Laith Saud v. Dep Aul University

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 25-1034
LAITH S AUD,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
DEP AUL U NIVERSITY ,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 19-cv-3945 — Lindsay C. Jenkins, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED SEPTEMBER 5, 2025 — DECIDED O CTOBER 8, 2025
____________________
Before ST. EVE, JACKSON -A KIWUMI , and LEE, Circuit Judges.
ST. E VE, Circuit Judge. After having sex with a student in
his class and being sued by the student for sexual harassment,
DePaul University decided not to hire Laith Saud as an ad-
junct professor and deemed him ineligible for future employ-
ment. Saud then sued DePaul for discriminating against him
based on his race. The district court granted DePaul’s motion
for summary judgment, finding DePaul had advanced legiti-
mate, nondiscriminatory reasons for its decisions. Because we

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2 No. 25-1034
find Saud failed to carry his burden to show that DePaul’s rea-
sons were pretext for racial discrimination, we affirm.
I. Background
Saud, who is Arab American, started working at DePaul
in 2005 or 2006 as an adjunct instructor in its Department of
Religious Studies. Later he became a term faculty member (a
non-tenure track position on annual teaching contracts).
On April 10, 2017, DePaul College of Liberal Arts and So-
cial Sciences Dean Guillermo Vásquez de Velasco informed
Saud and another term faculty member in the Department,
David Lysik, that due to budgetary constraints, DePaul
would not be renewing their contracts for the next year.1 The
next day Department Chair Dr. Khaled Keshk emailed school
administrators about retaining Saud and Lysik as adjuncts.
Also on April 10, an attorney sent Saud and DePaul a letter
claiming Saud had committed “repeated acts of sexual mis-
conduct … involving” one of his students, C.M. Karen Tam-
burro, DePaul’s Title IX coordinator in its Office of Institu-
tional Diversity and Equity (“OIDE”), opened an investiga-
tion into C.M.’s claim. While DePaul does not have a specific
policy prohibiting relationships between faculty and students
when the student is enrolled in the faculty member’s course,
its policy provides that “[t]he determination of what consti-
tutes sexual harassment depends upon the specific facts and
the context in which the conduct occurs.”
Tamburro interviewed Saud, who acknowledged he had
had a sexual relationship with C.M. but maintained it was
1 Saud does not challenge this decision.

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No. 25-1034 3
consensual and began when C.M. was no longer his student.
C.M. did not participate in the investigation. On May 9, 2017,
Tamburro finalized her report, which concluded there was in-
sufficient evidence to find that Saud engaged in misconduct.
Meanwhile, Saud and Keshk continued to discuss Saud’s
appointment as an adjunct. In mid-May 2017, Keshk and Saud
agreed that Saud would teach two classes. On June 26, the
Dean’s office told Keshk it was reinstating Saud’s adjunct po-
sition. On June 28, Keshk asked Saud and Lysik what they
thought was “fair” payment. And on July 1, Saud requested
$6,000 per course, exceeding the $4,800 per course Keshk had
the authority to offer.
On June 29, C.M. filed a lawsuit against Saud and DePaul,
alleging that while she was Saud’s student, he attempted to
get her intoxicated and took her to his home, where he “began
to aggressively seek sexual relations with [her]” and had sex
with her. She also alleged that Saud told her she would get an
A in his class and she did not have to take the final exam.
On July 6, Keshk informed Saud that due to “low projected
course enrollment [and] … [Saud’s] compensation require-
ments,” he could not offer Saud an adjunct position for the
coming fall.
Later that summer, Tamburro informed Saud that OIDE
would conduct a second investigation based on the allega-
tions in C.M.’s lawsuit. Saud gave Tamburro the verified an-
swer he filed in C.M.’s lawsuit but declined an interview re-
quest this time. Saud’s answer admitted he sent C.M. an email
asking her for a drink while she was a student in his class, and
that he and C.M. had sex. Saud did not deny that the sex oc-
curred while C.M. was his student.

