State v. Makins

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State v. Makins

STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. LARRY MAKINS
(AC 46810)
Bright, C. J., and Alvord and Seeley, Js.*

Syllabus

Convicted, after a jury trial, of burglary in the first degree and attempt to
commit sexual assault in the first degree, the defendant appealed to this
court. He claimed that the trial court improperly denied his motion for a
judgment of acquittal, made at the close of all the evidence, because the
evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable
doubt his identity as the perpetrator of the crimes of which he was con-
victed. Held:

The trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion for a judgment of
acquittal, as the state presented sufficient evidence from which the jury
could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was the
person who entered the victim’s apartment, engaged in the physical alterca-
tion with the victim, and attempted to sexually assault her.
Argued January 7—officially released April 22, 2025

Procedural History

Substitute information charging the defendant with
the crimes of burglary in the first degree and attempt
to commit sexual assault in the first degree, brought
to the Superior Court in the judicial district of New
Haven, geographical area number twenty-three, and
tried to the jury before Vitale, J.; thereafter, the court,
Vitale, J., denied the defendant’s motion for a judgment
of acquittal; verdict and judgment of guilty, from which
the defendant appealed to this court. Affirmed.
John R. Weikart, assigned counsel, with whom were
James P. Sexton, assigned counsel, and, on the brief,
Emily Graner Sexton and Tamar Birckhead, assigned
counsel, for the appellant (defendant).
Nathan J. Buchok, assistant state’s attorney, with
whom, on the brief, were John Doyle, state’s attorney,
* The listing of judges reflects their seniority status on this court as of
the date of oral argument.
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State v. Makins

and Stacey Miranda, supervisory assistant state’s attor-
ney, for the appellee (state).
Opinion

SEELEY, J. The defendant, Larry Makins, appeals
from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury
trial, of burglary in the first degree in violation of Gen-
eral Statutes § 53a-101 (a) (3) and attempt to commit
sexual assault in the first degree in violation of General
Statutes §§ 53a-49 (a) (2) and 53a-70 (a) (1). On appeal,
the defendant claims that the court improperly denied
his motion for a judgment of acquittal, made at the
close of all the evidence, because the evidence adduced
at trial was insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable
doubt his identity as the perpetrator of the crimes of
which he was convicted. We disagree and, accordingly,
affirm the judgment of the court.
On the basis of the evidence presented at trial, the
jury reasonably could have found the following facts.
In April, 2019, the victim1 lived on the second floor of
a three-story multifamily home in New Haven. On the
evening of April 10, 2019, she was asleep in her bed-
room. Because she expected her children to return from
school while she slept, the victim left the front door of
her apartment unlocked so that they could enter the
residence. At some point in the evening, the victim,
feeling as though she was being watched, awoke to find
the defendant standing over the edge of her bed. The
defendant then began trying to hold the victim down
on the bed, and she started punching him in an attempt
to fight him off and escape. Unable to fight him off, the
victim grabbed a glass statue that was by her bedside
and hit the defendant over the head with it, causing it
to shatter. This allowed the victim to run to her bedroom
1
In accordance with our policy of protecting the privacy interests of the
victims of sexual violence, we decline to identify the victim. See General
Statutes § 54-86e.
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State v. Makins

window, which she tried to open as she was yelling for
help. The defendant kept trying to approach the victim,
who continued to yell and scream for help, at which
point she picked up a dresser in the room and threw
it at the defendant. The victim then moved to the other
side of her bed in an effort to evade the defendant, but
he continued his pursuit. As he did so, the defendant
pulled down his pants and underwear and told the vic-
tim that he was ‘‘going [to] get the pussy.’’
The victim subsequently grabbed hold of the defen-
dant’s penis and ‘‘tried to rip it off.’’ In response, the
defendant put her in a chokehold and demanded that
she let go of his penis. The victim countered by telling
the defendant to let go of her. This back and forth
continued briefly before both parties ultimately let go of
each other. After the defendant and the victim released
each other, the defendant told the victim, ‘‘that’s what
you get for leaving your door unlocked,’’ while moving
backward toward the bedroom door. The victim then
asked the defendant to call 911 because she could not
breathe,2 but after realizing that mentioning 911 caused
the defendant to stop moving, she instead asked him
to get her some water. The defendant retrieved a case
of water bottles from the kitchen, threw it on the bed,
and took a water bottle from the case. The victim con-
cluded that she needed to get out of the apartment to
escape the defendant and, aware that he was receptive
to her requests, asked him to get her a wet rag from
the bathroom, which was the farthest room from her
bedroom. The defendant complied, and when he left
the bedroom and headed toward the bathroom, the
victim ran out of her apartment and downstairs to the
first floor of the apartment building, where she began
pounding on the apartment door of her neighbor,
George Bennett, while pleading for help. When Bennett
2
The victim testified that she was out of breath from fighting the defen-
dant off.
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answered the door, the victim ran into his apartment
and ‘‘told him that some guy broke in[to] [her] house
[and] tried to kill and rape [her] . . . .’’ While Bennett
was closing the door to his apartment, the victim saw
the defendant run out of her apartment and exit the
multifamily home through the front door, leaving his
water bottle behind. Bennett called 911, and he and his
girlfriend stayed with the victim while they waited for
the police to arrive. The victim sustained scratches to
her right arm as a result of the incident.
Shortly thereafter, law enforcement and emergency
medical personnel arrived at the scene. Upon arrival,
New Haven Police Detective Brian DiAnge spoke with
the victim and observed that there were ‘‘blood smears
on her left arm’’ and ‘‘scratches on her right’’ arm.
DiAnge subsequently obtained an initial statement from
the victim and consent to search both her person and
apartment,3 after which he and the other responding
officers secured the crime scene. DiAnge then requested
assistance to process the crime scene, and Detective
Steven Formica responded. Formica took photographs
of the entire crime scene, including the exterior and
interior of the victim’s apartment, the overturned
dresser in the victim’s bedroom, an open water bottle
and water bottle cap found on the first floor of the
apartment building, the case of water bottles on the
victim’s bed, the scratches on the victim’s right arm,
and bloodlike smears on her left forearm and left hand
near her thumb.4 Formica also swabbed the scratches
on the victim’s arm and the bloodlike smear on her
forearm and thumb and sent some of the samples to
3
At some point, the victim also went to the New Haven Police Department,
gave an additional statement to the police and provided them with consent
to collect a DNA sample from her.
4
Formica testified at trial that he saw ‘‘signs of [a] struggle in the [victim’s]
bedroom.’’ In particular, there was ‘‘broken glass’’ from a ‘‘knickknack’’ and
the room looked ‘‘messy,’’ ‘‘like a struggle had taken place’’ there.
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State v. Makins

