United States of America v. Zechariah Benjamin, also known as Boo

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 24-2906
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Zechariah Benjamin, also known as Boo
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Northern District of Iowa - Cedar Rapids
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Submitted: September 19, 2025
Filed: January 6, 2026
[Unpublished]
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Before SMITH, GRUENDER, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Zechariah Benjamin moved for a reduction of his prison sentence pursuant to
§ 404 of the First Step Act of 2018. The district court1 denied his motion. We
affirm.
1 The Honorable C.J. Williams, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Northern District of Iowa.

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In 2008 a jury convicted Benjamin of distributing and conspiring to distribute
crack cocaine. He was sentenced to the then-mandatory minimum term of life
imprisonment. Benjamin was subject to this mandatory minimum in part because
he had at least two prior convictions for delivering cocaine in Illinois. This criminal
history enhanced his sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), which provides for
increased penalties when a defendant has two or more prior convictions for certain
prior, predicate offenses. In 2024, Benjamin moved for a sentence reduction under
the First Step Act. The Government agreed that Benjamin was eligible for
resentencing but resisted his motion, arguing life imprisonment was still the
appropriate sentence. The district court held that Benjamin was eligible for
resentencing but nevertheless denied his motion to reduce his prison sentence.
Benjamin appeals.
“Under the First Step Act, a district court may reduce the sentence of
prisoners who received sentences for offenses whose penalties were modified by the
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010.” United States v. Black, 992 F.3d 703, 704 (8th Cir.
2021). The district court must consider any nonfrivolous argument a prisoner makes
for a reduction of his sentence, including intervening changes in the law or
sentencing guidelines. See Concepcion v. United States, 597 U.S. 481, 498-501
(2022). We review a district court’s decision on a § 404 motion in two steps. First,
we review the defendant’s eligibility for a sentence reduction under the First Step
Act de novo. United States v. McDonald, 944 F.3d 769, 771 (8th Cir. 2019). Second,
we review the discretionary decision whether to reduce a sentence of incarceration
for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Burnell, 2 F.4th 790, 791 (8th Cir. 2021).
Here, there is no dispute that the district court correctly found Benjamin eligible for
a reduction; the Fair Sentencing Act amended the provision Benjamin had violated
to no longer require life imprisonment. We proceed to the second step.
We first address Benjamin’s argument that the district court abused its
discretion by failing to consider that his prior drug convictions are no longer
predicate offenses under § 841(b)(1)(A). Benjamin’s prior offenses were possession

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with intent to distribute and delivery of cocaine under Illinois law. In United States
v. Oliver, 987 F.3d 794 (8th Cir. 2021) we held that these offenses are no longer
predicates for a § 841 enhancement. Id. at 807. Thus, under Oliver, if Benjamin
were convicted today instead of in 2008, his statutory punishment range and his
initial sentencing guidelines calculation2 would be even lower than what is required
under Fair Sentencing Act alone. Relying on Concepcion, Benjamin asked the
district court to take this development into account and reduce his sentence
accordingly. Now, he argues that the district court denied him relief without
considering this Oliver argument.
Benjamin’s argument rests on a misunderstanding of the district court’s
decision. First, the district court acknowledged his Oliver argument by stating in its
order that Benjamin argued his “prior convictions no longer qualify as enhancing
predicates.” The district court then made clear that it considered changes in
sentencing laws “of no consequence” to Benjamin’s motion unless Congress
explicitly made such changes retroactive. That is, unless a change in law were
passed by Congress and specifically made retroactive, the district court did not
believe a change in law would weigh in favor of resentencing. “In exercising its
discretion, the court is free to agree or disagree with any of the policy arguments
raised before it” as long as it offers a “reasoned explanation.” Concepcion, 597 U.S.
at 501. None of the changes in law that Benjamin argued—including Oliver—were
changes made retroactive by Congress; in dismissing all of them with the same
reasoned explanation, the district court did not need to discuss specifically every
change Benjamin argued. See United States v. Howard, 962 F.3d 1013, 1015 (8th
Cir. 2020); see also United States v. Miles, 499 F.3d 906, 910 (8th Cir. 2007) (“When
the record makes clear the sentencing judge listened to each argument . . . and
imposed a sentence that takes them into account, we cannot find that the sentence
was in error” for failing to consider an argument.) (citation modified).
2 Benjamin concedes that once his criminal history is accounted for, his final
guidelines range is still 360 months’ imprisonment to life imprisonment.

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We next address Benjamin’s argument that the district court abused its
discretion by making a clear error of judgment in weighing the factors for and against
reducing his sentence. Benjamin argued that he had rehabilitated in prison and was
unlikely to reoffend. The Government emphasized Benjamin’s criminal history and
the severity of his conduct. He had trafficked a large quantity of drugs, possessed
firearms in connection with his crimes, and had a leadership role in a drug trafficking
organization. And while Benjamin argued he had incurred only two violations while
imprisoned, the Government countered that those violations were serious infractions
involving fighting and possessing a contraband device that could have been used as
a weapon. We afford a district court substantial discretion in choosing whether to
reduce a sentence under § 404. Burnell, 2 F.4th at 792. The district court did not
abuse its discretion by determining that the seriousness of Benjamin’s offense
conduct and his prior pattern of recidivism deserved more weight than his asserted
rehabilitation in prison. Nor did the district court abuse its discretion by determining
that his prison record was “less than stellar” and insufficient to overcome the factors
weighing against resentencing.
For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
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