United States of America v. Senque S. Bingham

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-2172
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
S ENQUE S. BINGHAM ,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Illinois.
No. 4:21-cr-40048 — Staci M. Yandle, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED NOVEMBER 6, 2023 — DECIDED D ECEMBER 19, 2023
____________________
Before F LAUM , S CUDDER , and K IRSCH , Circuit Judges.
K IRSCH , Circuit Judge. Senque Bingham pleaded guilty to
drug offenses. In his objections to the Presentence Investiga-
tion Report (PSR), he outlined the criteria for safety-valve re-
lief under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and asserted that he met them.
At sentencing, the district court found that Bingham was in-
eligible for the safety valve, concluding that because he qual-
ified for a firearms enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1),
he failed to satisfy the safety-valve criterion that the

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2 No. 23-2172
defendant did not possess a firearm in connection with the
offense (the no-firearms condition). But the safety-valve no-
firearms condition is narrower than the Sentencing Guide-
lines firearms enhancement. Just because a defendant quali-
fies for the Guidelines enhancement does not necessarily
mean that he does not qualify for safety-valve relief. The dis-
trict court mistakenly conflated the scope of the no-firearms
condition with that of the firearms enhancement. And be-
cause we cannot be sure that the district court would have im-
posed the same sentence if Bingham is in fact safety-valve el-
igible, we vacate and remand for resentencing.
I
In November 2022, Senque Bingham pleaded guilty to
conspiracy to distribute 50 or more grams of methampheta-
mine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(A) and 21
U.S.C. § 846. Before sentencing, the probation office prepared
the PSR, which asserted that a co-defendant, Jaylen Vinson,
was the conspiracy’s leader and that Bingham delivered
drugs for him. The PSR included the statements of two coop-
erating witnesses. Cooperating Witness 1 told law enforce-
ment that he/she observed several defendants distribute
methamphetamine from hotel rooms in Carbondale, Illinois
and that he/she saw Bingham and others possess assault rifles
and pistols in the hotel rooms. Cooperating Witness 2 told law
enforcement that “Vinson and his ‘crew’ always had guns
‘around’ during their illegal activities.”
In his objections to the PSR, Bingham described the five
criteria for safety-valve relief under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f), in-
cluding the no-firearms condition. He asserted that he met the
criteria and requested that the district court recalculate the
Guidelines range accordingly. At sentencing, however, the

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No. 23-2172 3
court found that Bingham was ineligible for safety-valve relief
because he qualified for a firearms enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) and sentenced Bingham to 120 months,
the statutory minimum for his offense. Bingham appealed.
II
“We review the district court’s interpretation of the safety-
valve provision under the statute and the Sentencing Guide-
lines de novo.” United States v. Stamps, 983 F.3d 945, 949 (7th
Cir. 2020). Under the safety-valve provision of 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(f), a sentencing court “shall impose a sentence … with-
out regard to any statutory minimum sentence” if the defend-
ant meets five criteria, one of which is that “the defendant did
not use violence or credible threats of violence or possess a
firearm or other dangerous weapon (or induce another par-
ticipant to do so) in connection with the offense” (the no-fire-
arms condition). 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(2). The Sentencing Guide-
lines incorporate the safety valve and state that a defendant
who satisfies all five safety-valve criteria is entitled to a two-
level reduction to their offense level. U.S.S.G. §§ 5C1.2,
2D1.1(b)(18). Under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), by contrast, the
defendant’s offense level will be increased by two levels if a
dangerous weapon, including a firearm, was possessed in
connection with the offense (the firearms enhancement).
On appeal, Bingham argues that the district court erred in
denying him safety-valve relief under § 3553(f) because the
no-firearms condition of § 3553(f) is narrower than the fire-
arms enhancement of U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), and the error
was not harmless. We address these arguments in turn.

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4 No. 23-2172
A
The government argues that we should review the court’s
application of the safety-valve criteria for plain error because
Bingham has failed to properly preserve the issue for appel-
late review by failing to make the narrowness argument be-
low. Cf. United States v. Ramirez, 783 F.3d 687, 693–94 (7th Cir.
2015) (reviewing for plain error the district court’s application
of the safety-valve criteria because the defendant failed to re-
quest safety-valve consideration at sentencing). But Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 51(a) states that “exceptions to
rulings or orders of the court are unnecessary to preserve a
basis for appeal.” United States v. Wood, 31 F.4th 593, 597 (7th
Cir. 2022) (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 51(a)) (cleaned up). “An
exception is a complaint about a judicial choice, such as a rul-
ing or an order, after it has been made,” and an exception
need not be made to a district court’s explanation of its sen-
tencing decision. Id. In other words, where the basis for ap-
peal “existed prior to and separate from the district court’s
ultimate ruling,” the litigant must have presented the argu-
ment to the district court. Id. When the district court’s ruling
itself created the grounds for appeal, no exception is needed.
Id. “In such cases, the litigant is taken by surprise and lacks
the notice or opportunity to advance a pre-ruling position”;
“[l]itigants cannot be required to interrupt a judge mid-expla-
nation …, and post-ruling exceptions are unnecessary.” Id.
The phrase safety valve was only mentioned twice during
the sentencing hearing. First, the court stated that Bingham
had asserted that he is entitled to the safety valve. Second, the
court stated, “I would point out, you mention that, but I didn’t
see any argument or any further elaboration of your position
as to why you believe he is. But having found sufficiently that

