United States of America v. Shamond Jenkins

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-2800
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
S HAMOND JENKINS ,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division.
No. 3:21-cr-00015-JD-MGG-1 — Jon E. DeGuilio, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED J ANUARY 9, 2024 — DECIDED F EBRUARY 14, 2025
____________________
Before R OVNER , HAMILTON , JACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit
Judges.
JACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit Judge. Shamond Jenkins ap-
peals his conviction and sentence for bank robbery. He argues
that the jury had insufficient evidence to find him guilty, and
the face mask he had to wear during his trial—which took
place during the COVID-19 pandemic—led to his Fifth and
Sixth Amendment rights being violated. As for his sentence,
Jenkins objects to the district court’s finding that he warranted

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2 No. 22-2800
a stiffer sentence for presenting perjured testimony, and its
decision to count two juvenile convictions among his criminal
history. We affirm.
I
This case involves a trio of robberies in northern Indiana
between December 2020 and January 2021. The first robbery
took place at a Check Into Cash store in Mishawaka, Indiana.
On December 17, 2020, a man wearing one surgical mask on
his face and another one around his neck walked into the
store. He approached the store manager, flashed a handgun,
and told her to “give him all the money.”
The second robbery occurred two weeks later at a Centier
Bank branch in South Bend, Indiana. On December 29, 2020,
a man wearing a puffy black jacket and red-and-white Air Jor-
dan sneakers walked into the branch and asked about open-
ing a checking account. Like the Check Into Cash robber, this
man wore one surgical mask on his face and a second one
around his neck. When bank employee Mishelle Graber asked
the man for his social security number so she could open an
account for him, he passed her a note that said, “I want at least
$15,000. I have a gun.” Graber and another bank employee,
Paige Beasy, gave the robber the contents of their cash draw-
ers, including a series of “bait bills” that the bank could track
in the event of a robbery. During the robbery, the mask
around the robber’s face slipped down and revealed his nose.
The bank’s video surveillance system captured the entire in-
cident.
The third robbery happened at a Centier Bank branch in
Granger, Indiana. On January 7, 2021, two men walked into
the branch. One of them told the bank employees, “Give us

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No. 22-2800 3
all your money right now or we’ll kill you.” Both men wore
surgical masks, and one man wore red shoes.
The FBI and Indiana State Police identified Jenkins as a
suspect in the three robberies and set up a sting to arrest him.
On January 8, 2021, after the driver of a car Jenkins was riding
in committed a traffic violation, Indiana state troopers
stopped the car. When the officers searched the occupants,
they found that one of them, Jenkins’s girlfriend, had a wad
of approximately $5,300 in cash, including a $20 bill that
matched one of the bait bills from the South Bend Centier
Bank robbery. Jenkins had about $100 in cash, none of it in
bait bills. Jenkins was, however, wearing the same type of red-
and-white Air Jordan sneakers that the South Bend Centier
Bank robber wore.
Jenkins was arrested, and on January 11, 2021, charged
with robbing the Check Into Cash store, brandishing a gun
during that robbery, robbing the South Bend Centier Bank,
and robbing the Granger Centier Bank. Jenkins entered a not
guilty plea and a three-day trial began on November 30, 2021.
The government’s evidence consisted of witness testi-
mony, in-court identifications, video evidence, and object ev-
idence. Mishelle Graber and Paige Beasy, the South Bend Cen-
tier Bank employees, both identified Jenkins in court as the
robber. Graber explained that she recognized Jenkins by his
hairstyle and “remember[ed] his eyes.” Beasy said that Jen-
kins “look[ed] identical” to the man who robbed the bank and
she described his face as one she could not “forget easily.”
The government’s video evidence consisted of a recording
of the South Bend Centier Bank robbery and a YouTube video
featuring Jenkins wearing the same black puffy jacket that the

