United States v. Felix Forjan

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 22-1209
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Louis DeGidio, Inc.; Louis DeGidio Services, Inc.
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants
James DeGidio; Michael DeGidio
lllPlaintiffs
v.
Industrial Combustion, LLC, et al.
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota
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Submitted: December 15, 2022
Filed: April 24, 2023
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Before LOKEN, ERICKSON, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
When a manufacturer sells replacement parts to a distributor to repair products
the distributor sold, does the manufacturer collect an indirect “franchise fee” within
the meaning of the Minnesota Franchise Act, Minn. Stat. § 80C.01, subd. 4, if it

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charges the distributor a price based on the retail price the manufacturer paid a third
party vendor for the parts? We agree with the district court1 the answer is clearly no
and therefore the distributorship agreement here at issue was not a franchise. We
further agree that the manufacturer, Industrial Combustion, LLC (“IC”), did not
breach an oral implied-in-fact contract, and was not barred by promissory estoppel,
when it terminated the DeGidio sales representative without cause. Applying
Minnesota law and reviewing de novo, we affirm the grant of summary judgment in
favor of IC and its parent company, Cleaver-Brooks, Inc. See HIP, Inc. v. Hormel
Foods Corp., 888 F.3d 334, 338 (8th Cir. 2018) (standard of review).
I. Background
In 1958, Louis DeGidio, the father of plaintiffs James and Michael DeGidio,
began purchasing, distributing, and servicing IC burners for institutional boiler
systems in a sales area including most of Minnesota. IC’s non-exclusive distributors
are responsible for installing and servicing the IC burners they sell. In 1996, the
family incorporated Louis DeGidio, Inc. (“LDI”) and Louis DeGidio Services, Inc.
(“LDSI”). LDI continued purchasing burners from IC. LDSI installed and serviced
the burners LDI sold, purchasing replacement parts from IC. The two corporations
shared the same location, officers, and shareholders. James and Michael were joint
50% shareholders and key officers of both. Whatever written agreement was then in
effect is not in the record, but it is undisputed that LDI was the distributor.
Plaintiffs’ lengthy Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) alleges that in 2000
IC presented a new written distributorship agreement for the same sales territory.
LDI signed the agreement, allegedly relying on “IC’s express commitment to continue
providing IC products in the future.” In 2007, IC presented a new Non-Exclusive
1The Honorable John R. Tunheim, then Chief Judge of the United States
District Court for the District of Minnesota.
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Sales Representative Agreement between IC and LDI (“2007 Agreement”). The SAC
alleges:
Both before and after Mike DeGidio signed the 2007 Agreement, IC’s
Director of Sales and Marketing, John Stupec (“Stupec”), made the
express promise that “[LDI and LDSI] would be regarded by IC as the
same entity” and that “the signature of Mike DeGidio as President of
[LDI] would be regarded by IC as a signature made on behalf of both.”
LDSI was not a named party to the 2007 Agreement. Plaintiffs allege that during or
at the end of the meeting at which the parties signed the Agreement, James DeGidio
noted that LDSI was not included. Stupec responded that as long as both companies
“adequately performed” as in the past, they would “get to keep doing what we’ve
been doing for 60 years.” Michael DeGidio allegedly signed the contract on behalf
of both entities based on Stupec’s promise. The 2007 Agreement provides that it
“represents the entire agreement between [IC and LDI]. . . . [A]ll previous
agreements (if any) are hereby terminated.” Plaintiffs now argue, inconsistent with
their SAC, that LDSI was not a party to the 2007 Agreement, instead having a
separate implied-in-fact oral contract with IC.
The 2007 Agreement’s three-year term began November 15, 2007. Section 16
provided that the Agreement “may be terminated or cancelled by either party without
cause with sixty-day written notice.” On or about November 15, 2010, LDI stopped
business activities, including placing orders and issuing payments to IC. LDSI began
purchasing burners as well as replacement parts from IC. IC continued selling
burners and parts to the DeGidio distributorship. Whether the 2007 Agreement
continued to apply after its three-year term is at issue.
Relations soured when LDSI’s purchases from IC began declining in 2015.
The parties failed to agree how to address the decline. In September 2019, IC gave
LDI notice it would terminate the distributorship in thirty days. LDI, LDSI, and
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James and Michael DeGidio filed this diversity action on October 10, seeking a
declaratory judgment that the Minnesota Franchise Act precludes termination without
good cause; and damages for violation of the Franchise Act, see Minn. Stat. § 80C.17,
subd. 1, and for breach of contract, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, estoppel,
tortious interference, and unjust enrichment. On October 17, IC issued a revised
notice giving LDI sixty days notice, as the 2007 Agreement required.