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No. 23-2172 5
the [firearms] enhancement applies, obviously, he’s not then
entitled to the safety valve.” True, Bingham did not argue be-
low that the no-firearms condition is narrower than the fire-
arms enhancement. But in his objections to the PSR, he listed
the safety-valve criteria and asserted that he met all of them.
And although Bingham could have made the narrowness ar-
gument before his sentencing, he had no notice that the dis-
trict court would conflate the scope of the no-firearms condi-
tion and that of the firearms enhancement, precisely because
neither party had raised the issue. The conflation thus took
him by surprise, and the basis for appeal did not exist prior to
and separate from the court’s ultimate ruling. De novo review
is therefore proper.
The district court erred in conflating the scopes of the no-
firearms condition and the firearms enhancement. As noted
above, the no-firearms condition of § 3553(f)(2) requires that
“the defendant did not use violence or credible threats of vio-
lence or possess a firearm or other dangerous weapon (or in-
duce another participant to do so) in connection with the of-
fense.” The firearms enhancement of U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1),
however, applies to a drug offense “[i]f a dangerous weapon
(including a firearm) was possessed,” and for purposes of the
enhancement, all reasonably foreseeable acts or omissions of
others in furtherance of the same conspiracy are imputed to
the defendant, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(b). Thus, the no-firearms
condition is narrower than the firearms enhancement: only
the firearms enhancement may apply when a co-conspirator’s
possession of a firearm was reasonably foreseeable to, but not
induced by, the defendant.
Indeed, under the no-firearms condition, the term “de-
fendant” “limits the accountability of the defendant to his

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6 No. 23-2172
own conduct and conduct that he aided or abetted, counseled,
commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused.” Id.
§ 5C1.2, cmt. n.4. Every circuit to address the issue has held
that the no-firearms condition is narrower than the firearms
enhancement and does not impute reasonably foreseeable
acts of co-conspirators to a defendant. See United States v. Car-
rasquillo, 4 F.4th 1265, 1273 n.1 (11th Cir. 2021); United States v.
Barron, 940 F.3d 903, 914 (6th Cir. 2019); United States v. Del-
gado-Paz, 506 F.3d 652, 655–56 (8th Cir. 2007); United States v.
Figueroa–Encarnación, 343 F.3d 23, 34–35 (1st Cir. 2003); United
States v. Pena–Sarabia, 297 F.3d 983, 988–89 (10th Cir. 2002);
United States v. Wilson, 114 F.3d 429, 432 (4th Cir. 1997); In re
Sealed Case, 105 F.3d 1460, 1462–63 (D.C. Cir. 1997); United
States v. Wilson, 105 F.3d 219, 222 (5th Cir. 1997) (per curiam).
We join them today.
Bingham additionally argues on appeal why he is safety-
valve eligible. At sentencing, the district court moved quickly
from concluding that because the firearms sentencing en-
hancement applied, the safety valve was not warranted. The
court commented that the evidence did not establish that
Bingham was in actual possession of a firearm but also stated
that there was reliable evidence to the contrary. Regardless, it
is unclear to us whether the court would have applied the
safety valve had it not mistakenly conflated the scope of the
no-firearms condition and that of the firearms sentencing en-
hancement. The proper course is to remand so that the district
court can consider the evidence and determine whether the
no-firearms criterion was satisfied here.
B
Bingham argues that this error was not harmless. The gov-
ernment bears the burden of showing that an error in the

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No. 23-2172 7
application of the safety-valve criteria was harmless. See
Stamps, 983 F.3d at 950. Under harmless error review, we will
not remand for resentencing if we are convinced that, on re-
mand, the district court would impose the same sentence.
United States v. Melvin, 948 F.3d 848, 854 (7th Cir. 2020). A dis-
trict court can “inoculate” its sentence against reversal by
“giving us the information we need to determine, on appeal,
whether an error was harmless without resort to a remand.”
United States v. Caraway, 74 F.4th 466, 468 (7th Cir. 2023) (quo-
tation omitted). An inoculating statement must be “detailed”
and explain the “parallel result.” Id. at 469 (quotation omit-
ted). In explaining the parallel result, it must “account for
why the potential error would not affect the ultimate out-
come.” Id. (quotation omitted).
The district court stated at sentencing, “In many cases
where there is a statutory minimum that applies, in my judg-
ment the mandatory minimum is overly harsh or overly high
and does not reflect the factors that I’m really supposed to
consider … because of the mandatory minimum. This is not
one of those cases.” It then said that despite the mitigating
factors it had considered, such as Bingham’s age and lack of a
criminal history, the statutory minimum was still “appropri-
ate in this case and that is the sentence that I will impose.” The
court perhaps suggested that “[it] would have imposed the
same sentence with or without the enhancements.” United
States v. Seals, 813 F.3d 1038, 1048 (7th Cir. 2016). But it did not
explicitly say so, cf. Caraway, 74 F.4th at 469 (noting district
court’s inoculating statement that “[t]his would be my sen-
tence even if my rulings on the objections are wrong and the
guideline range would be something else”), and on the record
before us, we cannot be sure what the district court would

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have done. In the face of this uncertainty, the proper course is
to remand for a new sentencing.
VACATED AND R EMANDED

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