the state forensic laboratory for DNA testing. The night-
gown worn by the victim at the time of the incident
also was packaged and sent directly to the state forensic
laboratory for testing. The victim’s injuries were
attended to by paramedics at the scene.
Two days later, on April 12, 2019, the police received
a call from the victim and responded to her apartment.
Paul Prusinski, a patrol officer with the New Haven
Police Department, was one of the responding officers.
Upon his arrival, the victim handed him medical docu-
ments that she had found while cleaning her bedroom.
The documents included prescriptions for ibuprofen
and amoxicillin written by a medical provider located
at 454 Main Avenue in Norwalk, dated April 10, 2019,
and addressed to ‘‘Larry Makins,’’ who was listed as
having a date of birth of October 31, 1987. Also included
was a document with postoperative instructions from
Advanced Dental Center, a medical provider located at
454 Main Avenue in Norwalk. The victim told the police
that after finding these documents, she or a family mem-
ber performed an Internet search of the name on the
prescriptions and found an image resembling her assail-
ant.
Later that week, the victim contacted the police again,
as she believed that the doorknob to her apartment had
been tampered with by the defendant. Ryan Hall, a
patrol officer with the New Haven Police Department,
responded to the scene and observed that the doorknob
‘‘was bent downwards.’’ He followed up with his super-
visor about how to proceed and was informed that
no further investigation would be conducted. Before
leaving, Hall photographed the doorknob.
On April 18, 2019, the police brought the defendant
to the police station for questioning. The defendant was
informed of his Miranda5 rights, which he subsequently
5
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478–79, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed.
2d 694 (1966).
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State v. Makins

waived. Throughout the interview, the defendant made
a number of statements that included details matching
the events that occurred in this case and corroborated
the victim’s account. First, he admitted that he had gone
to a dentist’s office in Norwalk on the morning of the
offense, that he had received prescription paperwork
during that visit, and that he had returned to New Haven
around 7 p.m. that evening before the crime was com-
mitted. Second, he admitted that he entered a woman’s
apartment because the door was unlocked and stated
that she was ‘‘there . . . for me to take advantage of
her like a rapist would take advantage of somebody.’’
Third, he described having engaged in a physical alter-
cation with the woman and stated that she was scream-
ing the entire time. Fourth, he stated that the woman
asked him for a drink of water and that he got her a
bottle of water. Finally, he stated that he returned to
the woman’s apartment sometime later because he
wanted to speak with the woman about what had hap-
pened.6
On May 14, 2019, the defendant was arrested and,
subsequently, was charged in a substitute information
with attempt to commit sexual assault in the first degree
in violation of §§ 53a-49 (a) (2) and 53a-70 (a) (1) and
burglary in the first degree in violation of § 53a-101 (a)
(3). Following the defendant’s arrest, a buccal swab
was taken from the inside of his cheek and sent to the
state forensic laboratory for DNA testing. A jury trial
followed, at which the state presented testimony from
the victim; Bennett; numerous law enforcement offi-
cers, including DiAnge, Prusinski, Hall, and Formica;
and personnel from the state forensic laboratory.
6
During the interview, the defendant took out a burnt crack pipe and
proclaimed that it was his ‘‘magic wand.’’ He stated that he used the pipe
to create doors, buildings and structures, and rivers, among other things.
Further, he claimed to be a fallen angel and part of the Illuminati. The
defendant explained during the interview that he used the pipe to create
the door that he walked through when he entered the victim’s apartment on
April 10, 2019, and that he has not yet fully grasped the nature of his ‘‘powers.’’
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State v. Makins

