Emily Becker; Calli Forsberg; Morgan Stenseth; Maya Tellmann v. North Dakota University System

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 23-1213
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Emily Becker; Calli Forsberg; Morgan Stenseth; Maya Tellmann
Plaintiffs - Appellants
v.
North Dakota University System
Defendant - Appellee
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of North Dakota - Eastern
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Submitted: February 13, 2024
Filed: August 14, 2024
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Before SMITH, Chief Judge,1 BENTON, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
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STRAS, Circuit Judge.
Four students want the University of North Dakota to bring back women’s
hockey. Two of them did not allege enough for standing. The other two, including
one recruited to play there, did. Just their claims can go forward.
1 Judge Smith completed his term as chief judge of the circuit on March 10,
2024. See 28 U.S.C. § 45(a)(3)(A).

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I.
For fifteen years, the University of North Dakota women’s ice-hockey team
“was the most prominent and popular sport among the women’s athletic programs.”
Despite the program’s success, the school eliminated it after the 2016–17 season.
A group of four female hockey players wants the program back. Each joined
a federal lawsuit alleging that the University of North Dakota violated Title IX, even
though none of them were in school there at the time. See 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a)
(prohibiting covered institutions from “exclud[ing] [anyone] from participation
in . . . any education program or activity” on “the basis of sex”). In addition to
wanting “to represent a class of all current, prospective, and future female students
who are harmed,” see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a), they seek a declaratory judgment that
the school violated Title IX and an injunction requiring it to provide female athletes
with comparable opportunities, including bringing back the women’s hockey
program.
The district court dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. What was
missing, in its view, was a “concrete” injury. TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S.
413, 425–26 (2021). On appeal, we address jurisdictional questions like this one de
novo. See Hillesheim v. Holiday Stationstores, Inc., 900 F.3d 1007, 1010 (8th Cir.
2018).
II.
Standing to sue under Article III “is the threshold question in every federal
case [because it] determin[es] the power of the court to entertain the suit.” Warth v.
Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975). It requires (1) an injury in fact, (2) a causal
connection between the injury and the challenged conduct, and (3) a likelihood that
a favorable decision will redress the injury. See Telescope Media Grp. v. Lucero,
936 F.3d 740, 749 (8th Cir. 2019). To receive prospective relief, a plaintiff must
face an “ongoing” or “immediate” injury. Frost v. Sioux City, 920 F.3d 1158, 1162

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(8th Cir. 2019) (explaining that “past injuries alone are insufficient” (quoting Dearth
v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C. Cir. 2011)); see TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 431
(requiring plaintiffs to “demonstrate standing . . . for each form of relief that they
seek”).
A.
The two plaintiffs who have pleaded enough to get over the standing hump
are Calli Forsberg and Maya Tellmann. According to the complaint, Forsberg “was
recruited . . . to play on the University of North Dakota’s . . . ice[-]hockey team.”
(Emphasis added). But “[a]fter [it] eliminated the [program],” she opted for another
school with a women’s hockey team, Bemidji State University. Tellmann, a two-
time state hockey champion, “was accepted as a student” but had no chance to play
or try out because, by then, there was no team to join.
Their injury is the continuing denial of an opportunity to compete for the team
of their choice. See Equity in Athletics, Inc. v. Dep’t of Educ., 639 F.3d 91, 100 (4th
Cir. 2011) (explaining that a loss “of participation opportunit[y] for athletes” is an
Article III injury). Eliminating the women’s hockey team for allegedly
discriminatory reasons took away their chance for “the publicly recognized titles and
placements that would . . . flow[] from” membership on the University of North
Dakota’s once-championship-level program. Soule v. Conn. Ass’n of Schs., Inc., 90
F.4th 34, 46 (2d Cir. 2023) (en banc); see TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 425–26 (listing
“discriminatory treatment” as “sufficiently concrete” for standing).
As injuries go, this one is “concrete” enough to provide standing, in part
because both Forsberg and Tellmann allege a definite intent to attend if they can play
hockey. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 564 (1992). The complaint
provides specific allegations in support. See Jones v. Jegley, 947 F.3d 1100, 1103
(8th Cir. 2020) (explaining that “[a]t this stage, we [must] assume that the allegations
in the complaint are true”).

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Consider Forsberg, who claims that reinstating the hockey program would
cause her to “return to the [University of North Dakota].” She otherwise “would
have remained,” which suggests that she knows what it is like to go to school there
and has the academic qualifications for admission.2 See E.L. ex rel. White v.
Voluntary Interdist. Choice Corp., 864 F.3d 932, 936 (8th Cir. 2017) (noting that a
plaintiff had standing to challenge a school’s policies because he once “attended”
and was ready “to enroll”). The University of North Dakota also initially recruited
her to play hockey, which allows us to infer that she has the skills to compete. Cf.
Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244, 251, 262 (2003) (holding that a potential applicant
had standing to challenge a school’s admissions policies because his credentials
were “in the qualified range”). Meeting these requirements once shows that
Forsberg is “able and ready” to play if the opportunity arises again. Pederson v. La.
State Univ., 213 F.3d 858, 871 (5th Cir. 2000) (holding that an athlete had standing
to challenge the elimination of a women’s soccer team because she was “‘able and
ready’ to compete”); see Kuehl v. Sellner, 887 F.3d 845, 850 (8th Cir. 2018).
Tellmann, who alleges she “would attend” the University of North Dakota if
women’s hockey returns, is in a similar position. See Pederson, 213 F.3d at 871.
From the fact that she got in once, just like Forsberg did, we can infer that her
academic credentials put her “in the qualified range” for admission. Gratz, 539 U.S.
at 251. And although she never played hockey for the University of North Dakota,
other allegations provide “some evidence” that she is “able and ready” to compete.
Carney v. Adams, 592 U.S. 53, 65–66 (2020). According to the complaint, she
2 It is true that the University of North Dakota has introduced evidence that
Forsberg never applied for admission, much less played on its women’s hockey
team. But the district court mostly stuck to the complaint, and so will we. See Jones,
947 F.3d at 1103 (assuming the truth of allegations in a complaint to determine
whether a plaintiff had standing). On remand, the school is free to attack jurisdiction
on factual grounds, which will allow the court to quickly determine if there is
evidentiary support for Forsberg’s claimed injury. See Croyle ex rel. Croyle v.
United States, 908 F.3d 377, 380 (8th Cir. 2018) (describing a “factual attack” as
one in which a court “may consider matters outside the pleadings”). In the
meantime, however, what she alleges is enough to move on.

