Peo v. Jayne

23CA1357 Peo v Jayne 11-21-2024

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 23CA1357
Douglas County District Court No. 14CR599
Honorable Theresa Slade, Judge
Honorable Stephen A. Groome, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Timothy Allen Jayne,

Defendant-Appellant.

ORDERS AFFIRMED

Division II
Opinion by JUDGE SCHOCK
Fox and Bernard*, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced November 21, 2024

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Jacob R. Lofgren, Senior Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Erin Wigglesworth, Alternate Defense Counsel, Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellant

*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art.
VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2024.
¶1 Defendant, Timothy Allen Jayne, appeals two district court

orders denying several of his Crim. P. 35(c) claims without a

hearing and one claim after a hearing. We affirm the orders.

I. Background

¶2 Jayne was charged with several offenses for his involvement in

a home burglary and assault of the homeowner. The charges

included first and second degree assault; first and second degree

burglary; aggravated robbery; robbery; conspiracies to commit

aggravated robbery, first degree burglary, and second degree

burglary; theft; and two crime of violence sentence enhancers.

¶3 Initially, Jayne pleaded guilty to first degree burglary and the

two crime of violence sentence enhancers, with a stipulated

sentencing range of fifteen to twenty-eight years in the custody of

the Department of Corrections. But Jayne withdrew that plea,

asserting that he had been coerced into accepting the plea offer by

his counsel’s advisement that he “would be convicted of multiple

consecutive sentences of pending charges if taken to trial.”

¶4 Jayne went to trial and was convicted of aggravated robbery,

first degree burglary, second degree burglary, theft, all three

conspiracy counts, and both crime of violence sentence enhancers.

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He was acquitted on the other counts. The court merged certain

convictions and sentenced Jayne to an aggregate sentence of

twenty-five years in the custody of the Department of Corrections.

¶5 Jayne appealed, arguing that the prosecutor committed

misconduct during closing argument and that the district court

erred by imposing consecutive sentences on two of his convictions.

A division of this court affirmed the judgment. See People v. Jayne,

(Colo. App. No. 16CA0744, Nov. 19, 2017) (not published pursuant

to C.A.R. 35(e)) (Jayne I). Another division affirmed the district

court’s subsequent denial of Jayne’s motion to correct an illegal

sentence under Crim. P. 35(a). See People v. Jayne, (Colo. App. No.

21CA0705, Nov. 23, 2022) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(e)).

¶6 Jayne filed a pro se Crim. P. 35(c) petition for postconviction

relief. As relevant to this appeal, Jayne asserted that (1) he was

denied his constitutional right to counsel in connection with the

withdrawal of his guilty plea; (2) appellate counsel was ineffective

for failing to raise that issue on direct appeal; (3) trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to allegedly improper statements the

prosecutor made in closing argument; (4) trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to hearsay testimony; and

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(5) appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that Jayne

was entitled to the benefit of a change in the sentencing statutes.

¶7 The district court appointed counsel, who filed a supplemental

Crim. P. 35(c) petition. The supplemental petition adopted all the

claims and arguments in Jayne’s pro se petition and added one

more that is relevant to this appeal: that appellate counsel was

ineffective for failing to argue that the verdicts were inconsistent.

¶8 The district court issued an order denying most of Jayne’s

claims without a hearing. It concluded:

(1) Jayne did not show he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s

failure to object to the prosecutor’s statements in closing

argument because the statements were harmless.

(2) Jayne did not show how he was prejudiced by the

admission of the hearsay testimony he challenged.

(3) Appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to argue

that Jayne was entitled to the benefit of the statutory

amendments because those amendments did not apply

retroactively to Jayne’s offenses.

(4) Jayne did not meet his burden on the ineffective

assistance claim concerning the inconsistent verdicts

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because he did not assert that this argument “clearly has

more merit than the arguments raised on appeal.”

¶9 The district court granted an evidentiary hearing on Jayne’s

claims, among others, that (1) he was denied counsel during the

withdrawal of his plea agreement, and (2) appellate counsel was

ineffective for failing to raise that issue on appeal. After the

hearing, the district court rejected Jayne’s claim for denial of

counsel because Jayne was represented by counsel at the plea

hearing and the plea withdrawal hearing, and any potential conflict

“became moot” when the court allowed Jayne to withdraw the plea.