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4 No. 22-2800
South Bend bank robber wore. The government also pre-
sented to the jury the red-and-white Air Jordan sneakers Jen-
kins was wearing when arrested, which were identical to the
shoes worn by the South Bend bank robber. And the jury saw
that Jenkins had a neck tattoo that a face mask could have cov-
ered.
Jenkins and his mother, Shayla Stroud, testified in his de-
fense. Jenkins told the jury that he could not have robbed the
South Bend Centier Bank because he did not own the red-and-
white sneakers at the time. He testified that his mother had
given him those shoes for his birthday on January 4, 2021 (a
week after the South Bend Centier Bank robbery), and he “did
not have … shoes like that” before. Stroud corroborated Jen-
kins’s testimony. She testified that she gave Jenkins the red-
and-white sneakers for his birthday.
The jury delivered a mixed verdict. It found Jenkins guilty
of robbing the South Bend Centier Bank, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2113(a), and not guilty of the Granger Centier Bank
robbery. The jurors could not reach a unanimous decision
about the Check Into Cash robbery.
Before sentencing, Jenkins objected to two of the Presen-
tence Investigation Report’s recommendations: (1) an en-
hancement for obstructing justice by presenting false testi-
mony about the sneakers, and (2) the inclusion of criminal his-
tory points for two of Jenkins’s juvenile adjudications. Jenkins
argued that an enhancement for perjured testimony chilled
his right to present a defense. He also argued that the court
could not constitutionally consider his juvenile adjudications
and, if it did, it should consider them as a single adjudication.

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No. 22-2800 5
The district court overruled these objections. It reasoned
that the jury had found Jenkins guilty of robbing the South
Bend Centier Bank on December 29, 2020, while wearing red-
and-white sneakers. To this court, this meant Jenkins must
have had those shoes before January 4, 2021, and his testi-
mony to the contrary was false. The court also found that each
juvenile adjudication merited its own criminal history points.
The court determined that Jenkins’s unlawful conduct was
“separated by an intervening arrest,” so the adjudications
were considered separate by the United States Sentencing
Guidelines. The court applied the criminal history points and
the perjury enhancement before sentencing Jenkins to 100
months in prison.
Jenkins now appeals both his conviction and the sentence.
II
We first evaluate Jenkins’s three challenges to his convic-
tion. He contends (1) the district court rendered the witnesses’
in-court identifications unduly suggestive by requiring Jen-
kins to wear a face mask, (2) the face mask prevented him
from confronting the witnesses against him, and (3) there was
insufficient evidence to convict him. We are not persuaded.
A. The face mask and in-court identification
Jenkins argues that the district court violated the Due Pro-
cess Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring Jenkins to
wear a blue surgical face mask during trial, even at the mo-
ment when Beasy and Graber were asked to identify him as
the robber. The requirement that Jenkins wear a mask during
trial applied to everyone in the courtroom pursuant to the
Northern District of Indiana general order then in effect to
prevent the spread of COVID-19. See In the Matter of: Face

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6 No. 22-2800
Masks, General Order 2021-23 (N.D. Ind. Aug. 2, 2021), availa-
ble at https://www.innd.uscourts.gov/sites/innd/files/2021-23.pdf.
However, the district court did allow everyone who testified,
including Jenkins, to remove their masks while testifying.
Jenkins did not object to wearing a face mask during trial
or during the in-court identifications specifically, so we eval-
uate for plain error the court’s decision to include Jenkins in
the courtroom-wide mask mandate except for when he took
the witness stand. See United States v. Williams, 931 F.3d 570,
573 (7th Cir. 2019). To prevail on plain error, a party must
show “(1) an error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected his sub-
stantial rights, and (4) that seriously affected the fairness, in-
tegrity, or public reputation of the proceedings.” United States
v. Jones, 22 F4th 667, 675 (7th Cir. 2022).
As Jenkins sees it, the face mask made the witnesses’ in-
court identifications of him unduly suggestive. According to
Jenkins, he had to wear the same type of blue surgical face
mask that the robber wore, causing him to resemble the rob-
ber, which in turn improperly suggested to Beasy and Graber
that he committed the robbery. Jenkins also complains that
the face mask covered his nose during trial, whereas the bank
robber’s nose was exposed at some point. All of this, he says,
violated the Due Process Clause. The government disagrees,
contending that only out-of-court identifications can be unduly
suggestive. The government is not correct on this front, but
that is of no moment because the identifications were not un-
duly suggestive.
There is no doubt an in-court identification may, in some
circumstances, be so unduly suggestive as to violate the Con-
stitution. We stated as much in United States v. Recendiz, 557
F.3d 511 (7th Cir. 2009). There, we reasoned that an in-court