In particular, the victim testified about the details
of her physical altercation with the perpetrator and
provided a description of the assailant. Many of those
details were corroborated by Bennett’s testimony, as
well as by law enforcement officers who had responded
to the crime scene and taken photographs, which
showed that a shattered glass statue was on the floor
of the victim’s bedroom, that a small dresser was strewn
on the floor, and that a case of water bottles was on
the edge of the victim’s bed. The victim also testified
that she got a ‘‘clear look’’ at the perpetrator during the
incident and that a photograph resembling the perpetra-
tor appeared when she conducted an Internet search
of the defendant’s name.7
The state also introduced two DNA reports during
its direct examination of Frances Rue, a state forensic
science examiner. Those reports included the results
of Rue’s analyses of the samples taken from the crime
scene, as well as a sample from the defendant, and
were admitted into evidence as full exhibits without
objection. Rue testified about her conclusions in those
reports. Specifically, Rue explained that the swabs of
the bloodlike smear on the victim’s left forearm and
thumb area yielded DNA profiles that each contained
7
On appeal, the defendant asserts that the victim’s identification of him
was improper as a result of the state’s failure to use an ‘‘objective, nonsugges-
tive method [of identification], such as a photo[graphic] array or lineup’’ to
verify the victim’s identification of the defendant. The defendant did not
object at trial to the victim’s testimony about her Internet search that pro-
duced a picture resembling the defendant and has not claimed on appeal
that the admission of that testimony constituted error that requires that
the judgment be reversed. Instead, his claim is that the victim’s testimony
regarding the defendant’s resemblance to the picture she found on the
Internet was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defen-
dant was her assailant. As set forth in this opinion, we do not conduct a
sufficiency analysis by reviewing each piece of evidence in isolation but,
instead, review the totality of the evidence to determine whether, viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, the jury
reasonably could have concluded that the defendant was guilty.
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a mixture of two persons, at least one of whom was
male. Rue testified further that she concluded from her
DNA analysis, after assuming that the victim was one
of the two contributors, that the DNA profile from each
sample was ‘‘at least 100 billion times more likely to
occur if it originated from [the defendant] and [the
victim] than if it originated from [the victim] and an
unknown individual.’’8 Rue also testified regarding her
DNA analyses of samples that were collected from the
exterior front and exterior back of the nightgown that
the victim was wearing during the incident, as reflected
in the supplemental DNA report she prepared, which
had been admitted into evidence as an exhibit. With
respect to two of those samples, the defendant could
not be eliminated as a contributor. Moreover, as the
supplemental DNA report shows, with respect to one
sample collected from the exterior front of the night-
gown, which yielded a DNA profile containing a mixture
of three contributors, at least one of whom was male,
Rue concluded from the DNA analysis, after assuming
that the victim was one of three contributors, that the
DNA profile was ‘‘at least 100 billion times more likely
to occur if it originated from [the defendant] and [the
victim] and one unknown individual than if it originated
from [the victim] and two unknown individuals.’’ As to
one of the samples collected from the exterior back of
8
We note that ‘‘DNA evidence consists of two elements: (1) a determina-
tion that the defendant’s genetic profile matches a genetic profile present
in the evidentiary sample, and (2) a statistical calculation of the rarity of
that match. See, e.g., State v. Sivri, 231 Conn. 115, 155, 646 A.2d 169 (1994)
(explaining that calculation of rarity of match generates a ratio which accom-
panies a match in order to express the statistical likelihood that an unrelated
individual chosen at random from a particular population could have the
same DNA profile as the suspect . . .). This is because a match means little
without statistical evidence that will allow the fact finder to determine the
strength of the match and, thus, the strength of the inferential fact that the
defendant is the person whose DNA is present in the actual evidentiary
sample.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Rodriguez, 337 Conn.
175, 190, 252 A.3d 811 (2020).
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State v. Makins

the nightgown, which yielded a DNA profile containing
a mixture of four contributors, at least one of whom
was male, Rue concluded from the DNA analysis, after
assuming that the victim was one of four contributors,
that the DNA profile was ‘‘at least 100 billion times
more likely to occur if it originated from [the defendant]
and [the victim] and two unknown individuals than
if it originated from [the victim] and three unknown
individuals.’’
Additionally, the medical documents bearing the
defendant’s name and date of birth that were found in
the victim’s apartment were admitted into evidence,
and a video of the police interview of the defendant
that took place on April 18, 2019, which had been admit-
ted into evidence without objection, was played for the
jury. On April 18, 2023, after the state rested its case,
defense counsel orally moved for a judgment of acquit-
tal, asserting that the state had failed to present suffi-
cient evidence to establish, inter alia, the defendant’s
identity as the perpetrator of the crimes beyond a rea-
sonable doubt. After hearing a brief comment from the
prosecutor, the court denied the motion, stating: ‘‘The
court has reviewed the evidence as to each count. Obvi-
ously, the credibility to be afforded all of the witnesses
who have testified on behalf of the state is up to the
jury. The court, having listened to the evidence, is satis-
fied that based upon all the evidence that has been
presented, both direct and circumstantial, and [the] rea-
sonable and logical inferences therefrom, that such evi-
dence if credited by a jury would reasonably permit a
finding of guilt with respect to each count. So, the
motion for judgment of acquittal is denied.’’
Thereafter, the defendant’s counsel rested his case
without presenting any evidence, and, on April 19, 2023,
the case was submitted to the jury, which returned a
verdict that day finding the defendant guilty of both
counts. On April 21, 2023, the defendant filed a written
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State v. Makins