The district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction
enjoining IC from terminating the distributorship. The court later dismissed the
individual plaintiffs’ claims, LDI’s Franchise Act claim, all fraud and negligent
misrepresentation claims, and some promissory estoppel claims. More than a year
later, the court granted IC’s motion for summary judgment dismissing the remaining
claims. Louis DeGidio, Inc. v. Indus. Combustion, Inc., No. CV 19-2690, 2021 WL
6127865 (D. Minn. Dec. 28, 2021). Plaintiffs appeal the dismissal of LDSI’s
Minnesota Franchise Act, breach of contract, and the promissory estoppel claims.
Dismissal of the tortious interference and unjust enrichment claims is not at issue.
II. Discussion
A. Minnesota Franchise Act Claim. The Minnesota Franchise Act provides
that it is an unfair practice to “terminate or cancel a franchise except for good cause.”
Minn. Stat. § 80C.14, subd. 3(b). In terminating the DeGidio distributorship, IC
invoked the termination-without-cause provision in the 2007 Agreement. Plaintiffs
argue the distributorship was a franchise entitled to for-cause protection. Under
Minnesota law, a franchise exists when the franchisee, defined as “a person to whom
a franchise is granted,” § 80C.01, subd. 5, (1) has the right to distribute goods or
services using the franchisor’s trade name, trademark, or similar commercial symbol;
(2) shares a community of interest with the franchisor in marketing goods or services;
and (3) pays a franchise fee. Id. at § 80C.01 subd. 4(a). If all three factors are met,
“[f]ranchise status is acquired . . . regardless of the labels used by the parties.” Upper
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Midwest Sales Co. v. Ecolab, Inc., 577 N.W.2d 236, 241 (Minn. App. 1998). The
issue is whether LDI or LDSI paid IC a franchise fee.
A franchise fee is “any fee or charge that a franchisee . . . is required to pay or
agrees to pay for the right to enter into a business or to continue a business under a
franchise agreement.” Minn. Stat. § 80C.01 subd. 9; see Banbury v. Omnitrition Int’l,
Inc., 533 N.W.2d 876, 882 (Minn. App. 1995). A franchise fee can include “any
payment for goods or services.” Thus, “[a] price mark-up on goods above a bona fide
wholesale price may constitute an indirect franchise fee.” Coyne's & Co. v. Enesco,
LLC, 553 F.3d 1128, 1132 (8th Cir. 2009). However, “the purchase of goods or
agreement to purchase goods at a bona fide wholesale price” is not the payment of a
franchise fee. § 80C.01 at subd. 9(a).
Throughout the distributor relationship, LDI and then LDSI purchased
replacement parts from IC. Some were manufactured by third party original
equipment manufacturers (“OEM”). The parties agree that IC sold OEM parts above
wholesale prices. But that was because IC bought these parts from the OEM vendors
at their retail prices. IC encouraged but did not require distributors to buy OEM parts
from IC. Under its price-match program, IC would match the prices of other OEM
parts vendors. LDSI frequently took advantage of that program. It also purchased
parts directly from other OEM vendors when IC was out of stock, less convenient, or
not interested in matching the other vendor’s price. The district court concluded that
these inducements to purchase OEM parts from IC “were not a requirement . . . to do
business with IC and thus cannot constitute a franchise fee.” Louis DeGidio, Inc.,
2021 WL 6127865, at *4. We agree.
On appeal, plaintiffs argue that IC imposed sales goals and quotas that
pressured LDSI to purchase replacement parts from IC at above wholesale prices.
The prices were an indirect franchise fee, they argue, because failing to meet IC’s
sales requirements would result in termination. See Upper Midwest Sales Co., 577
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N.W.2d at 242. However, while sales above bona fide wholesale prices can
constitute an indirect franchise fee, many do not. The Franchise Act only states the
converse -- goods sold at bona fide wholesale prices “shall not be considered the
payment of a franchise fee.” § 80C.01 subd. 9 (emphasis added). For sales at a higher
price to constitute a franchise fee, there must be evidence of compulsion accompanied
by the threat of termination. In Coyne’s, for example, we held that the manufacturer’s
mark-up on sales to the distributor was not an indirect franchise fee because it
“merely represented CA’s profits on the Products [and therefore was] a bona fide
wholesale sale.” 553 F.3d at 1132. Here, the prices LDSI paid for replacement parts
manufactured by a third party OEM would be above the wholesale price for those
products, whether purchased from IC or directly from the OEM vendor.