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“played competitive ice hockey at the high school and club levels and was a member
of two state championship teams.” See Pederson, 213 F.3d at 871 (holding that club
athletes had standing to challenge the elimination of a varsity team because they
were “able and ready” to “compete[] for a spot”). These achievements “sufficiently
differentiate[]” her from others who are interested “in the abstract.” Carney, 592
U.S. at 64.
The other two Article III standing requirements, causation and redressability,
pose even less of a hurdle. Finding a causal link does not require much in the way
of imagination: losing the chance to play ice hockey at the University of North
Dakota “is fairly traceable to” the decision to eliminate the program. Clapper v.
Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 413 (2013). To remedy their “ongoing” injury,
which continues every day they cannot play, they seek a declaratory judgment and
an injunction, either of which could lead to reinstatement of the program. Frost, 920
F.3d at 1162; see Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528
U.S. 167, 186 (2000) (holding that a plaintiff has standing if the relief it seeks will
“abate[] . . . [ongoing] conduct and prevent[] its recurrence”).
Grandson v. University of Minnesota is not to the contrary. 272 F.3d 568 (8th
Cir. 2001). In that case, we held that a plaintiff challenging the elimination of the
women’s soccer team at the University of Minnesota had no standing to sue. See id.
at 574. One problem was that she was “no longer a student.” Id. (noting that this
“is an adequate basis to dismiss an individual Title IX claim for injunctive relief”).
But the far bigger one was that she “ha[d] no remaining NCAA eligibility,” meaning
she could not play regardless of what happened with the lawsuit, at least without a
rule change. Id.; see Cook v. Colgate Univ., 992 F.2d 17, 20 (2d Cir. 1993) (holding
that athletes did not have standing because they “w[ould] graduate before” an
injunction could help them). Nothing, however, suggested that one was on the
horizon. See California v. Texas, 593 U.S. 659, 675 (2021) (“[W]here a causal
relation between injury and [a] challenged action depends upon the decision of an
independent third party . . . , standing is . . . ordinarily substantially more difficult to

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establish[,] . . . [unless] the plaintiff [can] show . . . that third parties will likely react
in predictable ways.” (citations omitted)).
Forsberg and Tellmann, by contrast, still have “three” and “four remaining
years of eligibility,” respectively. From a standing perspective, declaratory and
injunctive relief can still benefit them.
B.
The other two plaintiffs did not allege nearly as much. One of them, Emily
Becker, claims that she “would enroll at the University of North Dakota and play . . .
if [it] offered” women’s hockey. But the complaint is silent about a number of key
facts: did the school ever accept her, does she meet the minimum standards for
admission, and is she good enough to compete for a spot on the team? See Gratz,
539 U.S. at 262 (evaluating whether a plaintiff was “qualifi[ed]”). It is possible, in
other words, that her “asserted injur[y] [is] . . . the result of [her] own [credentials]”
or the standards set by admissions and athletic staff. Miller v. Thurston, 967 F.3d
727, 735 (8th Cir. 2020); see Miller v. Redwood Toxicology Lab’y, Inc., 688 F.3d
928, 936 (8th Cir. 2012) (putting the burden on the plaintiff to show that any “alleged
injuries are a direct consequence of” the defendant’s actions).
The complaint tells us even less about Morgan Stenseth. We know she played
hockey and “was accepted at the University of North Dakota” at one point, but that
is it. We do not know why she did not attend, nor is there any “general expression
of intent” to go there in the future. Jones, 947 F.3d at 1103; cf. Lujan, 504 U.S. at
564 (explaining that an intent to act “some day” does not provide standing). She
does not even allege an injury-in-fact, much less one that a decision about the future
of women’s hockey at the University of North Dakota could remedy.3 Cf. Steger v.
3 The plaintiffs have also moved to supplement the record on appeal with
materials from a previous Title IX lawsuit against the University of North Dakota.
No one, however, identifies a “compelling reason” to deviate from “the general rule

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Franco, Inc., 228 F.3d 889, 893 (8th Cir. 2000) (holding that someone with no
“intent” to visit cannot claim an injury from a lack of ADA-compliant facilities).
III.
We accordingly reverse and remand in part, but otherwise affirm.
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that [we] only consider evidence contained in the record before the district court.”
Bell v. Pfizer, Inc., 716 F.3d 1087, 1092 (8th Cir. 2013).

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