Josefina Bustos -Millan , Grethel Morales -Sedano, Josefina Sedano-Bustos , Junny… v. MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-2889
JOSEFINA BUSTOS -M ILLAN , GRETHEL M ORALES -S EDANO,
JOSEFINA S EDANO-B USTOS , JUNNY S EDANO-BUSTOS , M ARTHA
S EDANO-B USTOS , and O SCAR S EDANO-B USTOS ,
Petitioners,
v.
M ERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States,
Respondent.
____________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals.
Nos. A209-994-465, A209-994-647, A209-989-147, A209-994-729,
A209-994-466, A209-989-146
____________________
A RGUED NOVEMBER 8, 2023 — DECIDED A UGUST 6, 2024
____________________
Before R OVNER , JACKSON -A KIWUMI , and P RYOR , Circuit
Judges.
JACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit Judge. Petitioners are a family
of six Mexican citizens who entered the United States without
authorization. When immigration authorities initiated

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2 No. 21-2889
removal proceedings against them, they hired an attorney to
help them apply for asylum. That attorney, despite having
nearly fifteen months to prepare, waited until eight days be-
fore the hearing to request a continuance. The Immigration
Judge (IJ) denied the motion in open court and began the
hearing, prompting the attorney to profess that she could not
proceed due to a lack of preparation. As a result, the IJ con-
strued Petitioners’ asylum applications as abandoned and or-
dered Petitioners’ removal. The Board of Immigration Ap-
peals (BIA) affirmed the IJ’s decision.
Petitioners now seek relief in our court. They argue that
the IJ erred in denying their continuance, and the attorney
who previously represented them was ineffective. Before we
reach those claims, we dismiss two Petitioners over whom we
lack jurisdiction. We must deny the four remaining family
members’ petitions because the IJ did not abuse his discretion
in refusing to continue their hearing. And although we are
concerned about the quality of representation Petitioners re-
ceived, they did not present their ineffective assistance of
counsel claim to the BIA, so our hands are tied.
I
Petitioners entered the United States without authoriza-
tion in December 2016. When they were discovered, the De-
partment of Homeland Security took them into custody and
initiated removal proceedings. In response, Petitioners hired
Constance Doyle to represent them. Shortly after being re-
tained, Doyle filed on Petitioners’ behalf applications seeking
to obtain asylum and withhold removal proceedings under
the Convention Against Torture.

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No. 21-2889 3
The applications discussed the dangers Petitioners face if
they return to Mexico. For example, Josefina Bustos-Millan’s
application recounted how “gang members or corrupt mem-
bers of the police” kidnapped her daughter. She and other
family members expressed fear that gangs would target them
if they returned.
After receiving the applications, the IJ scheduled a hearing
for February 5, 2019, nearly fifteen months into the future. De-
spite this lead time, Doyle did not file a motion to continue
until eight days before the hearing. In that motion, Doyle
claimed the government shutdown—which began December
22, 2018, and ended January 25, 2019—interrupted her prepa-
ration for the hearing. She repeated this excuse at the hearing,
adding, when the IJ asked her to expound, that the shutdown
thwarted her attempt to file certain documents.
The IJ was unmoved. He found that although the govern-
ment shutdown could excuse a late filing of documents (relief
Doyle had not requested), it did not amount to good cause to
continue the hearing because of the fifteen months that had
elapsed. He offered Doyle the opportunity to file the late doc-
uments that very day and to present her clients’ case, begin-
ning with the step of having her clients certify that their ap-
plications were true and accurate. But Doyle told the IJ that
she did not have with her any of the documents she had
planned to file, and she was not prepared to have Petitioners
attest to the accuracy of their applications or otherwise testify.
“I cannot in good conscious go forward,” Doyle said. Conse-
quently, the IJ deemed the Petitioners’ applications aban-
doned and ordered their removal.
Still represented by Doyle, Petitioners appealed the IJ’s de-
cision to the BIA. They argued that the IJ did not properly

