Specter et al v. Rainbow King Lodge, Inc. et al

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA
JOLYN L. SPECTER, as Personal
Representative of the ESTATE OF JAMES E.
SPECTER, M.D., and on behalf of herself, and
the Surviving Family Members including
KEVIN SPECTER, and DAVID W. WOOD,
JR. and MARIANNE WOOD, Individually an
on behalf of the marital community,
Plaintiffs,
v.
TEXAS TURBINE CONVERSIONS, INC., a
Texas Corporation, RECON AIR
CORPORATION, a foreign corporation,
Defendants.
Case No. 3:17-cv-00194-TMB
ORDER ON PARTIES’
MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE DR.
KAUFMAN’S EXPERT TESTIMONY
(DKT. 166)
I. 	INTRODUCTION
The matter comes before the Court on Defendant Recon Air Corporation’s (“RAC”)
Motion in Limine to exclude Plaintiffs’ expert Jedidiah Kaufman, M.D., from testifying (the
“Motion”).1 The Motion has been fully briefed and is ready for decision.2 The Parties did not
request oral argument, and the Court finds it is not necessary for resolution of the matter. Based
on the following reasons, the Motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
1 Dkts. 166 (RAC Motion in Limine No. 6 re Kaufman); 232 (Texas Turbine Conversions (“TTC”)
Motion for Joinder). 	RAC and TCC are the remaining Defendants in this action and will be
referred to collectively as “Defendants.”
2 Dkts. 219 (Opposition to RAC’s Motion in Limine No. 6); 261 (RAC Reply).
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II. 	BACKGROUND
The background facts of this case are set out in detail in this Court’s order at Docket 313.
The facts are incorporated by reference and will not be repeated here.3
On July 12, 2020, RAC filed the instant Motion in Limine to preclude Plaintiffs’ expert
Dr. Kaufman from testifying.4 RAC argues that Dr. Kaufman’s “opinions and testimony should
be excluded from evidence because they do not meet the standard for admissibility under Federal
Rule of Evidence [(“FRE”)] 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 591
(1993).”5 Dr. Kaufman proffers opinions concerning the following topics: (1) James Specter’s
cause and manner of death; (2) Specter’s health at the time of death and potential longevity; (3)
David Wood’s injuries caused by the crash, including his traumatic brain injury and its long-term
impacts; and (4) Wood’s emotional state post-crash.6
On August 31, 2020, Plaintiffs filed an opposition, arguing that Dr. Kaufman’s testimony
as to Wood’s medical conditions and Specter’s medical conditions and cause of death was relevant
and reliable under FRE 702 and Daubert and should not be excluded.7
/ / /
/ / /
3 Dkt. 313 (Order on Parties’ Motions in Limine re Certain Expert Testimony).
4 Dkts. 166; 262.
5 Dkt. 166-1 at 2.
6 Id.; Dkt 219 at 3–18.
7 Dkt. 219 at 3–10, 16–18.
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III. 	LEGAL STANDARD
A. 	Motion in Limine and Relevancy
“‘A motion in limine is a procedural mechanism to limit in advance testimony or evidence
in a particular area’”8 and is “a well-recognized judicial practice authorized under case law.”9 A
court’s power to rule on motions in limine stems from “the court’s inherent power to manage the
course of trials.”10
FRE 401 “defines relevant evidence as ‘evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or
less probable than it would be without the evidence.’”11 “If evidence is relevant, it is generally
admissible under [FRE] 402.”12 “However, relevant evidence must be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury.”13
B. 	FRE 702 and Daubert
FRE 702 controls the admissibility of an expert’s opinion. FRE 702, as modified in light
of Daubert, provides that:
8 Hana Fin., Inc. v. Hana Bank, 735 F.3d 1158, 1162 n.4 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v.
Heller, 551 F.3d 1108, 1111 (9th Cir. 2009)).
9 Smith v. County of Riverside, No. EDCV 16-00227 JGB (KKx), 2018 WL 7500278, at *2 (C.D.
Cal. Nov. 14, 2008) (citing Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753, 758 (2000)).
10 Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41 n.4 (1984).
11 McCollough v. Johnson, Rodenburg & Lauinger, LLC, 637 F.3d 939, 953 (9th Cir. 2011)
(quoting United States v. Curtin, 489 F.3d 935, 943 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc)).