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No. 22-2800 7
identification violates the Due Process Clause if the identifi-
cation procedure is “so impermissibly suggestive as to give
rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentifi-
cation.” Id. at 524 (quoting United States v. Williams, 522 F.3d
809, 810 (7th Cir. 2008)). But even then, courts should only ex-
clude the unreliable in-court identification if “the source of
the error is so elusive that it cannot be demonstrated to a jury,
which therefore will give excessive weight to the eyewitness
testimony.” Id. at 526 (quoting Williams, 522 F.3d at 811).
Here, we need not consider the reliability of the in-court
identifications by Beasy and Graber because the face mask did
not render the identifications unduly suggestive. Jenkins’s
trial took place during the COVID-19 pandemic when blue
surgical face masks were ubiquitous, as Jenkins himself
acknowledges. It is difficult to understand how, under these
circumstances and in a courtroom where everyone was wear-
ing a mask, such a common type of face mask could serve as
a particularizing trait that would improperly link the robber
and Jenkins in the witnesses’ minds.
Furthermore, the jury was well positioned to assess the
credibility of the in-court identifications. It heard Beasy and
Graber describe their experience, it observed their manner-
isms, and it witnessed their cross-examination. The jury, in
fact, heard Graber say that, at one point, the face mask was
“completely off [the robber’s] nose.” The jury thus under-
stood how much of the robber’s face Beasey and Graber saw
and could decide for itself how distinctive a nose is such that
the inability to see it in the courtroom might render an in-
court identification unreliable. The jury could “weigh the ac-
curacy of the identification” just like any other piece of evi-
dence. Recendiz, 557 F.3d at 526. We therefore reject Jenkins’s

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8 No. 22-2800
claim that the district court’s decision regarding the face mask
was plain error in violation of the Fifth Amendment.
B. The face mask and witness confrontation
We now turn to Jenkins’s second complaint about the face
mask. Jenkins contends the face mask impeded his ability to
confront witnesses against him in violation of the Sixth
Amendment. Jenkins did not object during trial, so we evalu-
ate this argument, too, for plain error. See Williams, 931 F.3d
at 573. Applying that standard, we conclude that Jenkins’s
second argument fares no better than his first.
Jenkins maintains that because the Sixth Amendment
gives a criminal defendant the right to “be confronted with
the witnesses against him,” anything that impedes a bare
face-to-face confrontation violates the Sixth Amendment. U.S.
Const. amend. VI. This is too narrow a reading of the Sixth
Amendment. According to the Supreme Court, the Confron-
tation Clause does not give a defendant the unqualified right
to look at witnesses, unencumbered by any physical article
whatsoever. See Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 849 (1990)
(ruling that face-to-face confrontation is not always an indis-
pensable element of the Confrontation Clause). If that were
the case, “the Clause would then, contrary to our cases, pro-
hibit the admission of any accusatory hearsay statement made
by an absent declarant.” Id. Rather, the Confrontation Clause
“reflects a preference for face-to face confrontation at trial,” one
that “must occasionally give way to considerations of public
policy and the necessities of the case.” Id. (internal citations
omitted). The need to prevent the spread of COVID-19 was an
important public policy goal that warranted the requirement
of face masks in the courtroom.

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No. 22-2800 9
Moreover, the face mask did not impede Jenkins from
achieving the central purpose of the Confrontation Clause: to
ensure that the defendant has an opportunity to cross-exam-
ine witnesses. See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 678
(1986) (“[T]he main and essential purpose of confrontation is
to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-examination.”
(quoting Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315–16 (1974)). Jenkins
had a full opportunity for cross-examination. Jenkins may be
dissatisfied with his attorney’s cross-examination. But that
does not impact our constitutional analysis. The Confronta-
tion Clause guarantees “an opportunity for effective cross-ex-
amination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever
way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Ken-
tucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730, 739 (1987) (quoting Delaware v.
Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20 (1985)). When, as here, Jenkins had
that opportunity, there is no Confrontation Clause violation.
We also reject Jenkins’s argument that the district court’s
alleged Confrontation Clause error of having Jenkins and eve-
ryone else not on the witness stand wear masks was a struc-
tural error subject to automatic reversal. “Structural errors are
errors that affect the ‘entire conduct of the [proceeding] from
beginning to end.’” Greer v. United States, 593 U.S. 503, 513
(2021) (quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309 (1991)).
As stated, we do not find any error, much less a structural
one. And, in any case, had we determined there was a Con-
frontation Clause violation, we would evaluate it for harmless
error, not as if it were structural error. See United States v.
McGee, 408 F.3d 966, 975 (7th Cir. 2005) (“[E]ven if the court’s
ruling amounted to a violation of the defendants’ Confronta-
tion Clause rights, the ruling is subject to harmless error re-
view.”).