¶ 10 But the court granted Jayne’s claim for ineffective assistance

of appellate counsel on that issue, concluding that “appellate

counsel did err by overlooking the issue and that the defendant was

prejudiced.” The court thus authorized Jayne to pursue a direct

appeal on that issue, which he did. We address the direct appeal in

a separate opinion. See People v. Jayne, (Colo. App. No. 23CA1355,

Nov. 21, 2024) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(e)) (Jayne II).

II. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

¶ 11 We review de novo the denial of a Crim. P. 35(c) motion

without a hearing. People v. Cali, 2020 CO 20, ¶ 14.

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¶ 12 A district court may deny a Crim. P. 35(c) motion without a

hearing “only where the motion, files, and record in the case clearly

establish that the allegations presented in the defendant’s motion

are without merit and do not warrant postconviction relief.”

Ardolino v. People, 69 P.3d 73, 77 (Colo. 2003); see also Crim. P.

35(c)(3)(IV). This standard is satisfied if (1) the defendant’s

allegations are bare and conclusory; (2) the allegations, even if true,

do not warrant postconviction relief; or (3) the record refutes the

defendant’s claims directly. People v. Duran, 2015 COA 141, ¶ 9.

¶ 13 To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a

defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient,

and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Dunlap v.

People, 173 P.3d 1054, 1062 (Colo. 2007) (citing Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). Under the first prong, the

defendant must show that counsel’s representation “fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.

Under the second prong, the defendant must show that “there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,

the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.

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¶ 14 To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel based on counsel’s failure to raise an issue on appeal, the

defendant must show that (1) the omitted issue was clearly stronger

than those presented, and (2) there is a reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s errors, the defendant would have prevailed on the

appeal. People v. Long, 126 P.3d 284, 286 (Colo. App. 2005).

¶ 15 An ineffective assistance of counsel claim can be denied

without a hearing if the record establishes that “the defendant’s

allegations, even if proven true, would fail to establish one or the

other prong of the Strickland test.” Ardolino, 69 P.3d at 77.

III. Failure to Object to Closing Argument

¶ 16 Jayne first asserts that there should have been a hearing on

his claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the

prosecutor’s statement during closing argument that the jury was

“not going to get the truth from Tim Jayne.” He contends that his

counsel’s failure to object to this statement prejudiced him because

it resulted in the application of plain error review on appeal. We

agree with the district court that a hearing was not required.

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A. Additional Background

¶ 17 At the beginning of rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor

said, “You’re not going to get the truth from Tim Jayne.” Later in

the argument, the prosecution told the jury to rewatch the video of

Jayne’s post-arrest interview and “just listen to his inconsistencies,

listen to his dishonesty.” Jayne’s counsel did not object.

¶ 18 On direct appeal, Jayne argued that these and other

statements in closing argument constituted prosecutorial

misconduct. Jayne I, ¶¶ 7-8. The division rejected several of

Jayne’s arguments, but it concluded that the prosecutor’s

statement that “the jury ‘would not get the truth from Tim Jayne’

improperly expressed a personal opinion that [Jayne] was

dishonest.” Id. at ¶ 14. The division nevertheless concluded that

this comment did not amount to plain error because (1) the

evidence was overwhelming as to some of the convictions; (2) the

prosecutor did not tie the improper comment to the primary

disputed element; and (3) the comment was “an isolated one within

an otherwise proper closing argument.” Id. at ¶¶ 15-17.

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B. Analysis

¶ 19 Jayne does not argue that his counsel’s objection to the

prosecutor’s improper comment would have changed the outcome of

trial. Instead, his sole argument is that such an objection might

have changed the outcome of the appeal because the error would

have been reviewed for harmless error instead of plain error.

¶ 20 A division of this court has rejected a similar argument,

finding no case law to support the contention that a “reduced

standard of scrutiny” on appeal constitutes Strickland prejudice.

People v. Romero, 2015 COA 7, ¶ 53. Indeed, if trial counsel had

objected, the district court could have just sustained the objection,

thus obviating the need for any appeal on that issue at all.