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4 No. 21-2889
consider how the government shutdown impacted Doyle’s
ability to prepare. They also asserted that the IJ prevented
Doyle from explaining the basis for the motion to continue, in
violation of their due process rights.
The BIA dismissed the appeal. It rejected the notion that
counsel was not permitted to explain the basis for the motion,
and questioned why the explanation had not been included
in the motion itself (indeed, the motion did not include the
extra details about counsel’s excuse that she offered at the
hearing and, later, in Petitioners’ brief on appeal to the BIA).
The BIA also noted that counsel did not identify what argu-
ments she would have advanced in support of Petitioners’ ap-
plications, and thus could not show prejudice on appeal.
Petitioners now ask us to review the BIA’s decision. But
before we proceed, we must clarify which Petitioners are
properly before us. After the BIA’s decision but before the
case reached us, the United States Citizenship and Immigra-
tion Services approved applications for special immigrant sta-
tus for Petitioners Josefina Sedano-Bustos and Junny Sedano-
Bustos. As a result, the IJ reopened their cases and terminated
their removal proceedings. That termination means Josefina
Sedano-Bustos’s and Junny Sedano-Bustos’s applications are
not final, so we do not have jurisdiction over their cases. We
therefore dismiss them from this appeal. See 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(1). Our review is limited to the petitions presented by
Josefina Bustos-Millan, Grethel Morales-Sedano, Martha Se-
dano-Bustos, and Oscar Sedano-Bustos.
II
The remaining Petitioners, now represented by new coun-
sel, press two issues for our review. First, they ask us to hold

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No. 21-2889 5
that the IJ abused his discretion in denying their motion for a
continuance. Second, they ask us to grant them a new hearing
because their prior counsel was ineffective.
A
We begin with the motion for a continuance. Federal reg-
ulations provide that an immigration court may grant a con-
tinuance for “good cause shown.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.29. We re-
view the denial of a motion to continue for abuse of discre-
tion, reversing only if the decision “was made without a ra-
tional explanation, inexplicably departed from established
policies, or rested on an impermissible basis.” Giri v. Lynch,
793 F.3d 797, 801 (7th Cir. 2015). Nothing in the record sug-
gests that the IJ abused his discretion by denying the motion.
The IJ heard Doyle’s reasons for the request and justified his
decision to deny it. He was not required to do more.
We have upheld an IJ’s discretionary denial of a motion to
continue in cases where petitioners or their counsel fail to pre-
pare for a hearing. See, e.g., Umezurike v. Holder, 610 F.3d 997,
1004 (7th Cir. 2010) (holding that, even aside from petitioner’s
failure to timely file documentary evidence, petitioner’s fail-
ure to get fingerprinted as ordered by the court “alone is rea-
son” to find IJ did not abuse her discretion in denying the mo-
tion to continue); Juarez v. Holder, 599 F.3d 560, 565 (7th Cir.
2010) (holding that IJ did not abuse his discretion in denying
motion to continue after petitioners failed to submit finger-
prints or timely file applications). We reiterate here that when
petitioners or counsel fail to adequately prepare for a hearing,
an IJ does not abuse his discretion by denying a motion to
continue.

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6 No. 21-2889
Petitioners insist Matter of Hashmi, 24 I. & N. Dec. 785
(B.I.A. 2009), supports their argument that the IJ abused his
discretion. Not so. In Matter of Hashmi, the noncitizen asked
the IJ to continue his removal proceedings so the Department
of Homeland Security could adjudicate his status adjustment
application based on his marriage to a United States citizen.
Matter of Hashmi, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 785–86. The Hashmi court
outlined several factors IJs should consider when evaluating
motions to continue where an immigrant is involved in other
proceedings. Contrary to Petitioners’ argument, those factors
do not apply here because there is no record evidence sug-
gesting Petitioners were involved in any other proceedings
when their hearing took place. And even if there were such
evidence, we would look not to Hashmi, but to the factors in
Matter of L-A-B-R-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 405 (B.I.A. 2018), to deter-
mine whether a continuance was warranted. See Toure v. Barr,
926 F.3d 403, 407 (7th Cir. 2019) (explaining that “the Attorney
General changed this standard [from the Hashmi factors] in
Matter of L-A-B-R-.”).
Petitioners also contend that the IJ violated the due pro-
cess rights guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment when he de-
nied their continuance. We disagree for two reasons. One, the
IJ gave Petitioners the opportunity to argue for a continuance
on the record. The IJ said: “if you want to be heard on the mo-
tion to continue, please tell the Court why you believe a mo-
tion to continue at this point is necessary.” In the end, the IJ
just did not find counsel’s argument persuasive given the
time counsel had to prepare. Two, we have explained that
denying a motion to continue when parties have had ample
time to prepare does not violate due process. See Giri, 793 F.3d
at 802; Juarez, 599 F.3d. at 566.