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4 No. 25-1034
On October 5, Tamburro issued her second report, which
found by a preponderance of the evidence that Saud had sex-
ually harassed C.M. She based this finding on inconsistencies
between Saud’s description of his interactions with C.M. in
his OIDE interview and his admissions in his answer to C.M.’s
lawsuit.
On October 23, Dean Velasco informed Saud that, based
on OIDE’s findings, he was no longer eligible for future em-
ployment at DePaul, and he could not provide formal or in-
formal instruction in any classroom-based or cocurricular ac-
tivities sponsored by the school.
In June 2019, Saud sued DePaul and two former DePaul
employees, alleging that DePaul violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981 by
discriminating against him based on his race, among other
claims. Following two amended complaints, the district court
dismissed Saud’s other claims. After discovery, the district
court granted DePaul’s motion for summary judgment on
Saud’s § 1981 claim, reasoning that Saud had failed to raise a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether DePaul discrimi-
nated against Saud.
Saud appealed.
II. Discussion
We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary
judgment. Vassileva v. City of Chicago, 118 F.4th 869, 873 (7th
Cir. 2024). Construing all facts and making all reasonable in-
ferences in the nonmoving party’s favor, summary judgment
is proper if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dis-
pute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judg-
ment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Parkey v.
Sample, 623 F.3d 1163, 1165 (7th Cir. 2010).

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No. 25-1034 5
A. Section 1981 Employment Discrimination
“Section 1981 provides a federal remedy against racial dis-
crimination in private employment.” McCurry v. Kenco Logis-
tics Servs., LLC, 942 F.3d 783, 789 (7th Cir. 2019). Like Title VII,
to succeed on a § 1981 claim, a plaintiff must show member-
ship in a protected class, an adverse employment action, and
causation.2 See Lewis v. Ind. Wesleyan Univ., 36 F.4th 755, 759
(7th Cir. 2022); see also Gamble v. County of Cook, 106 F.4th 622,
625 (7th Cir. 2024) (“The same legal standard applies to claims
of racial discrimination under Title VII [and] Section[] 1981
….”). For § 1981 claims, race must have been a but-for cause
of the adverse employment decisions. Comcast Corp. v. Nat’l
Ass’n of Afr. Am.-Owned Media, 589 U.S. 327, 333 (2020); Lewis,
36 F.4th at 759.
The fundamental question is “whether the evidence
would permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the
plaintiff’s race, ethnicity, sex, religion, or other proscribed fac-
tor caused the discharge or other adverse employment ac-
tion.” Ortiz v. Werner Enters., Inc., 834 F.3d 760, 765 (7th Cir.
2016); see also Lewis, 36 F.4th at 760. And, we have emphasized
that “[e]vidence must be considered as a whole, rather than
asking whether any particular piece of evidence proves the
case by itself.” Ortiz, 834 F.3d at 765.
To help answer this question, a plaintiff may invoke the
well-known McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework.
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04 (1973);
see also Lewis, 36 F.4th at 759.
2 There is no dispute the first two requirements are met. Here, the dis-
pute is over causation.

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6 No. 25-1034
First, the plaintiff must make out a prima facie case of em-
ployment discrimination by showing he: (1) belongs to a pro-
tected class, (2) met the defendant’s legitimate expectations,
(3) suffered an adverse employment action, and (4) was
treated less favorably than similarly situated employees who
were not members of his protected class. Lewis, 36 F.4th at 759.
Second, if the plaintiff satisfies each element, “the burden
shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscrimi-
natory reason for the adverse employment action.” Id. at 760.
Finally, “[t]he burden then shifts back to the employee to
show why the employer’s explanation is pretextual.” Id. “Pre-
text is ‘[a] lie, specifically a phony reason for some action,’ not
‘just faulty reasoning or mistaken judgment on the part of the
employer.…’” Napier v. Orchard Sch. Found., 137 F.4th 884, 892
(7th Cir. 2025) (quoting Barnes v. Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of Ill., 946
F.3d 384, 389–90 (7th Cir. 2020)). That is, pretext is not shown
when the employer “honestly believed” the reason for its de-
cision. Anderson v. Street, 104 F.4th 646, 654 (7th Cir. 2024); see
also Cunningham v. Austin, 125 F.4th 783, 789–90 (7th Cir. 2025).
Nor do we question an honestly held reason. Cunningham, 125
F.4th at 789–90.
On appeal, Saud argues the district court erred in granting
summary judgment under both McDonnell Douglas and Ortiz.
Neither party disputes that Saud has met the first three re-
quirements of his prima facie case: (1) he is a member of a pro-
tected class (he is Arab American), (2) prior to the events at
issue, he met DePaul’s legitimate expectations, and (3) he suf-
fered adverse employment actions. The parties focus on
whether Saud satisfied the fourth step, but we have often said
that “[b]ecause the prima facie and pretext inquiry [] overlap,
if a defendant offers a nondiscriminatory reason for its

