN , Circuit
Judges.
HAMILTON , Circuit Judge. Appellant Jeffrey West was con-
victed of possessing child pornography and other sexual of-
fenses against children. At trial, the district court admitted
photographs and videos containing child pornography that
were discovered on electronic devices seized from West’s
home and business. Sixteen of those exhibits were shown to
the jury. On appeal, West argues that the admission and

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2 No. 21-2701
display of two exhibits were unfairly prejudicial and need-
lessly cumulative, in violation of Federal Rule of Evidence 403
and his broad reading of Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S.
172 (1997). We affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Police investigated a young boy’s report that West mo-
lested him and paid him for a nude photograph. Police
searched West’s home and business and found a laptop com-
puter and multiple flash drives. A detective searched the
seized devices and discovered a total of roughly one thousand
still photographs and videos of child pornography.
West was charged with one count of possessing child por-
nography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B) and (b)(2),
two counts of sexual exploitation of a minor in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e), two counts of receiving child pornog-
raphy in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A) and (b)(1),
and two counts of commission of an offense by a registered
sex offender in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2260A.
Before trial, West stipulated that certain images found on
his devices—specifically, Government Exhibits 1F, 1G, 2B, 5C,
and 6D—were part of known child pornography series iden-
tified by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Chil-
dren. West stipulated that, if called to testify, an FBI agent
would say that the agent participated in the investigation
identifying the images in question, that the children por-
trayed were minors, that the images were produced outside
Illinois, and that they were distributed widely on the internet.
On the first day of trial, the court admitted dozens of ex-
hibits offered by the government, including several photo-
graphs and videos containing child pornography that were

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No. 21-2701 3
found on West’s devices. The exhibits at issue in this appeal
(Government Exhibits 5E and 6E) were among those admit-
ted. Defense counsel did not object.
Over the course of the trial, the government briefly
showed images from West’s devices to the jury. In total, the
government displayed sixteen of the roughly one thousand
photographs and videos containing child pornography that
were stored on West’s devices.
The defense did not object to the government’s publication
of the images until the end of the government’s case in chief.
The government’s final witness, an FBI agent, testified that six
images found on West’s devices were from a child pornogra-
phy series he had investigated. During direct examination of
the agent, the government briefly published Exhibits 3B, 3C,
3D, and 3E. For each exhibit, the prosecutor asked the agent
to identify the child by first initial and to state the child’s age
when the image was created. Defense counsel did not object.
As the prosecutor began asking the agent about a fifth exhibit
(5E), West objected. His counsel asserted that the images and
facts were stipulated to and so there was no need to continue
displaying the exhibits. The government countered that these
facts were not stipulated. The court overruled the objection,
and the government displayed two more exhibits (5E and 6E)
before resting its case. The jury convicted West on all counts.
West renews his objection on appeal, arguing that the ad-
mission and publication of child pornography images at his
trial violated Federal Rule of Evidence 403 on the theory that
the content of the images was not in dispute, so the exhibits’
admission was needlessly cumulative and unfairly prejudi-
cial. He also argues that because he had stipulated that child
pornography was found on the devices recovered from his

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4 No. 21-2701
home and business, their admission at trial violated Old
Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172 (1997).
II. Analysis
A. Admission of the Exhibits
We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse
of discretion. United States v. Resnick, 823 F.3d 888, 894 (7th
Cir. 2016). We will reverse these rulings “only if no reasonable
person could take the judge’s view of the matter.” United
States v. Pulliam, 973 F.3d 775, 782 (7th Cir. 2020), quoting
United States v. Brown, 871 F.3d 532, 536 (7th Cir. 2017).
First, West’s challenge to the exhibits’ admission is
waived. On the first day of trial, the government moved to
admit into evidence dozens of exhibits, including those that
are the subject of this appeal. When asked whether West had
any objection to the government’s motion, defense counsel re-
sponded, “No, Your Honor.” Because West affirmatively
stated at trial that he had no objection to the admission of the
exhibits, he cannot challenge their admission on appeal.
United States v. Redditt, 381 F.3d 597, 602 (7th Cir. 2004)
(“When trial counsel affirmatively represents that he has no
objection to the admission of certain evidence, he has inten-
tionally waived any argument to the contrary.”).
Even if West’s challenge were not deemed waived, we
would reject it on the merits. West asks this Court to extend
Old Chief and find that the trial court violated Federal Rule of
Evidence 403 by admitting child pornography images at trial
when he supposedly stipulated that the images contained
child pornography. There are several problems with this the-
ory.