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10 No. 22-2800
C. Sufficiency of the evidence
In his opening brief, Jenkins raised an additional challenge
to his conviction: the jury had insufficient evidence to convict
him. However, in his reply brief he agreed with the govern-
ment that his trial attorney knowingly waived a sufficiency of
the evidence challenge. We will not evaluate a sufficiency of
the evidence challenge if the defendant waived that challenge
in the trial court. See United States v. Waldrip, 859 F.3d 446 (7th
Cir. 2017). Therefore, we do not consider this argument.
III
Having found no error at trial, we next consider Jenkins’s
sentencing arguments. Jenkins takes issue with two of the dis-
trict court’s decisions—applying a sentencing enhancement
for obstruction of justice and imposing criminal history points
for two of Jenkins’s juvenile offenses. We uphold both deci-
sions.
A. Obstruction of justice enhancement
The district court applied a sentencing enhancement for
obstruction of justice based on what it found to be Jenkins’s
perjured testimony. Jenkins asks us to overturn the decision,
arguing that it chilled his right to present testimony in his de-
fense. The law and the facts of Jenkins’s case are not on his
side.
Jenkins is correct that defendants have a right to present
testimony in their own defense. Makiel v. Butler, 782 F.3d 882,
907 (7th Cir. 2015) (“The Sixth Amendment … together with
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, ‘em-
bodies a substantive right to present a meaningful and com-
plete criminal defense.’” (quoting Harris v. Thompson, 698 F.3d
609, 626 (7th Cir. 2012)). But we have said that defendants do

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No. 22-2800 11
not have a right to lie to the jury. See United States v. Stenson,
741 F.3d 827, 830–31 (7th Cir. 2014) (“[W]hile a defendant is
allowed to testify on his own behalf, he does not have the
right to commit perjury.”).
The United States Sentencing Guidelines contain penalties
for defendants who are believed to have committed perjury.
The guidelines advise the sentencing court to enhance a de-
fendant’s offense level if it finds by a preponderance of evi-
dence that the defendant “willfully obstructed or impeded, or
attempted to obstruct or impede the administration of jus-
tice.” United States v. White, 240 F.3d 656, 660 (7th Cir. 2001)
(quoting U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1). Perjury is a “well-settled example”
of obstruction “that may warrant an enhancement under
§ 3C1.1.” Stenson, 741 F.3d at 830. A court may find that a de-
fendant committed perjury if the defendant willfully in-
tended to provide material, false testimony. See id. We review
the court’s factual findings of perjury for clear error and con-
sider de novo whether the findings support the enhancement.
See United States v. Thomas, 833 F.3d 785, 793 (7th Cir. 2016).
The district court found that Jenkins intentionally offered
false testimony twice: when he testified that he did not own
his red-and-white Air Jordan sneakers until after the South
Bend robbery and when he had his mother testify that she
gave him the sneakers after the robbery. Either one of these
findings would support the enhancement if the court commit-
ted no clear error. We therefore limit our analysis to Jenkins’s
testimony.
We cannot say that the district court committed clear fac-
tual error when it found by a preponderance of evidence that
Jenkins willfully provided false testimony. Nor can we say
that the court lacked a basis for the obstruction of justice

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12 No. 22-2800
enhancement after making this finding. The robber, who com-
mitted that robbery alone, wore the same type of red-and-
white sneakers that Jenkins owned. The jury found that Jen-
kins robbed the South Bend Centier bank, so it is a fair infer-
ence that Jenkins was the robber wearing the red-and-white
sneakers, whether owned or borrowed. Yet Jenkins was ada-
mant on the witness stand that he did not have (not just own,
but “have”) a pair of shoes like that until his mother gifted
them after the bank robbery. The court’s conclusion that Jen-
kins’s testimony was false was a reasonable conclusion, and
therefore not clear error.
To constitute perjury, however, testimony must not only
be false, but also material. Jenkins’s testimony about the shoes
was undoubtedly material. Jenkins offered the testimony for
an important reason: to show that he could not have been the
robber. The main question during trial was one of identity.
Jenkins tried to use the shoes to move the needle on this ques-
tion. Consequently, we find no reversible error in the district
court’s application of the obstruction enhancement.
B. Criminal history points for juvenile convictions
We end with Jenkins’s argument that the district court
erred by assigning criminal history points for two different
juvenile adjudications. We cannot agree.
The United States Sentencing Guidelines provide that
courts may apply two criminal history points for “each prior
sentence of at least sixty days.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(b). Prior sen-
tences merit separate criminal history points “if the sentences
were imposed for offenses that were separated by an inter-
vening arrest.” Id. at § 4A1.2(a)(2).