12 Id.
13 Id. (emphasis added) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 403).
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A witness who is qualified as an expert . . . may testify in the form of an
opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine
a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods;
and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the
facts of the case.14
The principles of Daubert apply to both scientific15 and “technical” or “other specialized”
knowledge.16 When determining the admissibility of such evidence in advance of trial, the court
undertakes a “gatekeeping” function to ensure that the jury’s consideration of evidence is not
contaminated by irrelevant or scientifically unsupported testimony.17
The Supreme Court has established a two-part analysis for determining whether expert
testimony is admissible: (1) “the trial court must make a ‘preliminary assessment of whether the
reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and of whether that
reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts in issue,’” i.e., whether the proffered
14 Fed. R. Evid. 702; see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993) (Daubert I).
15 Daubert I, 509 U.S. at 595.
16 Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141 (1999).
17 See United States v. Alatorre, 222 F.3d 1098, 1100–03 (9th Cir. 2000); Primiano v. Cook, 598
F.3d 558, 565 (9th Cir. 2010); United States v. Ruvalcaba-Garcia, 923 F.3d 1183, 1188 (9th Cir.
2019).
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testimony is reliable; and (2) the trial court “must ensure that the proposed expert testimony is
relevant and will serve to aid the trier of fact.”18
The reliability inquiry is “a flexible one.”19 Several factors that can be used to determine
the reliability of expert testimony are: (1) “whether a theory or technique can be tested”;
(2) “whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication”; (3) “the known or potential
error rate of the theory or technique”; and (4) “whether the theory or technique enjoys general
acceptance within the relevant scientific community.”20
The relevancy inquiry, requires the court to ensure that the proposed expert testimony is
“relevant to the task at hand,” i.e., that it “logically advances a material aspect of the proposing
party’s case.”21 Once an expert “meets the threshold established by FRE 702 as explained
in Daubert, the expert may testify and the jury decides how much weight to give that testimony.”22
18 United States v. Finley, 301 F.3d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Daubert I, 509 U.S. at
591–93); Estate of Barabin v. AstenJohnson Inc., 740 F.3d 457, 463 (9th Cir. 2014) (“We have
interpreted Rule 702 to require that ‘[e]xpert testimony . . . be both relevant and reliable.’”)
(quoting United States v. Vallejo, 237 F.3d 1008, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001)).
19 Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 150.
20 United States v. Hankey, 203 F.3d 1160, 1167 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Daubert I, 509 U.S. at
592–94).
21 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., 43 F.3d 1311, 1315 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Daubert II”); Estate of
Barabin, 740 F.3d at 463; Primiano, 598 F.3d at 656 (“‘Expert opinion testimony is relevant if the
knowledge underlying it has a valid connection to the pertinent inquiry.’”) (quoting United States
v. Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d 645, 654 (9th Cir. 2006)).
22 Primiano, 598 F.3d at 565; see also City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp., 750 F.3d 1036, 1044
(9th Cir. 2014) (“‘The district court is not tasked with deciding whether the expert is right or
wrong, just whether his testimony has substance such that it would be helpful to a jury.’”) (internal
alterations omitted) (quoting Alaska Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Avis Budget Group, Inc., 738 F.3d 960,
969–70 (9th Cir. 2013)).
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“Because medical expert opinion testimony ‘is based on specialized as distinguished from
scientific 	knowledge, 	the Daubert factors 	are 	not 	intended 	to 	be 	exhaustive 	or 	unduly
restrictive.’”23 “[M]edical knowledge is often uncertain” and a court “should admit medical expert
testimony if physicians would accept it as useful and reliable.”24
IV. 	DISCUSSION
A. 	RAC’s Motion in Limine to Exclude Plaintiffs’ Expert Dr. Kaufman
After considering Dr. Kaufman’s credentials and methodologies and Plaintiffs’ claims for
damages, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART RAC’s Motion in Limine to
exclude testimony from Plaintiffs’ expert Dr. Kaufman.
Plaintiffs’ expert Dr. Kaufman is a surgeon with twenty years of experience specializing
in general and advanced minimally invasive surgery, bariatric surgery, and upper and lower
endoscopies.25 Dr. Kaufman primarily performs emergency medical care for surgical consults and
has worked as a medical school instructor.26 Plaintiffs seek to introduce Dr. Kaufman’s testimony
to explain Specter’s cause and manner of death and to describe and contextualize Specter’s other
injuries.27 Dr. Kaufman would also opine on Specter’s life expectancy, had he not perished in the
crash.28 Plaintiffs also seek to introduce Dr. Kaufman’s testimony to describe Wood’s injuries,
23 Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d at 655 (quoting Sullivan v. U.S. Dep’t of the Navy, 365 F.3d 827,
834 (9th Cir. 2004)).