¶ 21 But even if we were to recognize such a claim, Jayne’s

allegations do not warrant a hearing. First, Jayne does not address

the first prong of the Strickland analysis — that is, why his

counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s comments “fell below

an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at

688. Indeed, when a prosecutor makes a comment during closing

argument that could be construed as improper, “the decision to

object . . . is often a strategic decision” entitled to deference. People

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v. Washington, 2014 COA 41, ¶ 43; see also Dunlap, 173 P.3d at

1080-81 (holding that it is a “reasonable strategic position” to “not

object at every potential opportunity” because doing so may

“decrease[] an attorney’s credibility with the jury and call[] undue

attention to the objectionable material”); People v. Dillard, 680 P.2d

243, 246 (Colo. App. 1984) (concluding that decision not to object to

prosecutor’s closing argument was a “valid tactical decision”).

¶ 22 Second, other than the conclusory assertion that the result of

the appeal would have been different under the harmless error

standard, Jayne does not explain why that is true. And the prior

division’s opinion strongly indicates that it would not have been.

The division held that (1) the evidence was overwhelming; (2) the

improper statement did not go to Jayne’s theory of defense; and

(3) the comment was isolated. Jayne I, ¶¶ 15-17. These same

considerations would have supported affirming Jayne’s convictions

under the harmless error standard as well. See People v. Ortega,

2015 COA 38, ¶ 55 (holding that improper comment during closing

argument was harmless where it was “an isolated incident in an

otherwise proper closing argument”) (citation omitted); People v.

Whitman, 205 P.3d 371, 384-85 (Colo. App. 2007) (“Improper

9
argument that does not substantially influence the verdict or

adversely affect the fairness of the proceedings is harmless.”).

¶ 23 Thus, Jayne’s allegations do not establish any reasonable

probability that the result of his appeal (or trial) would have been

different if his counsel had objected to the one comment by the

prosecutor that the prior division concluded was improper.

IV. Failure to Object to Hearsay

¶ 24 Jayne next asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to object to a hearsay statement by a testifying detective —

elicited by defense counsel — that “a trained forensic phone

download person” told him a phone had been “wiped.” We again

conclude that Jayne’s allegations did not warrant a hearing.

A. Additional Background

¶ 25 The lead detective testified on direct examination that the

victim’s granddaughter, D.G., was Jayne’s former girlfriend and a

“logical connection” between Jayne and the victim. The detective

testified that he searched D.G.’s phone but found “no information

that would be of use” because the phone had been “wiped.”

¶ 26 On cross-examination, defense counsel followed up with the

detective about this testimony:

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[Counsel:] I have a question for you about
something you said about [D.G.]’s phone, all
right? You indicated that you thought the
phone had been, quote, unquote, “wiped”?

[Detective:] Yes.

[Counsel:] And the basis for you believing that
is the number of contacts she had on the
phone?

[Detective:] Among other things. Her phone
had very little data that you would normally
find in a phone.

[Counsel:] Okay. So it was based on the
amount of data on the phone and the number
of contacts. Anything in addition to that?

[Detective:] No, that’s primarily it. There’s a lot
of data on phones. I had a trained forensic
phone download person attempt the download,
and they told me that was their opinion.

[Counsel:] It’s an assumption the phone was
wiped though?

[Detective:] That’s correct.

B. Analysis

¶ 27 Again, Jayne’s allegations do not overcome the “strong

presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.

Both cross-examination and when and whether to lodge an

objection — particularly whether to lodge an objection to testimony

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elicited by counsel’s own cross-examination — are quintessential

matters of trial strategy. See Arko v. People, 183 P.3d 555, 558

(Colo. 2008); People v. Sparks, 914 P.2d 544, 548 (Colo. App. 1996).

¶ 28 The record plainly establishes a reasonable strategic decision

by defense counsel to ask the detective why he believed the phone

had been wiped. The detective testified on direct that it “appear[ed]”

the phone had been wiped. The thrust of defense counsel’s cross-

examination was establishing that this was an “assumption” based

solely on the amount of data on the phone. Given defense counsel’s

success in eliciting this primary point, it was reasonable for counsel

not to object when the detective elaborated that “a trained forensic

phone download person” told him they had the same opinion.