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No. 25-1034 7
actions, we can proceed directly to the pretext inquiry.”
Barnes, 946 F.3d at 389; see also Upchurch v. Indiana, 146 F.4th
579, 587 (7th Cir. 2025).
Saud identifies two adverse employment actions: (1) De-
Paul’s decision not to employ him as an adjunct and (2) De-
Paul’s decision deeming him ineligible for future employ-
ment.3 In both instances, DePaul offered nondiscriminatory
reasons for its actions. We address each in turn, proceeding
directly to Saud’s argument that DePaul’s reasons were pre-
text for discrimination based on his race.
B. Decision Not to Hire Saud as an Adjunct
DePaul says it did not hire Saud as an adjunct for the Fall
2017 quarter because of the allegations in C.M.’s lawsuit, two
additional reports of potential misconduct, low projected en-
rollment in his courses, and his request for more money than
the Department could pay. Saud argues these reasons are pre-
text for racial discrimination.
First, Saud invokes comparator evidence, which asks the
court to “draw an inference of pretext from evidence that
3 Contrary to Saud’s assertion, the district court did not “entirely ig-
nore[]” a third adverse employment action—the Title IX investigation it-
self. Indeed, it correctly rejected his argument that the investigation was
an independent adverse employment action and considered Saud’s argu-
ments as part of its pretext analysis. See Saud v. DePaul Univ., No. 19-cv-
3945, 2024 WL 5007833, at *9 n.11 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 6, 2024). For an employ-
ment action to be materially adverse, it must bring “about some ‘disad-
vantageous’ change in an employment term or condition.” Muldrow v. City
of St. Louis, 601 U.S. 346, 354 (2024) (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore
Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80 (1998)). While the investigation had down-
stream consequences, Saud has not presented a triable fact about whether
the process meaningfully altered his employment.

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8 No. 25-1034
[DePaul] treated another employee differently.” Upchurch,
146 F.4th at 588. He says Lysik, a white man OIDE investi-
gated in 2014 following anonymous allegations of sexual as-
sault posted online, is a suitable comparator DePaul treated
more favorably. “When using comparators to demonstrate
pretext, a plaintiff must usually ‘show that the comparators
(1) dealt with the same supervisor, (2) were subject to the
same standards, and (3) engaged in similar conduct without
such differentiating or mitigating circumstances as would dis-
tinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them.’”
Napier, 137 F.4th at 894 (citation modified) (quoting Coleman
v. Donahoe, 667 F.3d 835, 846 (7th Cir. 2012)). In other words,
Saud must establish that “the purported comparator was ‘di-
rectly comparable to [him] in all material respects’ so as to
‘eliminate other possible explanatory variables.’” Mitchell v.
Exxon Mobil Corp., 143 F.4th 800, 810 (7th Cir. 2025) (citation
modified).
But Lysik is not “directly comparable to [Saud] in all ma-
terial respects.” Id. (quoting Gamble, 106 F.4th at 626). For
starters, Saud admitted to having sex with C.M., whereas De-
Paul could not identify the accuser in Lysik’s case or gather
any other information about the allegations. Moreover, Keshk
based his decision not to hire Saud on C.M.’s lawsuit, not the
first OIDE investigation which cleared Saud. In fact, during
and after OIDE’s first investigation, Keshk worked with both
Saud and Lysik to have them hired as adjunct professors. It
was only after C.M. filed her lawsuit (yet another material dif-
ference from Lysik’s case) that Keshk informed Saud DePaul
would not hire him. Although comparators “need not be
identical in every conceivable way,” Coleman, 667 F.3d at 846,
Saud’s focus on Lysik overlooks these material differences.