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No. 22-2800 13
The two juvenile convictions at issue were separated by an
intervening arrest and therefore earned their own criminal
history points. The Presentence Investigation Report contains
the following details: On September 22, 2016, Jenkins violated
his probation by cutting off his home detention ankle monitor
and fleeing. He was then arrested for escaping on November
6, 2016. On December 7, 2016, Jenkins threatened to kill an
employee who worked for the Juvenile Justice Center where
he was living, and he was charged with intimidation. Under
the plain language of the Sentencing Guidelines, Jenkins was
“arrested for the first offense” (the probation violation) “prior
to committing the second offense” (the intimidation). U.S.S.G.
§ 4A1.2(a)(2). The district court correctly counted them as two
separate offenses for sentencing purposes.
Jenkins argues that the offenses should be treated as a sin-
gle sentence because the juvenile court imposed sentences for
the two offenses on the same day. He insists that means the
adjudications were “effectively consolidated” and should not
get separate criminal history points.
For his “effectively consolidated” argument, Jenkins relies
on United States v. Vallejo, 373 F.3d 855 (7th Cir. 2004), and
United States v. Graves, 418 F.3d 739 (7th Cir. 2005). He cites
the two cases for the proposition that multiple cases may be
treated as a single incident for sentencing purposes if the de-
fendant can show the cases were effectively consolidated. But
the cases predate the amendment to Sentencing Guidelines
that became effective on November 1, 2007, which “provides
that multiple sentences should be regarded as one if they were
imposed on the same day, unless there was an intervening ar-
rest.” United States v. Statham, 581 F.3d 548, 554 (7th Cir. 2009).
Vallejo and Graves, then, are outdated on this point.

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14 No. 22-2800
Jenkins makes one final argument about his juvenile con-
victions. He asks us to hold that sentencing courts may not
constitutionally consider juvenile adjudications as part of a
defendant’s criminal history at all. But, as we explain below,
our precedent forecloses this path. And we decline Jenkins’s
implicit invitation to overrule that precedent absent “a com-
pelling reason” such as “decisions of a higher court, or other
supervening developments, such as a statutory overruling.”
Santos v. United States, 461 F.3d 886, 891 (7th Cir. 2006) (inter-
nal quotations omitted).
The Sentencing Guidelines explicitly direct courts to con-
sider juvenile adjudications during sentencing. See U.S.S.G.
§ 4A1.2(d)(2) (“[A]dd 2 points … for each adult or juvenile
sentence to confinement of at least sixty days.”). Our circuit
found this provision constitutional in United States v. Davis, 48
F.3d 277, 279 (7th Cir. 1995), which held that “no due process
violation is involved in the Guidelines’ directive to consider
juvenile convictions in a defendant’s criminal history.” Since
then, our court has consistently approved district courts’ con-
sideration of juvenile convictions during sentencing. See, e.g.,
United States v. Eubanks, 593 F.3d 645, 654 (7th Cir. 2010);
United States v. Gill, 824 F.3d 653, 657 (7th Cir. 2016).
Jenkins points to the out-of-circuit decision United States v.
Washington, 462 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2006), as support for his
desired rule that courts should not assess criminal history
points for juvenile adjudications that do not stem from jury
verdicts. But Washington does not stand for that proposition.
In Washington, the Ninth Circuit held that a district court may
not rely on a juvenile adjudication that did not afford the right
to a jury trial “to impose a sentence above the maximum sen-
tence authorized … at that time.” Id. at 1142. That holding is

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No. 22-2800 15
not relevant to Jenkins’s case, where the juvenile convictions
did not cause the district court to impose a sentence exceeding
the statutory maximum of 20 years. Jenkins’s sentence was
100 months.
For the reasons above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.

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