motion for a judgment of acquittal, again asserting that
the evidence was insufficient to establish his identity
as the perpetrator. On June 27, 2023, the court orally
denied the motion ‘‘for the reasons [it] articulated when
[the motion] was addressed during the course of the
trial,’’ and it sentenced the defendant to a total effective
sentence of forty years of incarceration, execution sus-
pended after thirty years, two of which were a statutory
mandatory minimum, followed by fifteen years of pro-
bation. It also ordered the defendant to register as a
sexual offender for life. This appeal followed. Addi-
tional facts and procedural history will be set forth as
necessary.
On appeal, the defendant claims that the court
improperly denied his motion for a judgment of acquit-
tal made at the close of all of the evidence because the
evidence was insufficient to establish his identity as the
perpetrator of the crimes beyond a reasonable doubt.
Specifically, the defendant claims that no reasonable
juror could have found him guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt given (1) the lack of eyewitnesses, (2) the limited
physical evidence, and (3) his unreliable statements in
his interview with the police. See footnote 6 of this
opinion. We disagree.
We begin with our standard of review and the relevant
legal principles that guide our analysis of the defen-
dant’s sufficiency of the evidence challenge. ‘‘It is black
letter law that in any criminal prosecution, the state
bears the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt
the defendant’s identity as . . . the [perpetrator] of the
crime charged.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
State v. Jackson, 179 Conn. App. 40, 47, 177 A.3d 1190
(2017), cert. denied, 328 Conn. 910, 178 A.3d 1041
(2018). ‘‘[T]he question of identity of a perpetrator of
a crime is a question of fact that is within the sole
province of the jury to resolve.’’ (Internal quotation
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State v. Makins

marks omitted.) State v. Honsch, 349 Conn. 783, 811,
322 A.3d 1019 (2024).
‘‘As this court has observed, [a] defendant who
asserts an insufficiency of evidence claim bears an ardu-
ous burden.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State
v. Purvis, 227 Conn. App. 188, 193, 321 A.3d 1158, cert.
denied, 350 Conn. 922, 325 A.3d 1093 (2024). Our
Supreme Court has explained: ‘‘To determine whether
the evidence was sufficient to establish the essential
element of identity, we apply a two part test. First, we
construe the evidence in the light most favorable to
sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether
upon the facts so construed and the inferences reason-
ably drawn therefrom, the [jury] reasonably could have
concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence
established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt . . . . In
doing so, we are mindful that the trier of fact is not
required to accept as dispositive those inferences that
are consistent with the defendant’s innocence. . . .
The trier [of fact] may draw whatever inferences from
the evidence or facts established by the evidence it
deems to be reasonable and logical.’’ (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) State v. Abraham, 343 Conn. 470, 476,
274 A.3d 849 (2022). In addition, we ‘‘must focus on
the evidence presented, not the evidence that the state
failed to present . . . . [Appellate courts] do not draw
a distinction between direct and circumstantial evi-
dence so far as probative force is concerned . . . .
Indeed, [c]ircumstantial evidence . . . may be more
certain, satisfying and persuasive than direct evidence.
. . . It is not one fact . . . but the cumulative impact
of a multitude of facts [that] establishes guilt in a case
involving substantial circumstantial evidence.’’ (Cita-
tions omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.,
477.
We have ‘‘often noted [that] proof beyond a reason-
able doubt does not mean proof beyond all possible
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State v. Makins

doubt . . . nor does proof beyond a reasonable doubt
require acceptance of every hypothesis of innocence
posed by the defendant that, had it been found credible
by the [finder of fact], would have resulted in an acquit-
tal. . . . On appeal, we do not ask whether there is a
reasonable view of the evidence that would support a
reasonable hypothesis of innocence. We ask, instead,
whether there is a reasonable view of the evidence that
supports the [finder of fact’s] verdict of guilty.’’ (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) State v. Marcu, 230 Conn.
App. 286, 292, 329 A.3d 1033, cert. denied, 351 Conn.
915, A.3d (2025); see also State v. Morgan, 274
Conn. 790, 802, 877 A.2d 739 (2005) (‘‘[I]t is the jury’s
role as the sole trier of the facts to weigh the conflicting
evidence and to determine the credibility of witnesses.
. . . It is the right and duty of the jury to determine
whether to accept or to reject the testimony of a witness
. . . and what weight, if any, to lend to the testimony
of a witness and the evidence presented at trial.’’ (Cita-
tions omitted.)); State v. Kyle A., 212 Conn. App. 239,
246, 274 A.3d 896 (2022) (‘‘We do not sit as a [seventh]
juror who may cast a vote against the verdict based
upon our feeling that some doubt of guilt is shown
by the cold printed record. We have not had the [fact
finder’s] opportunity to observe the conduct, demeanor,
and attitude of the witnesses and to gauge their credibil-
ity. . . . We are content to rely on the [fact finder’s]
good sense and judgment.’’ (Internal quotation marks
omitted.)), aff’d, 348 Conn. 437, 307 A.3d 249 (2024).
We conclude that the state presented sufficient evi-
dence from which the jury could have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant was the person
who entered the victim’s apartment, engaged in the
physical altercation with the victim, and attempted to
sexually assault her. The record includes testimony
from the victim about the details of her physical alterca-
tion with the perpetrator. Many of those details were
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State v. Makins