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No. 25-1034 9
Second, Saud claims Keshk’s reasons for his decision not
to hire Saud were shifting and inconsistent. But to give rise to
pretext, “explanations must actually be shifting and incon-
sistent.” Bagwe v. Sedgwick Claims Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 811 F.3d
866, 881 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting Schuster v. Lucent Techs., Inc.,
327 F.3d 569, 577 (7th Cir. 2003)). Merely providing multiple,
or additional, reasons for an adverse employment decision
does not establish pretext. See Sweet v. Town of Bargersville, 18
F.4th 273, 280 (7th Cir. 2021); Castro v. DeVry Univ., Inc., 786
F.3d 559, 577 (7th Cir. 2015).
Here, Saud first points to supposed inconsistencies be-
tween the reasons Keshk gave for Saud’s dismissal in his July
2017 email to Saud and at his deposition. At the time, Keshk
told Saud he was not being hired due to “low projected course
enrollments” and Saud’s salary request, but, during his dep-
osition, Keshk said C.M.’s lawsuit and additional reports of
Saud’s misconduct also factored into his decision. Saud also
asserts there is evidence Keshk forwarded Lysik’s salary re-
quest to the Dean, but no evidence he forwarded Saud’s re-
quest. Saud says this directly undermines the compensation
reason.
None of these amounts to pretext. As the district court
found, though Keshk later said that C.M.’s lawsuit and the
two additional reports of misconduct also played a role, he
never disclaimed the enrollment and budgetary reasons.
“Where an employer relies on multiple reasons for the termi-
nation, its failure to address all of the reasons in each commu-
nication about the employee is not enough to show contradic-
tions or shifts in rationales that suggest pretext.” Castro, 786
F.3d at 577.

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10 No. 25-1034
Further, Keshk’s failure to forward Saud’s salary request
fades as evidence of pretext when viewed in context. Saud’s
salary request came two days after C.M. filed her lawsuit.
And Keshk provided multiple reasons that, working together,
led to his decision. Retaining Lysik and forwarding only his
salary request to the Dean does not suggest that Keshk lied
about compensation being one of several reasons for the deci-
sion not to hire Saud as an adjunct—particularly given the
backdrop of the lawsuit and the other reports of misconduct
Keshk received. Given this context, Keshk’s failure to send
Saud’s salary request to the Dean does not demonstrate such
a weakness, implausibility, inconsistency, or contradiction in
DePaul’s asserted reason amounting to pretext for racial dis-
crimination. See Parker v. Brooks Life Science, Inc., 39 F.4th 931,
938 (7th Cir. 2022) (quoting Marnocha v. St. Vincent Hosp. &
Health Care Ctr., Inc., 986 F.3d 711, 721 (7th Cir. 2021)).
Third, Saud says DePaul’s reasons for its decision are un-
supported or contradicted by the evidence. None of Saud’s
arguments is availing.
Saud claims C.M.’s lawsuit did not provide the basis for
DePaul’s decision because there is evidence suggesting the
University made its decision before C.M. filed her lawsuit.
Saud points to the decision in early May 2017 to list his
courses as reassigned to “STAFF”—rather than list his name
as the instructor—and a June 2017 email from the Dean’s of-
fice stating that Saud’s position “was terminated [but it is be-
ing] reinstat[ed] … today.”
The very email Saud points to says the school was reinstat-
ing Saud’s adjunct position. Further, Keshk and Saud com-
municated throughout May and June, discussing Saud’s ap-
pointment as an adjunct. It was only after C.M.’s lawsuit that