¶ 29 Regardless, Jayne cannot show he was prejudiced by the lack

of an objection. The wiping of the phone was, at best, an ancillary

issue. The prosecution did not suggest that Jayne had wiped the

phone. Nor did it refer in closing to the wiping of the phone —

much less the opinion of the “trained forensic phone download

person.” Cf. People v. Cevallos-Acosta, 140 P.3d 116, 130 (Colo.

App. 2005) (concluding that erroneous admission of evidence was

harmless where prosecutor did not refer to it in closing argument).

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And contrary to Jayne’s assertion, the detective’s testimony about

Jayne’s relationship with D.G. was not dependent on the testimony

about the phone. There is no reasonable probability that the result

of trial would have been different if the jury had not heard that a

“forensic phone download person” believed D.G.’s phone had been

wiped, as the detective had already testified it had been.

V. Amendment to Crime of Violence Statute

¶ 30 Jayne next contends that his appellate counsel was ineffective

for failing to argue on appeal that an amendment to the crime of

violence statute permitted the district court to impose concurrent

sentences for his aggravated robbery and first degree burglary

convictions. This claim fails because the statutory amendment on

which Jayne relies does not apply retroactively to his offenses.

¶ 31 At the time of Jayne’s offenses, section 18-1.3-406, C.R.S.

2014, provided that “[a] person convicted of two or more separate

crimes of violence arising out of the same incident shall be

sentenced for such crimes . . . consecutively rather than

concurrently.” Under this statute, Jayne’s sentences for aggravated

robbery and first degree burglary were required to be consecutive.

13
¶ 32 In 2016, the statute was amended to allow the court to order

sentences to run concurrently “if the defendant is convicted of two

or more separate crimes of violence arising out of the same incident

and one of such crimes is . . . [a]ggravated robbery.” § 18-1.3-

406(1)(c)(I), C.R.S. 2016. Jayne argues that, under this

amendment, the district court could have ordered his aggravated

robbery and first degree burglary sentences to run concurrently.

¶ 33 But as the district court explained, the amendatory legislation

expressly provides that the amendment applies only to offenses

committed on or after July 1, 2016. Ch. 85, sec. 2, § 18-1.3-406,

2016 Colo. Sess. Laws 242. Jayne committed his offenses in 2014.

Thus, by its terms, the amendment did not apply to Jayne. See

People v. Stellabotte, 2018 CO 66, ¶ 29 (“[W]e apply expressly

prospective statutes only prospectively.”); People v. Hamm, 2019

COA 90, ¶ 27 (“Statutes that, by their terms, are effective ‘on or

after’ a specified date do not apply retroactively.”). Appellate

counsel was not ineffective for failing to argue for the retroactive

application of a prospective statute. See Hamm, ¶ 27 (“We cannot

apply [statutory sentencing changes] retroactively because the

General Assembly tells us they do not apply retroactively.”).

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¶ 34 Jayne nevertheless argues that the court could have applied

the amendment retroactively “in the interests of justice” before his

conviction became final. See § 18-1-410(1)(f), C.R.S. 2024; Crim. P.

35(c)(1). He is wrong. Section 18-1-410(1)(f) allows for the

retroactive application of legislation to nonfinal convictions “unless

the amendment contains language indicating it applies only

prospectively.” Stellabotte, ¶ 3. The amendment here contains

such language. Thus, Jayne was not entitled to the benefit of the

amendment, regardless of when he raised the issue. See id. at ¶ 37.

VI. Inconsistent Verdicts

¶ 35 Jayne also argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective by

not arguing that his aggravated robbery conviction was inconsistent

with his acquittal for robbery. His trial counsel raised this issue in

a motion for judgment of acquittal, which the district court denied.

¶ 36 In his postconviction motion, Jayne did little more than refer

to his motion for judgment of acquittal and assert, without

elaboration, that “had [counsel] raised the issue on appeal, he

would have been more likely to succeed on it than other issues he

did raise.” The district court rejected the claim because Jayne did

not explain why the argument had more merit than the others.