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No. 21-2701 5
Most generally, in Old Chief, the Supreme Court affirmed
the general principle that “a criminal defendant may not stip-
ulate or admit his way out of the full evidentiary force of the
case as the Government chooses to present it.” 519 U.S. at 186‒
87. Old Chief actually held, narrowly, that that general rule has
“virtually no application” where the issue in dispute is the
defendant’s status as a felon. Id. at 190. In such cases, it vio-
lates Rule 403 to admit the record of conviction to prove the
defendant’s status when the defendant is willing to stipulate.
Id. at 191.1
The Court limited its holding in Old Chief to cases where
the defendant’s felon status is at issue. 519 U.S. at 183 n.7; see
also United States v. Phillippi, 442 F.3d 1061, 1064 (7th Cir.
2006), citing Old Chief on this point. We consequently find
West’s arguments for extending Old Chief unconvincing.
West’s argument also fails for a reason more specific to this
case. The exhibits at issue in this appeal were not actually sub-
ject to any stipulation. Before trial, West stipulated that Exhib-
its 1F, 1G, 2B, 5C, and 6D were part of known child pornogra-
phy series, that the children depicted were minors, and that
the images were produced outside Illinois and were widely
distributed on the internet. On appeal, West argues that the
district court was incorrect to overrule his objection to the in-
troduction of Exhibits 5E and 6E shortly after the government
displayed Exhibits 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E. Because those exhibits
1 The Court’s later decision in Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191
(2019), has added a wrinkle to Old Chief stipulations in felon-in-possession
cases. Under Rehaif, the government must also prove that the defendant
knew, at the time of the possession, that he was a felon or had some other
prohibited status under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), so an Old Chief stipulation now
may need to extend to such knowledge.

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6 No. 21-2701
were not subject to any stipulation, their admission did not
offend even defendant’s overly broad reading of Old Chief. It
certainly did not run counter to the actual reasoning and hold-
ing of Old Chief.
Nor did the admission of the challenged exhibits run
counter to Rule 403 more generally. In relevant part, Rule 403
provides that relevant evidence may be excluded “if its pro-
bative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of … un-
fair prejudice” or “needlessly presenting cumulative evi-
dence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. “Because all probative evidence is
to some extent prejudicial, we have consistently emphasized
that Rule 403 balancing turns on whether the prejudice is un-
fair.” United States v. Eads, 729 F.3d 769, 777 (7th Cir. 2013),
quoting United States v. McKibbins, 656 F.3d 707, 712 (7th Cir.
2011). To determine whether an exhibit is unfairly prejudicial,
we use a “sliding scale approach: as the probative value in-
creases, so does our tolerance of the risk of prejudice.” United
States v. Earls, 704 F.3d 466, 471 (7th Cir. 2012), quoting White-
head v. Bond, 680 F.3d 919, 930 (7th Cir. 2012). Evidence should
not be excluded as unfairly prejudicial simply because it is
“graphic or disturbing.” United States v. Kapp, 419 F.3d 666,
677 (7th Cir. 2005). Depending on the nature of the offense,
graphic or disturbing evidence may be central to the govern-
ment’s case.
Evidence may be deemed needlessly cumulative “when it
adds very little to the probative force of the other evidence in
the case,” such that its “contribution to the determination of
truth would be outweighed by its contribution to the length
of the trial.” United States v. Gardner, 211 F.3d 1049, 1055 (7th
Cir. 2000), quoting United States v. Williams, 81 F.3d 1434, 1443
(7th Cir. 1996); see also United States v. Hicks, 368 F.3d 801, 808