corroborated by Bennett and the law enforcement offi-
cers who had responded to the crime scene and testified
at trial. For example, Formica testified at trial that he
saw signs of a struggle in the victim’s bedroom, and
the photographs taken by him of the crime scene, which
were admitted into evidence, show shattered glass on
the victim’s bedroom floor, a small dresser that was on
the floor, and a case of water bottles on the victim’s
bed, all of which is consistent with the victim’s account
of the incident. Furthermore, the victim testified that
she got a ‘‘clear look’’ at the perpetrator during the
incident and that, when she conducted an Internet
search of the defendant’s name from prescription
paperwork she had found, a photograph appeared that
resembled the perpetrator. ‘‘It is the right and duty of
the jury to determine whether to accept or to reject the
testimony of a witness; see Zarembski v. Three Lakes
Park, Inc., 177 Conn. 603, 608, 419 A.2d 339 (1979); and
what weight, if any, to lend to the testimony of a witness
and the evidence presented at trial.’’ State v. Morgan,
supra, 274 Conn. 802. It was therefore within the sole
province of the jury to assess the credibility of the
testimony of the victim and other witnesses and to
determine what weight to afford it.
In addition, the record contains DNA evidence linking
the defendant to the crime scene and the physical alter-
cation with the victim. In particular, following the alter-
cation with the perpetrator, swabs taken of a bloodlike
smear on the victim’s left forearm and thumb area were
tested by Rue, a state forensic examiner, who deter-
mined that they contained DNA profiles that each con-
tained a mixture of two contributors, at least one of
whom was male. The defendant was included as a con-
tributor to the DNA profiles. In fact, Rue concluded, as
to each sample, after assuming that the victim was one
of the two contributors, that the DNA profile was ‘‘100
billion times more likely to occur if it originated from
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State v. Makins