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No. 25-1034 11
Keshk informed Saud he would not be hired as an adjunct.
And though DePaul’s process for delisting Saud’s courses
may have been “unstructured” and not “accurate, wise, or
well-considered,” this alone does not show that DePaul’s rea-
son was a lie. Barnes, 946 F.3d at 390 (quoting Bates v. City of
Chicago, 726 F.3d 951, 956 (7th Cir. 2013)). All is to say, the ev-
idence Saud points to does not suggest DePaul had made a
decision prior to C.M.’s lawsuit.
Relatedly, Saud claims DePaul manufactured his low pro-
jected course enrollment by listing his courses as assigned to
“STAFF” because it knew his classes typically had high en-
rollment. But Saud’s argument wades too far into “mere con-
jecture and speculation.” Ennin v. CNH Indus. Am., LLC, 878
F.3d 590, 597 (7th Cir. 2017). He points to no evidence demon-
strating that listing a class as “STAFF” violated DePaul proce-
dures or led to the low enrollment. See Everett v. Cook County,
655 F.3d 723, 728 (7th Cir. 2011) (“[F]or a jury to be able to
infer any impropriety based on an employer’s failure to abide
by its own procedures, the employee must show that there
was an actual procedure in place that served to bind the em-
ployer’s discretion.”).
Saud briefly raises a series of other arguments to demon-
strate pretext. For many of the same reasons, they fail. Saud
claims, for example, that Keshk acted “in self-interest” be-
cause Keshk testified he worried Saud would “throw [him]
under the bus” before DePaul administrators. But Keshk’s full
testimony was that he was worried Saud would “throw [him]
under the bus” by “lying to him” about whether the reported
misconduct occurred. Even assuming this shows Keshk was
dishonest (in many ways, Keshk’s testimony reinforces his be-
lief in the reasons for the decision), it does not show that

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12 No. 25-1034
“prohibited animus” motivated Keshk. Napier, 137 F.4th at
893 (quoting Hitchcock v. Angel Corps., Inc., 718 F.3d 733, 740
(7th Cir. 2013)). And Saud points to no evidence suggesting
his race motivated Keshk.
Ultimately, our inquiry is “[w]hether a reasonable juror
could conclude that [Saud] would have [been employed as an
adjunct for the fall quarter] if he had a different ethnicity, and
everything else remained the same.” Ortiz, 834 F.3d at 764.
Saud has not put forth evidence that meets this inquiry.
C. Decision Deeming Saud Ineligible for Future Employ-
ment
DePaul deemed Saud ineligible for future employment be-
cause the second OIDE investigation found by a preponder-
ance of the evidence that Saud sexually harassed C.M. Sexual
misconduct is a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for an
adverse employment action. See, e.g., Cung Hnin v. TOA
(USA), LLC, 751 F.3d 499, 506 (7th Cir. 2014); Swearnigen-El v.
Cook Cnty. Sheriff’s Dept., 602 F.3d 852, 861 (7th Cir. 2010).
Moreover, so long as an employer “honestly believed it
made the correct employment decision—even if its decision
was inaccurate, unfair, foolish, trivial, or baseless—[the]
claims cannot succeed.” Barnes-Staples v. Carnahan, 88 F.4th
712, 716 (7th Cir. 2023) (citation modified); Upchurch, 146 F.4th
at 587. That is, to establish pretext, Saud must show that Dean
Velasco, as the final decisionmaker, “did not honestly believe
his reasons for” deeming Saud ineligible for future employ-
ment. Cung Hnin, 751 F.3d at 507; see also Hill v. Tangherlini,
724 F.3d 965, 968 (7th Cir. 2013) (“[W]e evaluate the honesty
of the employer’s explanation, rather than its validity or rea-
sonableness ….”). Saud fails to identify any evidence that