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No. 21-2889 7
B
Petitioners’ second issue for review is the ineffectiveness
of their counsel, Constance Doyle, before the immigration
court and the BIA. We review claims for ineffective assistance
of counsel de novo. Coleman v. United States, 318 F.3d 754, 757
(7th Cir. 2003). While there is no Sixth Amendment right to
counsel in asylum and removal proceedings, noncitizens can
bring ineffective assistance claims under immigration statutes
or the due process guarantee of the Fifth Amendment. See Al-
varez-Espino v. Barr, 959 F.3d 813, 817 (7th Cir. 2020). For Peti-
tioners to prevail on their ineffective assistance claim, they
must show that (1) Doyle’s error was “so unfair as to have
precluded [them] from reasonably presenting [their] case,”
and (2) they were prejudiced as a result. Sanchez v. Sessions,
894 F.3d 858, 862 (7th Cir. 2018).
It is a high standard, but reasonable jurists might find it
met on the facts of this case. Despite knowing about Petition-
ers’ hearing nearly fifteen months in advance, Doyle failed to
prepare and waited until the eleventh hour to request a con-
tinuance. And it is clear from the hearing transcript that
Doyle’s unpreparedness was the direct cause of the IJ’s find-
ing that Petitioners had abandoned their asylum and with-
holding of removal applications. Sanchez, 894 F.3d at 863 (ex-
plaining that prejudice occurs when counsel’s errors had the
potential to affect the outcome of the proceedings).
Unfortunately for Petitioners, however, we are not permit-
ted to reach their ineffective assistance of counsel claim. That
is because noncitizens in removal proceedings must exhaust
all administrative remedies before seeking judicial review of
ineffective assistance claims. See Long-Gang Lin v. Holder, 630
F.3d 536, 542 (7th Cir. 2010); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).

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8 No. 21-2889
Petitioners did not raise their ineffective assistance claim be-
fore the BIA in the first instance, so we cannot consider it here.
We recognize that this rule creates something of a catch-
22 for Petitioners, who were represented by the same counsel
in immigration court and before the BIA. It is rare that an at-
torney on appeal will admit that they have been ineffective.
So, in cases like this one where a petitioner is represented by
the same counsel at both levels of the proceeding, equitable
considerations might militate in favor of an exception to the
exhaustion requirement. It turns out, although not an excep-
tion, the immigration regulations did offer Petitioners a back-
stop of sorts: the motion to reopen. See 8 CFR § 1003.2(c).
The motion to reopen gives noncitizens 90 days to chal-
lenge final administrative decisions like those from the BIA.
See id. § 1003.2(c)(2). If a noncitizen wishes to raise an ineffec-
tive assistance claim against the attorney who represented the
noncitizen before both the IJ and BIA, they have 90 days to
retain new counsel and make their motion. See 8 U.S.C. §
1229a(c)(7); Castaneda-Suarez v. I.N.S., 993 F.2d 142, 145 (7th
Cir. 1993) (requiring petitioner to first present ineffective as-
sistance claim in a motion to reopen before the BIA).
Granted, this backstop is not always available. The 90-day
deadline for filing motions to reopen is tight, so sometimes
petitioners cannot hire new counsel in time. Added to that is
the fact that most noncitizens in removal proceedings do not
know they have been ill-served by their counsel until they
seek a second opinion much later. In these situations, petition-
ers have two options: (1) they can persuade the government
to agree to reopen their removal proceedings, see 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.23(b)(4)(iv), or (2) they can argue to the BIA for equita-
ble tolling of the motion to reopen deadline, see, e.g., Patel v.

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No. 21-2889 9
Gonzales, 442 F.3d 1011, 1013–14 (7th Cir. 2006). Petitioners did
not ask the BIA for equitable tolling of the motion to reopen
deadline, so we do not reach this issue.
But given the gravity of the consequences Petitioners face
because their counsel was unprepared, this might be a case
where the government should consider agreeing to reopen
the proceedings in the name of justice. Castaneda-Suarez, 993
F.2d at 144 (“[C]ourts have consistently held that counsel at a
deportation hearing may be so ineffective as to have im-
pinged upon the fundamental fairness of the hearing in viola-
tion of the fifth amendment due process clause.”) (cleaned).
III
We DISMISS Josefina Sedano-Bustos and Junny Sedano-
Bustos from this appeal for lack of jurisdiction. Four Petition-
ers remain: Josefina Bustos-Millan, Grethel Morales-Sedano,
Martha Sedano-Bustos, and Oscar Sedano-Bustos. But be-
cause the IJ did not abuse his discretion in denying the motion
to continue and because Petitioners did not raise their claim
for ineffective assistance of counsel before the BIA, we must
DENY their petitions for review.

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