[the defendant] and [the victim] than if it originated
from [the victim] and an unknown individual.’’9 Rue
reached similar conclusions with respect to samples
taken from the front and back exterior of the victim’s
nightgown.
The evidence presented also included the prescrip-
tion paperwork from a dental office in Norwalk that
contained the name and date of birth of the defendant,
9
In his appellate reply brief, the defendant asserts for the first time that
‘‘the DNA evidence in this case was utterly insufficient to establish the
defendant’s identity as the perpetrator . . . .’’ In support of this assertion,
he raises two claims. First, he claims that ‘‘[t]he statistical DNA evidence
attributing the bloodlike substance to the defendant was based on [Rue’s]
unsupported assumption that the victim was a contributor to the DNA
samples.’’ Specifically, he asserts that ‘‘Rue offered no evidence as to the
scientific soundness of that assumption,’’ never explained why the assump-
tion was ‘‘scientifically sound,’’ and, thereby, foreclosed the jury from consid-
ering an alternative scenario. The second claim raised in his reply brief is
that ‘‘[t]he likelihood ratios, which were based on Bayes’ Theorem, cannot
prove [his] guilt under binding Supreme Court precedent.’’ Although the
defendant challenged the DNA evidence in his principal appellate brief, he
did so on sufficiency grounds, namely, by asserting that the weight of the
DNA evidence was insufficient to establish his identity as the perpetrator.
The claims raised in his reply brief, although framed as relating to sufficiency,
relate to the admissibility of the DNA evidence. In that respect, we note
that the DNA reports containing Rue’s analyses of the samples were admitted
into evidence without objection. Also, the defendant did not object to or
raise any issue at trial with respect to Rue’s testimony, especially concerning
her assumption that the victim was a contributor to the DNA samples and
the methods she used in reaching her conclusions, and he did not request
a hearing pursuant to State v. Porter, 241 Conn. 57, 80–90, 698 A.2d 739
(1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1058, 118 S. Ct. 1384, 140 L. Ed. 2d 645 (1998),
for a determination concerning the reliability of the methods used by Rue
to reach her conclusions regarding the DNA evidence. See Weaver v.
McKnight, 313 Conn. 393, 415–16, 97 A.3d 920 (2014) (‘‘[t]he failure to raise
a Porter claim in the trial court results in waiver of that claim and it will
not be considered for the first time on appeal’’). Furthermore, because these
evidentiary challenges were not raised at trial, the state had no opportunity
to respond to them, and we have no basis to consider the scientific soundness
of Rue’s analysis. Finally, because these claims have been raised for the
first time in the defendant’s appellate reply brief, we decline to review them.
See State v. Griffin, 217 Conn. App. 358, 375 n.9, 288 A.3d 653 (‘‘it is well
established that we do not entertain arguments raised for the first time in
a reply brief’’), cert. denied, 346 Conn. 917, 290 A.3d 799 (2023).
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which the victim had discovered in her bedroom a few
days after the incident.10 The defendant acknowledged
during his videorecorded interview with the police that
he had visited a dentist’s office in Norwalk on the day
of the incident and received prescription paperwork
during that visit. The jury thus reasonably could have
inferred that the defendant dropped the paperwork dur-
ing his physical altercation with the victim in her bed-
room. See State v. Patrick M., 344 Conn. 565, 576, 280
A.3d 461 (2022) (‘‘[t]he jury is permitted to rely on its
common sense, experience and knowledge of human
nature in drawing inferences . . . and may draw fac-
tual inferences on the basis of already inferred facts’’
(internal quotation marks omitted)).
Additionally, throughout his police interview, the
defendant made a number of incriminating statements
and recounted details of the incident that not only cor-
roborated the victim’s account but also related to infor-
mation that only the perpetrator would have known.
For example, in addition to the dental office visit and
the prescription paperwork bearing his name, the defen-
dant admitted that he had entered a woman’s apartment
because the door was unlocked. He described having
engaged in a physical altercation with the woman, who
was screaming the entire time and had asked him for
a drink of water, to which he obliged. Finally, he
acknowledged that he returned to the woman’s apart-
ment sometime later because he wanted to speak with
the woman about what had happened. It was entirely
reasonable for the jury to have inferred that the circum-
stances recounted by the defendant and the physical
altercation that the victim reported as occurring in the
victim’s bedroom on April 10, 2019, were one and the
same. Accordingly, we agree with the state that the
10
When questioned at trial if she had ever heard the name of the person
from the paperwork, the victim testified: ‘‘Nope. Never seen him a day in
my life.’’ She also testified that she did not know who the person was.
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cumulative effect of the evidence, along with the infer-
ences that the jury reasonably could have drawn there-
from, was more than sufficient to establish beyond a
reasonable doubt the defendant’s identity as the perpe-
trator.
Notwithstanding this evidence, as we stated pre-
viously in this opinion, the defendant raises three
grounds in support of his claim that the evidence was
insufficient to establish his identity as the perpetrator.
The first ground concerns the lack of eyewitnesses.
Specifically, the defendant asserts that ‘‘[t]he state
failed to produce any eyewitnesses who could testify
that the defendant was the intruder who committed
the charged offenses’’ and that, ‘‘[w]ithout a positive
identification of the intruder, no reasonable juror could
conclude that the man’s identity was proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.’’11 The defendant, however, has pro-
vided no authority to support the assertion that identity
must be established by way of eyewitness testimony.
11
We note that, although the victim did not make an identification of the
defendant as the perpetrator by way of a lineup or photographic array, in
her testimony at trial she provided a general description of the perpetrator
as a tall and dark skinned male, with an approximate height of five feet,
nine inches, to five feet, ten inches, with ‘‘fuzz on his chin,’’ wearing blue
jeans and a black hoodie. She also testified that, after she found papers
bearing the defendant’s name in her bedroom, she conducted a search for
the name using Google, and a picture associated with the name appeared
that resembled the perpetrator, although that picture was never introduced
into evidence. The state asserts that the victim’s testimony constitutes eye-
witness identification evidence, which the defendant has ignored. The defen-
dant argues on appeal that the victim’s testimony to that effect was unreliable
and that her ‘‘identification’’ of the defendant resulted from an impermissibly
suggestive procedure, although the defendant never challenged the admissi-
bility of that testimony at trial. As we have stated in this opinion, the
defendant’s challenge to the reliability of the victim’s ‘‘identification’’ testi-
mony has been raised for the first time on appeal and, thus, we decline to
review it. See footnote 7 of this opinion. Moreover, in light of our determina-
tion that eyewitness identification evidence is not required to establish
identity and that the cumulative effect of the circumstantial evidence submit-
ted at trial was sufficient to establish the defendant’s identity as the perpetra-
tor to support the verdict, we need not address this issue further.
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The state counters, and we agree, that eyewitness testi-
mony is not required to establish identity.
In State v. Honsch, supra, 349 Conn. 783, the defen-
dant similarly raised on appeal a claim that the evidence
was insufficient to establish his identity as the perpetra-
tor of a murder. Id., 786. In Honsch, the state presented
circumstantial evidence that included fingerprint evi-
dence and consciousness of guilt evidence consisting
of statements made by the defendant as well as evidence
of his flight to Africa following the murder, all of which
our Supreme Court determined was ‘‘more than suffi-
cient to establish the defendant’s identity as the person
who murdered the victim.’’ Id., 812. Notably, despite
the absence of eyewitness identification evidence in
Honsch, our Supreme Court determined that the cir-
cumstantial evidence presented was sufficient to sup-
port the defendant’s identity as the person who commit-
ted the murder.
Similarly, in State v. Patrick M., supra, 344 Conn. 565,
our Supreme Court, after recognizing ‘‘that there was
no direct evidence, such as eyewitness testimony, or
physical evidence, such as DNA, linking the defendant’’
to the murder of his wife; id., 577; nonetheless con-
cluded that ‘‘the cumulative impact of the circumstan-
tial evidence was sufficient to satisfy the state’s burden
of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that it was the
defendant who murdered [his wife] with a firearm.’’
Id., 578. As the court explained, the absence of direct
evidence such as eyewitness testimony ‘‘does not pre-
clude a finding of guilt on the basis of circumstantial
evidence that satisfies the constitutional standard’’; id.,
577; especially given that courts ‘‘do not draw a distinc-
tion between direct and circumstantial evidence so far
as probative force is concerned . . . .’’ (Internal quota-
tion marks omitted.) Id.
Indeed, there is an abundance of case law in Connect-
icut demonstrating that a perpetrator’s identity may be
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State v. Makins