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No. 25-1034 13
Dean Velasco did not “honestly believe” he was making the
correct employment decision.
Saud’s attempt to rely on a comparator for pretext again
fails. In addition to pointing to Lysik, who is not a comparator
for the reasons already discussed, Saud points to Joseph
Suglia, a white professor at DePaul. OIDE and Tamburro in-
vestigated Suglia following complaints about “verbal ex-
changes … of an explicit sexual nature” with a student no
longer enrolled in his course. OIDE found that Suglia violated
DePaul policy, and Suglia’s department chair deemed him in-
eligible for employment at DePaul.
Like Lysik, Suglia is not a proper comparator. Suglia faced
the same sanction as Saud, so DePaul did not treat Suglia
more favorably.4 See Bragg v. Munster Med. Rsch. Found. Inc.,
58 F.4th 265, 273 (7th Cir. 2023). Additionally, Suglia’s depart-
ment chair, not Dean Velasco, issued the sanction, so Saud
and Suglia did not “deal[] with the same supervisor.” Napier,
137 F.4th at 894; see Mourning v. Ternes Packaging, Ind., Inc., 868
F.3d 568, 571 (7th Cir. 2017) (noting comparator requires more
favorable treatment “by the same decisionmaker”).
Nor can Saud establish pretext through his general asser-
tions of institutional bias. Saud focuses on a January 2017 dis-
cussion he hosted titled “Muslim American Civil Liberties in
the age of Trump” and an April 2017 “Campus Watch” article
published about Saud, his Arab American identity, and his
4 Saud disputes that Suglia faced the same sanction because, while
Suglia was deemed ineligible for future employment, he was not “banned
from participating in DePaul activities.” Even if this is a material distinc-
tion, it would not establish Suglia as a comparator because Suglia’s de-
partment head determined his sanction, not the Dean.

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14 No. 25-1034
political views. Although he asserts DePaul “flagged” him for
hosting the event and subsequently launched OIDE’s first in-
vestigation into him after the Campus Watch article came out,
Saud does not put forth any evidence that DePaul “flagged”
him for the event based on his race (as opposed to, say, his
political views). Cf. Ennin, 878 F.3d at 597 (explaining that
“[w]ithout … any other indicators of racial bias” plaintiff is
left with “mere conjecture and speculation” which does not
establish pretext). And Saud does not suggest DePaul had an-
ything to do with the Campus Watch article, nor does he at-
tempt to connect the article to the OIDE investigation.
Finally, Saud advances a cat’s paw theory of liability, try-
ing to impute Tamburro’s supposed discrimination to the
Dean’s decision. This theory applies when “a biased subordi-
nate who lacks decision-making power uses the formal deci-
sion maker as a dupe in a deliberate scheme to trigger a dis-
criminatory employment action.” Johnson v. Koppers, Inc., 726
F.3d 910, 914 (7th Cir. 2013) (citation modified). But this argu-
ment fails because Saud points to no evidence showing that
Tamburro was “biased.”
Saud claims Tamburro was discriminatory because De-
Paul did not have a policy prohibiting faculty-student rela-
tionships, yet she investigated him following C.M.’s claims
and ultimately found that he had violated DePaul policy. But
DePaul’s policy merely says that such relationships are not
per se prohibited, not that they can never amount to miscon-
duct. Indeed, DePaul might have put itself at risk by not in-
vestigating the sexual harassment complaints. See C.S. v. Mad-
ison Metro. Sch. Dist., 34 F.4th 536, 544–45 (7th Cir. 2022). And
Tamburro cleared Saud of wrongdoing initially, only changing
her conclusion once more evidence emerged.

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No. 25-1034 15
In any event, we do not evaluate whether an employer’s
given reason for its decision “was accurate or even whether it
was unfair. Our sole focus is on whether the employer’s stated
reason can be characterized as a falsehood rather than an hon-
estly held belief.” Brooks v. Avancez, 39 F.4th 424, 435 (7th Cir.
2022) (quoting Robertson v. Dep’t of Health Servs., 949 F.3d 371,
378 (7th Cir. 2020)). And, like Dean Velasco, Saud has not
shown that Tamburro did not honestly believe Saud violated
the policy following her second investigation.
Saud’s remaining arguments, that the investigation itself
shows discrimination because Saud was not treated as fairly
as Suglia and that Tamburro has a history of discrimination
generally, are not supported by the evidence. Moreover, these
generalized claims do not “undercut the specific justifications
given by [DePaul]” for Saud’s termination. Barnes, 946 F.3d at
390 (quoting Ford v. Marion Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 942 F.3d 839,
858 (7th Cir. 2019)). Any remaining evidence of racial bias is
“too scant [and] disjointed,” Saud, 2024 WL 5007833, at *17
(citing Ford, 942 F.3d at 858), and “[g]eneral allegations of an
‘ongoing history of discrimination’ are not enough to impugn
a particular employment decision,” Ford, 942 F.3d at 858
(quoting Sublett v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 463 F.3d 731, 739
(7th Cir. 2006)).
* * *
The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.

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