We agree with the district court that plaintiffs presented insufficient evidence
that IC required LDSI to purchase minimum quantities of replacement parts in order
to continue the distributorship business. Plaintiffs point to a 2019 e-mail from IC
suggesting a $100,000 sales target and testimony that IC expected plaintiffs to meet
its sales goals. But James DeGidio admitted the “vast majority” of all purchased
products were IC-manufactured burners and parts -- indeed, LDSI purchased more
than $100,000 in IC burners alone in the three fiscal years before 2019. Purchase of
replacement parts was necessary to meet LDSI’s responsibility as a distributor to
service IC burners. But there is no evidence IC ever terminated a sales representative
for failing to purchase replacement parts from IC, and no evidence LDSI agreed to
make payments to IC above bona fide wholesale prices “for the right to . . . continue
a business under a franchise agreement.” Bitronics Sales Co. v. Microsemiconductor
Corp., 610 F. Supp. 550, 559 (D. Minn. 1985). A payment is not an indirect franchise
fee absent a threat of termination for non-payment. See OT Indus., Inc. v. OT-tehdas
Oy Santasalo-Sohlberg Ab, 346 N.W.2d 162, 166-67 (Minn. App. 1984). “Ordinary
business expenses and reasonable minimum purchase requirements do not constitute
franchise fees.” Coyne's & Co. v. Enesco, LLC, 565 F. Supp. 2d 1027, 1048 (D.
Minn. 2008).
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B. Breach of Contract. In its motion for summary judgment, IC argued that
plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim should be dismissed for two distinct reasons.
First, although the three-year 2007 Agreement expired on November 15, 2010, the
Agreement’s termination-without-cause provision governs this dispute because
Minnesota courts will find an implied contract extending the term of an expired
contract when, as in this case, performance under the new contract “flow[s]
continuously from the performance that took place under the original contract [and]
the parties’ performance must be substantially unchanged following the contract’s
expiration.” Tri-State Bobcat, Inc. v. FINN Corp., 338 F. Supp. 3d 971, 982 (D.
Minn. 2018) (quotation omitted). Alternatively, if the 2007 Agreement was not
extended by performance, Stupec’s promise that the sales representative would “get
to keep doing what we’ve been doing for 60 years” was not made to induce the oral
implied contract alleged by LDSI and was too indefinite to alter the terms of that
contract. Therefore, the alleged oral contract is governed by the general rule that a
contract with no definite duration “is terminable by either party at will upon
reasonable notice to the other.” Benson Coop. Creamery Ass’n v. First District Ass'n,
151 N.W.2d 422, 426 (Minn. 1967).
LDSI argued it was not a party to the 2007 Agreement and the merger clause
limits its applicability to the parties. Rather, LDSI and IC were parties to a separate
oral implied contract that could not be terminated without cause based upon Stupec’s
promise in 2007 that if LDSI “adequately performed” as in the past, it would “get to
keep doing what we’ve been doing for 60 years.”
The district court concluded “the facts show, that the performance continued
unhindered after the expiration of the 2007 Agreement.” Louis DeGidio, Inc., 2021
WL 6127865, at *5. But the court did not decide whether LDSI was bound by the
2007 Agreement because its contract claim fails even if LDSI had an independent
implied-in-fact contract with IC.
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1. As the district court noted, the record shows that Stupec assured James and
Michael DeGidio in 2007 that IC would treat the two corporations as the same entity.
The DeGidios decided, at the time the 2007 Agreement expired, to have LDI cease
business activities. This unilateral decision did not change the performance of the
parties’ longstanding business relationship, except that LDSI began purchasing
burners as well as replacement parts from IC. The 2007 Agreement provided that
LDI could not assign its rights or responsibilities under the Agreement “without the
express written consent of IC.” Apparently, such consent was never sought or given,
but the parties’ performance after expiration treated LDSI as the purchasing
distributor, consistent with Stupec’s assurances when the Agreement was signed.
Though the district court did not reach the issue, we have no difficulty
concluding that, under Minnesota law, the 2007 Agreement continued to bind both
LDI and LDSI from its expiration in November 2010 until termination in 2019.
Stupec’s oral assurances cannot modify the explicit termination provision in that
written Agreement. Even in a contract having no definite duration, “such assurances
contain nothing more than general statements that are too indefinite to create a legally
enforceable offer for a durational term.” Minn. Deli Provisions, Inc. v. Boar's Head
Provisions Co., 606 F.3d 544, 549 (8th Cir. 2010).2
2. We further agree with the district court that LDSI’s contract claim fails even
if it is based on an independent implied-in-fact contract with IC. The essential
2In arguing that Stupec’s assurances raise a disputed issue whether the alleged
implied-in-fact contract was terminable only for cause, LDSI relies entirely on
Minnesota cases dealing with whether an employer’s representations created an
employment agreement terminable only for cause. Compare Rognlien v. Carter, 443
N.W.2d 217 (Minn. App. 1989), and Eklund v. Vincent Brass & Aluminum Co., 351
N.W.2d 371, 373, 377 (Minn. App. 1984), with Cederstrand v. Lutheran Bhd., 117
N.W.2d 213, 222 (Minn. 1962). The employment relationship is distinct from the
distributor relationship between independent businesses at issue in Minnesota Deli.