established beyond a reasonable doubt without eyewit-
ness identification evidence. See State v. Abraham,
supra, 343 Conn. 476 (finding sufficient evidence to
support conviction even though no eyewitnesses identi-
fied defendant as perpetrator); State v. Farnum, 275
Conn. 26, 36–37, 878 A.2d 1095 (2005) (rejecting con-
tention that, because no witness was able to identify
defendant as robber, evidence was insufficient to sup-
port conviction, as circumstantial evidence was suffi-
cient to establish defendant’s identity as perpetrator);
State v. Hazard, 201 Conn. App. 46, 55–56, 65, 240 A.3d
749 (there was sufficient evidence from which jury rea-
sonably could have found beyond reasonable doubt that
defendant was person who robbed storage facility even
though no eyewitness identified him as perpetrator),
cert. denied, 336 Conn. 901, 242 A.3d 711 (2020); State
v. Reddick, 153 Conn. App. 69, 76, 100 A.3d 439 (‘‘not-
withstanding [witness’] inability to conclusively identity
the defendant as the perpetrator, the jury reasonably
could have inferred [that he was] from the totality of
the evidence’’), cert. dismissed, 314 Conn. 934, 102 A.3d
85 (2014), and cert. denied, 315 Conn. 904, 104 A.3d 757
(2014); State v. James, 141 Conn. App. 124, 130, 60
A.3d 1011 (‘‘[a]lthough there was no direct, eyewitness
testimony placing the defendant at the crime staging
area, at the shooting itself, in the vehicle that fled from
the shooting or at the site where that vehicle was aban-
doned, we nevertheless [conclude] that there was suffi-
cient circumstantial evidence from which the jury rea-
sonably and permissibly could have inferred that the
defendant was one of the perpetrators of the shooting
and, thus, guilty of the crimes charged’’), cert. denied,
308 Conn. 932, 64 A.3d 331 (2013). Accordingly, the
defendant’s claim that, without a positive identification
made by an eyewitness, no juror could have concluded
beyond a reasonable doubt that he was the perpetrator
necessarily fails.
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Next, the defendant claims that the evidence was
insufficient because there was limited physical evi-
dence that tied him to the crimes.12 Specifically, he
argues that the DNA evidence was insufficient to prove
his identity as the perpetrator and to sustain his convic-
tion because it was ‘‘limited and inconclusive,’’ in that
it established only that he ‘‘could be’’ included as a
contributor. (Emphasis omitted.) He also asserts that,
‘‘[a]lthough [his] DNA was found on the [victim’s] arm
and hand, there is no method for determining how DNA
ends up on an item.’’ In this regard, he suggests that it
could have been deposited via a secondary transfer in
which the DNA is ‘‘transferred from the original source
to an item that then comes into contact with a second
item or individual.’’ We are not persuaded.
First, the victim’s testimony provided the jury with
an explanation of why the defendant’s DNA was found
on her, and it was within the province of the jury to
find her explanation credible.13 See State v. Fleming,
12
In his principal appellate brief, the defendant also suggests that law
enforcement failed to thoroughly investigate the crime scene. In support of
this assertion, he directs this court’s attention to the facts that no fingerprint
evidence was gathered, no blood was detected on the bedsheets and water
bottles, despite the victim’s assertion that she struck the perpetrator in the
head with a glass object that shattered, and certain of the swabs taken from
the crime scene had not been sent to the state forensic laboratory for
processing. We conclude that these claimed inadequacies in the investigation
do not undermine the sufficiency of the evidence that was submitted at
trial. As we stated previously in his opinion, in assessing the sufficiency of
the evidence, ‘‘we must focus on the evidence presented, not the evidence
that the state failed to present . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
State v. Abraham, supra, 343 Conn. 477.
13
Specifically, the victim testified that she had engaged in a physical
altercation with the perpetrator. During that altercation, the perpetrator
attempted to hold the victim down on her bed, but she struggled and started
punching him in an attempt to fight him off. When that was unsuccessful,
she grabbed a glass statue that was by her bedside and hit the perpetrator
over the head with it, causing it to shatter. According to the victim’s testi-
mony, during this incident the perpetrator pulled down his pants and under-
wear and exposed his penis, which she grabbed and held onto, causing the
perpetrator to put her in a chokehold. In light of this testimony, the jury
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111 Conn. App. 337, 345, 958 A.2d 1271 (2008) (‘‘[I]t is
fully within the province of the jury to determine what
weight . . . testimony is afforded. [W]e must defer to
the jury’s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses
based on its firsthand observation of their conduct,
demeanor and attitude.’’ (Internal quotation marks
omitted.)), cert. denied, 290 Conn. 903, 962 A.2d 794
(2009). Moreover, even if there were an alternative rea-
sonable inference as to how the defendant’s DNA
became deposited on the victim, as we discussed pre-
viously in this opinion, the jury ‘‘is not required to accept
as dispositive those inferences that are consistent with
the defendant’s innocence.’’ (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) State v. Patrick M., supra, 344 Conn. 575.