24 Id.
25 Dkts. 166-3 (Kaufman Depo.); 166-9 (Kaufman CV).
26 Dkts. 166-3 at 3:21–4:16, 5:10-13; 166-9 at 1–2.
27 See Dkts. 219 at 3–12; 166-2 (Kaufman Report).
28 Dkts. 219 at 11–13; 166-2 at 2.
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including eight broken ribs and a broken left fibula, as well as Wood’s head injury and its lasting
effects.29
As to Specter, RAC argues that Dr. Kaufman’s opinions should be excluded from evidence
at trial because Dr. Kaufman is not qualified to offer opinions about Specter’s life expectancy since
he is not a cardiologist and lacks the “requisite knowledge regarding Spector’s health prior to the
accident and the topic is not within [Dr.] Kaufman’s area of expertise.”30 Moreover, Dr. Kaufman’s
opinions failed to consider Specter’s medical history, further undermining his credibility.31 RAC
further argues that Dr. Kaufman’s opinions regarding Specter’s supposed post-impact pain and
suffering are based on speculation, rather than admissible evidence.32 Additionally, RAC argues
that Dr. Kaufman’s opinions will not assist the trier of fact because they ignore relevant evidence
and are unsupported by scientifically accepted analysis, testing, or methodology.33 Finally, RAC
argues that Dr. Kaufman’s “mere regurgitation of Specter’s autopsy report” would fail to assist the
jury and is intended to play to the jury’s emotions in a manner that is “both inflammatory and
unfairly prejudicial.”34
As to Wood, RAC argues that Dr. Kaufman’s opinions are similarly subject to exclusion
because “he is not qualified to render opinions which implicate or are based on neurology.”35
29 Dkts. 219 at 2–4, 16–18; 166-2 at 5–8.
30 Dkt. 166-1 at 2, 4, 6–7.
31 Id. at 9–12.
32 Id. at 2, 13–14.
33 Id. at 2.
34 Id. at 2, 11.
35 Id. at 2, 8.
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Further, RAC argues that Dr. Kaufman’s opinions regarding Wood are speculative and would be
“unhelpful to a jury because of [Dr.] Kaufman’s decision to ignore relevant material facts
regarding Wood’s medical condition, including but not limited to Wood’s own sworn testimony
about his condition[.]”36 Finally, RAC argues that Dr. “Kaufman’s opinions regarding Wood’s
purported traumatic brain injury are not scientifically tested and are not based on objective and
verifiable data, reasoning, or accepted methodology; rather, they are based on conjecture and/or
unscientific methods and sources.”37
Plaintiffs counter that Dr. Kaufman has ample experience and qualifications to offer
medical opinions regarding Specter and Wood’s injuries and Specter’s cause of death and life
expectancy based on Specter’s autopsy and the plaque buildup in Specter’s arteries.38 Further,
Plaintiffs argue that Dr. Kaufman’s testimony will assist the jury in resolving the damages issues
in the case.39
The Court agrees that Dr. Kaufman, a surgeon with over twenty years of training and
employment in the medical field and experience working with trauma patients, is sufficiently
qualified to offer opinions regarding Specter and Wood’s injuries at the crash site, including
Wood’s head or brain injury and Specter’s cause and manner of death. Further, it appears that a
doctor, especially a surgeon, of ordinary skill and training who examines an autopsy report would
know what plaque buildup in a decedent’s heart indicates such that Dr. Kaufman may offer
36 Id. at 2, 15.
37 Id. at 2.
38 Dkt. 219 at 3–16.
39 Id. at 8–11.
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opinions, based on his report, of Specter’s life expectancy.40 Additionally, insofar as Dr. Kaufman
offers testimony about what happened immediately prior to Specter’s death, he may discuss such
opinions if the foundation is properly laid and his opinions are based on facts in evidence and
medical records. If he assumes facts not in evidence or misstates the record, Defendants can object
at that time.41
RAC’s arguments in favor of total preclusion of Dr. Kaufman’s testimony go to factual
disagreement, bias, and weight, but not Dr. Kaufman’s actual qualifications or an absence of the
basis for opinions.42 Defendants are free to cross examine and impugn Dr. Kaufman’s conclusions
and methodologies, but the Court will not exclude such opinions at this time.