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question that plaintiffs never address is, what were the terms of the alleged implied-
in-fact contract? If LDSI was not a party to the 2007 Agreement, then it acted as a
third party allowed by LDI and IC to purchase replacement parts from IC and service
burners sold by LDI to satisfy LDI’s responsibilities under the 2007 Agreement. That
did not make LDSI a distributor or a sales representative; it was simply a third party
carrying out LDI’s responsibilities. When LDSI purchased replacement parts from
IC under this arrangement, those were not purchases under an implied-in-fact
distributorship agreement. They were individual purchase and sale transactions, a
relationship either party had the unilateral right to discontinue at any time.3
When LDSI stepped into the shoes of LDI in November 2010 and began
buying burners as well as replacement parts from IC, did that change the nature of its
alleged oral contract with IC? This unilateral action did not terminate or modify the
2007 Agreement between LDI and IC. Michael DeGidio signed the 2007 Agreement
relying on IC’s assurance that his signature represented both DeGidio corporations.
After November 2010, IC continued to treat LDSI as a party to the contract. Plaintiffs
offered no evidence that LDSI understood it was functioning outside the written
distributorship agreement. In these circumstances, if there was a separate implied-in-
fact agreement between LDSI and IC, we agree with the district court that it was
governed by the general rule “that a contract having no definite duration expressed
or which may be implied is terminable by either party at will upon reasonable notice
to the other.” Loftness Specialized Farm Equip., Inc. v. Twiestmeyer, 742 F.3d 845,
853 (8th Cir. 2014) (emphasis in original, quoting Benson Coop. Creamery Ass’n,
151 N.W.2d at 426).
3When asked at his deposition whether LDSI had any contract with IC, James
DeGidio answered: “No, other than we would buy their products. It was basically a
performance type of deal. Order a product, get a PO, they confirm . . . what we
ordered, they send it, we paid for it, and we repeated that cycle for over 10 years.”
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Whether Stupec’s 2007 statements created an implied contractual term is a
question of law. See Martens v. Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co., 616 N.W.2d 732, 740
(Minn. 2000). As in Minnesota Deli, we “simply cannot conclude that [these
informal, indefinite comments], when read in context, creates an enforceable limit on
[IC’s] right to terminate business relations.” 606 F.3d at 550. We affirm the
dismissal of plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim.
C. Promissory Estoppel. To succeed on a promissory estoppel claim under
Minnesota law, plaintiffs “must show that (1) there was a clear and definite promise,
(2) the promisor intended to induce reliance and such reliance occurred, and (3) the
promise must be enforced to prevent injustice.” Park Nicollet Clinic v. Hamann, 808
N.W.2d 828, 834 (Minn. 2011). The reliance must be reasonable. See Meriwether
Minnesota Land & Timber, LLC v. State, 818 N.W.2d 557, 567 (Minn. App. 2012).
Plaintiffs argue that even if Stupec’s statement failed to create a contractual term, the
district court erred in dismissing their promissory estoppel claim because the court
ignored evidence that the statement was made to and relied upon by LDSI, as well as
LDI, and therefore IC is estopped to deny that its oral implied-in-fact contract with
LDSI was terminable only for cause.
We agree with the district court that the alleged reliance was not reasonable.
When the 2007 Agreement was signed, IC assured LDSI that, although it was not a
named party to the Agreement, IC considered the two corporations the same entity.
They were IC’s sales representative in the territory. The Agreement expressly
provided for no-cause termination and barred oral modifications. Reliance on an oral
representation is unreasonable as a matter of law “if the written contract provision
explicitly stated a fact completely contradictory to the claimed misrepresentation.”
Johnson Building Co. v. River Bluff Dev. Co., 374 N.W.2d 187, 194 (Minn. App.
1985).
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Moreover, “promissory estoppel is a creature of equity which implies a contract
in law where none exists in fact.” Ruud v. Great Plains Supply, Inc., 526 N.W.2d
369, 372 (Minn. 1995) (quotation omitted). Where a contract exists, a claim for
promissory estoppel necessarily fails. See Banbury v. Omnitrition Int'l, Inc., 533
N.W.2d 876, 881 (Minn. App. 1995). In this case, both parties agree that one or more
written or oral contracts existed prior to termination. After LDI ceased business
activities in November 2010, LDSI had a contract of some kind with IC, either the
2007 Agreement, a separate oral implied-in-fact contract, or a continuing series of
purchase and sale transactions. As in Homestar Property Solutions, LLC v. Safeguard
Properties, LLC, LDSI’s “promissory estoppel claim is inseparable from its breach
of contract claim.” 370 F. Supp. 3d 1020, 1029 (D. Minn. 2019). The promissory
estoppel claim was properly dismissed.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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