Second, the defendant’s contention that the presence
of his DNA on the victim, alone, is not dispositive of
his identity as the perpetrator14 ignores the fact that the
jury had before it substantial circumstantial evidence
in addition to the DNA evidence. Indeed, as we have
noted in this opinion, we ‘‘do not draw a distinction
between direct and circumstantial evidence so far as
probative force is concerned’’; (internal quotation
marks omitted) State v. Abraham, supra, 343 Conn. 477;
reasonably could have inferred that the defendant deposited his DNA on
the victim during the physical altercation.
14
We also note that the defendant’s contention fails to recognize the
compelling nature of the DNA evidence. See State v. Smith, 280 Conn. 285,
309, 907 A.2d 73 (2006) (‘‘persuasive force of DNA evidence cannot be
ignored’’); State v. Durdek, 184 Conn. App. 492, 511 n.10, 195 A.3d 388 (‘‘there
was compelling and otherwise unexplained DNA evidence that placed the
defendant at the scene and in sexual contact with the victim’’), cert. denied,
330 Conn. 934, 194 A.3d 1197 (2018); Jones v. Commissioner of Correction,
169 Conn. App. 405, 413, 150 A.3d 757 (2016) (finding that there was ‘‘compel-
ling evidence identifying the petitioner as a contributor to DNA contained
within a sample of biological material collected in relation to [a] sexual
assault’’), cert. denied, 324 Conn. 909, 152 A.3d 1246 (2017); State v. Quail,
168 Conn. App. 743, 766, 148 A.3d 1092 (recognizing that, ‘‘in particular
criminal convictions, DNA evidence may be the most compelling evidence
of an accused’s guilt’’), cert. denied, 323 Conn. 938, 151 A.3d 385 (2016).
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State v. Makins

and, in this case, the jury was presented with both
physical evidence and circumstantial evidence of the
defendant’s guilt, which, taken cumulatively, provided
a sufficient basis for the jury’s verdict. See State v.
Marcu, supra, 230 Conn. App. 292 (‘‘[i]f it is reasonable
and logical for the [fact finder] to conclude that a basic
fact or an inferred fact is true, the [fact finder] is permit-
ted to consider the fact proven and may consider it in
combination with other proven facts in determining
whether the cumulative effect of all the evidence proves
the defendant guilty of all the elements of the crime
charged beyond a reasonable doubt’’ (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
Finally, the defendant claims that the jury could not
reasonably have relied on the video of his police inter-
view in concluding that the state had proven identity
beyond a reasonable doubt in light of ‘‘the magical think-
ing that he displayed’’; see footnote 6 of this opinion; and
the fact that he made both inculpatory and exculpatory
statements,15 which he argues precluded the jury from
construing his statements as a confession. This claim
warrants little discussion.
The video of the police interview of the defendant
was admitted into evidence without objection, and on
appeal, the defendant has not argued that its admission
was improper. Consequently, he cannot now argue that
15
Specifically, the defendant notes that, although he admitted during the
police interview that he had gone to a dentist’s office on the day of the
crime, he also stated in the interview that the woman ‘‘ ‘in the house’ ’’
that he entered was ‘‘ ‘Spanish’ and was a ‘light-skinned Puerto Rican girl,’
whereas the complainant in this case is African American.’’ The defendant
also points out that, during the interview, ‘‘he never mentioned having his
penis grabbed by a woman who was trying ‘to rip it off’ or getting hit hard
in the head with a glass sculpture that shattered.’’ Finally, the defendant
expresses that most of his statements to the police ‘‘focused on his claims
to be a member of the Illuminati and to have magic powers that enabled
him to walk through doors and windows and ‘create’ buildings, rivers, streets,
cars, and birds.’’ As a result, he asserts that the interview evidence is unrelia-
ble.
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the video should not have been considered by the jury
on the issue of identity. The law is clear that it is within
the jury’s exclusive province to determine what weight,
if any, to afford evidence and to determine the credibil-
ity of witnesses. See State v. Rivera, 187 Conn. App.
813, 841, 204 A.3d 4 (2019), aff’d, 335 Conn. 720, 240
A.3d 1039 (2020). The jury, therefore, was free to deter-
mine the credibility of the defendant’s statements dur-
ing the police interview and to consider his inculpatory
statements in assessing whether the state met its burden
of demonstrating beyond a reasonable doubt the defen-
dant’s identity as the perpetrator. ‘‘[W]e must defer to
the jury’s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses
based on its firsthand observation of their conduct,
demeanor and attitude. . . . This court cannot substi-
tute its own judgment for that of the jury if there is
sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict.’’ (Inter-
nal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Fleming, supra,
111 Conn. App. 345. Therefore, it would not have been
unreasonable for the jury to find credible certain of the
defendant’s statements to the police during the inter-
view, especially when, during that interview, the defen-
dant, unprompted, shared facts with the police that only
the perpetrator and the victim would have known, such
as that the victim had asked for water after the physical
altercation, among other things.
In summary, we conclude, on the basis of our review
of the record, that the cumulative force of the evidence
adduced at trial was sufficient to satisfy the state’s
burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant was the perpetrator of the burglary and
attempted sexual assault of the victim. Accordingly, the
defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
to establish his identity as the perpetrator fails.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.