15
¶ 37 We agree with the district court that Jayne’s conclusory

allegation in his postconviction motion did not meet his burden of

showing that this issue was clearly stronger than the issues his

appellate counsel did raise. See People v. Trujillo, 169 P.3d 235,

238-39 (Colo. App. 2007) (“The bare allegation of failure to assert

the additional claims does not overcome the presumption that

appellate counsel’s choice was the result of a strategic election.”);

Duran, ¶ 9 (holding that claim may be denied without a hearing

when “defendant’s allegations are bare and conclusory”). Nor does

Jayne do much more on appeal, again simply incorporating his

post-trial briefing and asserting that, if an evidentiary hearing had

been held, an appellate expert could have testified as to the

strength of the claim. This does not meet Jayne’s burden of

asserting facts in his motion that, if true, would provide a basis for

relief. People v. Simpson, 69 P.3d 79, 81 (Colo. 2003).

¶ 38 In any event, this issue was not clearly stronger than those

presented, nor is there a reasonable probability that Jayne would

have prevailed on it. See Long, 126 P.3d at 286. Inconsistent guilty

and not guilty verdicts are generally permissible. People v. Frye,

898 P.2d 559, 560, 570-71 (Colo. 1995); People v. Rigsby, 2020 CO

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74, ¶ 15 (“[A] defendant who is convicted on one count may not

attack that conviction on the ground that it is inconsistent with the

verdict of acquittal on another count.”). Such inconsistency “may

be the result of lenity toward the defendant by the jury, and thus

do[es] not warrant reversal.” People v. Brooks, 2020 COA 25, ¶ 12;

see also United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65-66 (1984).

¶ 39 Although Colorado courts have recognized three scenarios in

which an inconsistent verdict may result in an infirm conviction,

none apply in this case. Brooks, ¶¶ 13-15, 25. In particular, Jayne

relies exclusively on authority addressing two mutually exclusive

guilty verdicts. See Rigsby, ¶ 16; People v. Delgado, 2019 CO 82,

¶ 20; Frye, 898 P.2d at 569 n.13. But that authority makes clear

that the prohibition on that kind of inconsistency does not extend to

inconsistent guilty and not guilty verdicts. Delgado, ¶¶ 14, 17.

¶ 40 Thus, Jayne’s appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing

to raise this issue because it was foreclosed by Colorado law.1

1 Although much of this authority came after Jayne’s direct appeal,

the rule allowing inconsistent guilty and not guilty verdicts had
been established years earlier. See People v. Frye, 898 P.2d 559,
571 (Colo. 1995); United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65-66 (1984).

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VII. Denial of Right to Counsel

¶ 41 Jayne’s final argument is that the district court erred by

denying, after a hearing, his postconviction claim that he was

denied his right to counsel in connection with the withdrawal of his

guilty plea. More specifically, he asserts that his counsel was

conflicted because Jayne had accused him of coercing Jayne to

plead guilty and the district court erred by not appointing Jayne

new counsel before allowing him to withdraw the plea.

¶ 42 As Jayne notes, this issue is the subject of his pending direct

appeal, which we address in a separate opinion. See Jayne II, No.

23CA1355. As a postconviction claim, however, it was correctly

denied because it could have been presented in Jayne’s first direct

appeal. See Crim. P. 35(c)(3)(VII). Jayne concedes as much,

asserting that because the district court reinstated his right to

appeal, the issue should be considered in that appeal. We agree.

¶ 43 We note that the district court denied the claim on the merits

rather than as successive. But “we will affirm a district court’s

denial of a Rule 35 motion on any ground supported by the record,

even if the district court did not consider or contemplate that

ground.” Hamm, ¶ 23. Because this claim could have been raised

18
in Jayne’s prior appeal — and now has been raised and resolved on

direct appeal — the district court correctly denied it as a

postconviction claim. See Crim. P. 35(c)(3)(VI), (VII). We therefore

do not address the merits of that issue in this appeal.

VIII. Disposition

¶ 44 The orders denying Jayne’s Crim. P. 35(c) petition are

affirmed.

JUDGE FOX and JUDGE BERNARD concur.

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