Although Dr. Kaufman, a trauma surgeon with experience diagnosing head injuries and
who reviewed Wood’s medical records and interviewed Wood and his family, sufficiently
establishes his credentials when it comes to the initial diagnoses that Wood suffered a head or
brain injury, there appears to be a Daubert issue regarding Dr. Kaufman’s testimony that Wood
has long-term brain damage with possible mental health effects. Given Dr. Kaufman’s credentials
40 Doe v. Cutter Biological, Inc., a Div. of Miles Lab., Inc., 971 F.2d 375, 385 (9th Cir. 1992
(“Ordinarily, courts impose no requirement that an expert be a specialist in a given filed, although
there may be a requirement that he or she be of a certain profession, such as a doctor.”) (citation
omitted); Moreno v. Los Angeles Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 2:13–cv–07570–CAS(MANx), 2015
WL 4652637, at *12 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 3, 2015) (“‘[A] medical doctor’s testimony regarding the
cause of an injury may be based on experience and review of medical records only.’”) (quoting
Kennedy v. Collagen Corp., 161 F.3d 1226, 1227, n.1 (9th Cir.1998)); see also Sandoval-Mendoza,
472 F.3d at 655.
41 See Garcia, No. CV 5:18-00839 SJO (ASx), 2019 WL 4282903, at *13.
42 See Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 982 (9th Cir. 2011) (Daubert does not require
a court to admit or to exclude evidence based on its persuasiveness; rather it requires a court to
admit or exclude evidence based on its scientific reliability and relevance) (citing Daubert I, 509
U.S. at 590).
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and 	methodologies 	used, 	there 	is 	insufficient 	foundation 	to 	support 	these 	conclusions.
Dr. Kaufman, as a surgeon specializing in minimally invasive and bariatric surgeries, does not
have expertise to opine on the long-term effects of brain injuries or on Wood’s long-term
prognosis, and Dr. Kaufman admits he did not conduct neurological tests or examinations on Wood
or review other reports supporting his conclusions.43 Instead, Dr. Kaufman appears to base his
conclusions about the lasting effects of Wood’s brain injuries only on anecdotal evidence from
interviews with Wood’s immediate family,44 and Plaintiffs appears to concede as much.45
Additionally, an expert is generally not permitted to opine or to voice opinions not
expressed in the expert’s report.46 In Dr. Kaufman’s deposition testimony, he speculates about
links between Alzheimer’s and traumatic brain injuries and a possible prognosis for Wood, but
such opinions are unsupported by his background training or other medical studies and were not
included in his report.47
Further, expert testimony is not admissible if it is speculative.48 Dr. Kaufman does not have
the requisite experience or training to opine on Wood’s mental or emotional state or mental health
issues, and Dr. Kaufman’s testimony to this effect would be purely speculative and thus unreliable
43 See Dkt. 166-7 at 3:7–11.
44 Dkt. 166-2 at 6 (“[Wood’s] wife and children definitely believe his memory changed after the
accident with different recall and attention span.”).
45 See Dkt. 219 at 16.
46 Garcia v. County of Riverside, No. CV 5:18-00839 SJO (ASx), 2019 WL 4282903, at *16 (C.D.
Cal. June 7, 2019).
47 See Dkts. 166-7 at 4:1–24, 5:1–17, 6:2–8; 166-2.
48 See Gen. Elec. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997); Moreno No. 2:13–cv–07570–CAS(MANx),
2015 WL 4652637, at *11.
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and unhelpful to the jury. Moreover, there is no reason why Wood and other fact witnesses could
not provide a reliable first-hand account of Wood’s demeanor immediately following the accident
and in the months and years following the crash. Thus, despite Dr. Kaufman’s testimony regarding
the effects of Wood’s head injury and emotional state being relevant to Plaintiffs’ damages claim,
such testimony must be excluded based on its lack of reliability.
With respect to his opinions on the manner and cause of Specter’s death, Specter’s health
at his time of death, the Court finds that Dr. Kaufman is an expert with appropriate experience and
credentials, that his medical opinions were based on a review of medical records, and that
Dr. Kaufman’s opinions are relevant to Plaintiffs’ damages claim. Likewise, Dr. Kaufman is
qualified to discuss Wood’s injuries caused by the crash based on his review of medical records
and his own interviews with Wood and Wood’s family and such opinions are also relevant to
Plaintiffs’ damages claim. However, Dr. Kaufman will not be permitted to offer his opinion or
testimony on the long-term effects of Wood’s head injury and Wood’s mental and emotional state
following the crash. 49
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, RAC’s Motion to exclude Plaintiffs’ expert
Jedidiah Kaufman, M.D at Docket 166 is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART;
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated at Anchorage, Alaska, this 8th day of December 2020.
/s/ Timothy M. Burgess
TIMOTHY M. BURGESS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
49 See Garlick v. County of Kern, No. 1:13-CV-01051-LJO-JLT, 2016 WL 1461841, at *4 (E.D.
Cal. Apr. 14, 2016).
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