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No. 21-2701 7
(7th Cir. 2004) (evidence was not needlessly cumulative
where it was important to the government’s case and its
presentation took up a “comparatively small amount of time”
at trial).
The exhibits at issue here were neither unfairly prejudicial
nor needlessly cumulative, considering their probative value.
At trial, West argued that he did not know the child pornog-
raphy files were on his devices. The government refuted this
argument in two ways. First, it presented evidence showing
that child pornography images were found on multiple de-
vices recovered from West’s home and business. The fact that
child pornography images were found on not just one but six
devices made it more likely that West knew of their existence.
To establish that child pornography was found on all of those
devices, the government offered and the court admitted a
small number of photographs or videos from each device. Ex-
hibit 5E was one of three child pornography files shown to the
jury from a red thumb drive, and Exhibit 6E was one of two
files displayed from a SanDisk Cruzer thumb drive.
Second, the government also presented evidence showing
that West’s personal files—for example, medical bills and files
related to his business—were saved on the same devices that
contained child pornography. The SanDisk Cruzer thumb
drive, on which investigators found Exhibit 6E, contained sev-
eral files related to West’s business. A video containing child
pornography was downloaded onto the thumb drive on the
same day that files relating to West’s business were accessed.
Thus, even if West had stipulated that the exhibits contained
child pornography, their brief publication to the jury helped
the government prove that a person accessing the images
would be immediately aware of their illicit nature. See Eads,

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8 No. 21-2701
729 F.3d at 777‒78 (explaining that showing child pornogra-
phy images at trial “served a valid, non-cumulative, purpose”
where the defendant stipulated that the images contained
child pornography but argued that he did not know the im-
ages were in his possession).
The government and the district judge also took care to
limit jurors’ exposure to child pornography images at trial,
which had the effect of minimizing any risk of unfair preju-
dice and preventing their presentation from becoming cumu-
lative. Over the course of the trial, the government showed
only sixteen of the child pornography files found on West’s
devices. When it presented the exhibits, it showed still photo-
graphs “briefly” and played only a “few seconds” of videos.
Moreover, the government asked only two or three questions
about Exhibits 5E and 6E. Their introduction did not need-
lessly lengthen West’s trial.
To carry its burden in a child pornography case, the gov-
ernment ordinarily needs to present images containing child
pornography to the jury, and it is ordinarily entitled to pre-
sent them so that the jury understands the crimes. We recog-
nize that this evidence can be disturbing—even traumatiz-
ing—for jurors and that there can be a risk of unfair prejudice
to the defendant. District courts must use common sense to
strike a balance between allowing the government to make its
case and protecting jurors and the defendant’s right to a fair
trial. Judge Mihm struck a balance here that was fair and
sound.
B. Publication of the Admitted Exhibits
To the extent that West challenges the display—as distinct
from the admission—of Exhibits 5E and 6E at his trial, his

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No. 21-2701 9
argument fails. Jurors are “generally entitled to examine ex-
hibits that are properly admitted into evidence.” United States
v. Loughry, 738 F.3d 166, 170 (7th Cir. 2013). The district court
may, however, prevent jurors from viewing exhibits that are
“cumulative, prejudicial, confusing, or misleading.” Id., quot-
ing Deicher v. City of Evansville, 545 F.3d 537, 542 (7th Cir.
2008). We review the district court’s handling of properly ad-
mitted exhibits for a clear abuse of discretion. Id. at 169‒70.
For the reasons set forth above, the district court also did
not abuse its discretion when it allowed the government to
show Exhibits 5E and 6E to the jury. The probative value of
the exhibits outweighed their prejudicial effect, and, consid-
ering that the government showed only sixteen of the roughly
one thousand images found on West’s devices, we could not
conclude that the publication of Exhibits 5E and 6E was need-
lessly cumulative.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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