Douglas v. Gehman

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
In re: 	STANLEY A. GEHMAN and 	No. 13-10-13396 JA
CATHY S. GEHMAN,
Debtors.
PASCALE DOUGLAS,
Plaintiff,
v. 	Adversary No. 10-1157 J
STANLEY A. GEHMAN,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
THIS MATTER is before the Court following a trial on the merits to determine the
dischargeability of debt under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). 	Plaintiff, Pascale Douglas, was
represented by William Hoskovec. 	Defendant, Stanley A. Gehman, was represented by Dennis
Banning. 	Plaintiff’s claim arises from Defendant’s sale of residential property to Plaintiff. 	As
part of the sale of the property, Defendant signed a disclosure stating that there were no known
defects in the home, including water leaks. 	Shortly after Plaintiff moved into the property, the
roof leaked badly. 	In attempting to repair the leak, Plaintiff discovered that a suspended ceiling
had been constructed in the living room, and that the vaulted ceiling it concealed and the roof
showed extensive deterioration, including split rafters, evidence of prior leaks, and fire damage.
In addition, the roof covering the vaulted ceiling was not structurally sound. 	Plaintiff contends
that Defendant knew that the roof of the home was in poor condition and that he made a false
representation to her by signing the disclosure stating that the home had no known defects.
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After consideration of the evidence presented at trial, including the exhibits and testimony of the
witnesses, and being otherwise sufficiently informed, the Court finds that the Defendant was
unaware of the extent of the previous damage to the roof, that he made repairs to the home in
good faith, and that he did not knowingly misrepresent the condition of the property to Plaintiff.
Consequently, Plaintiff cannot sustain her claim of non-dischargeability under 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(2)(A).
FACTS
1. 	In the spring of 2008, Defendant Stanley A. Gehman purchased certain residential
real property located at 1908 Sanford SW, Albuquerque, New Mexico (the “Property”) for
$79,500.00.
2. 	Defendant purchased the Property with the intent to fix it up and sell it for a
profit.
3. 	The Property was a bank-owned property that had been vacant for some time.
4. 	Defendant did not obtain a full inspection of the Property when he purchased it
because he planned to fix up whatever was required before attempting to sell it.
5. 	To finance Defendant’s purchase of the Property and the anticipated repairs and
improvements to the Property, Defendant obtained a construction loan from New Mexico Bank
and Trust in the amount of $98,000.00.
6. 	An appraisal of the Property prepared for New Mexico Bank and Trust as of May
28, 2008 reflected a value of $145,000, as the estimated prospective market value for the
Property as improved. See Defendant’s Exhibit E. The appraisal reflects that the Property was
built in 1979. Id.
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7. 	Defendant did not do any of the construction work on the Property himself. The
terms and conditions of his loan from New Mexico Bank and Trust prohibited him from
performing the construction work himself.
8. 	When Defendant purchased the Property the center portion of the ceiling above
the living room was vaulted and covered with textured and painted drywall.
9. 	Defendant walked through the Property and made handwritten notes for the
repairs and improvements he planned to make to the Property. See Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4.
Defendant faxed these notes to Mike Ortiz, a general contractor, to request a bid. Id.
10. 	The handwritten notes include sketches of the rooms in the Property, remarks
about the types of cabinets and finishes Defendant planned to use in the Property, and the
following comments regarding the roof: 	1) “repair roof (hip rafters)”; 2) “repair roof hip
rafters”; 3) “repair rafters and dry wall”; 4) “brace low spots on roof”; 5) “install new shingles,
sheeting where needed”; 6) “brace up roof”; 7) “repair bad roof sheeting”; and 8) “install repair
new trusses rafters over living room.” Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4; Defendant’s Exhibit O.
11. 	Defendant made these notes because he had some questions about the roof and
wanted to make sure that he discussed it with the contractor. 	Defendant could see from the
outside of the Property that the ridgeline of the roof was sagged.
12. 	In May of 2008, Michael Ortiz/Zitro Construction prepared a proposal for work to
be performed at the Property. 	See Plaintiff’s Exhibit 3; Defendant’s Exhibit O. 	The total
amount of the bid was $32,292.00. 	Id.
13. 	At that time, Michael Ortiz was the owner of Zitro Construction Services, Inc.
(“Zitro Construction”).
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14. 	Defendant hired Zitro Construction to perform work on the Property. 	Id. The
Contractor Agreement signed by the Defendant and Michael Ortiz, on behalf of Zitro
Construction, included the following provisions: 	1) 	“[t]o the extent required by law all work
shall be performed by individuals duly licensed and authorized by law to perform said work”;
and 2) “contractor shall at its own expense obtain all permits necessary for the work to be
performed.” 	See Plaintiff’s Exhibit 3; Defendant’s Exhibit O.
15. 	Zitro Construction performed work on the Property, including the addition of
material to brace up the roof and the installation of a suspended ceiling where the ceiling was
vaulted.
16. 	Michael Ortiz testified that the ceiling was dropped to make the room look better
cosmetically. 	See Exhibit 101 - Deposition of Michael Ortiz, p. 15, lines 16 – 22 (“it says ‘raise
some rafters.’ That was an area where the rafter was - - the line coming down the roof was - -
basically, it didn’t look cosmetically good. So we adjusted and put a false, nonstructure, dropped
ceiling in that area to cosmetically make that room a little better.”).
17. 	Defendant did not see Mr. Ortiz or his crew doing the majority of the work on the
Property.
18. 	The underlying roof structure was not visible when Defendant purchased the
Property, nor was it visible when the suspended ceiling was installed, though Defendant testified
that he saw one board being put up during the time Mr. Ortiz installed the suspended ceiling.
Defendant did not see any split rafters.
19. 	During the time of the remodel, Defendant lived in Edgewood and worked
twelve-hour night-shifts in Grants, a 212- mile round trip. 	Typically he would stop by the
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Property on Friday on his way home from work to check on the progress of the work being done
on the Property.
20. 	In his deposition, Mr. Ortiz testified that the work Zitro Construction performed
was not structural, and did not require a permit. 	See Deposition of Michael Ortiz - Exhibit 101 ,
pp. 21 – 22; p. 24; p. 28 lines 5 – 11; p. 29 lines 11 – 14; p. 40, lines 3 – 12; p. 41, lines 2 – 7; p.
46, lines 20 – 25; p. 47, lines 1 -4 and lines 18 – 24.
21. 	Defendant testified that Mr. Ortiz told him that he would get permits if they were
needed, and that the work to be done was not structural and did not require a permit. 	Defendant
also testified that Mr. Ortiz told him that the bowing in the roofline was normal.
22. 	Defendant relied on Mr. Ortiz’s assurances that the work he performed was not
structural and did not require a permit.
23. 	Defendant ultimately fired Mr. Ortiz and Zitro Construction in November of 2008
because of mismanagement of the project. 	See Plaintiff’s Exhibit 9. 	Defendant was frustrated
with Mr. Ortiz because Mr. Ortiz was not returning phone calls or responding to Defendant’s
requests to complete the project. 	Defendant believed that Mr. Ortiz secured a bigger job in
Santa Fe and that he slacked off working on the Property after that time.
24. 	The work on the suspended ceiling was completed early on in the project, before
Defendant became dissatisfied with Mr. Ortiz and Zitro Construction.
25. 	Defendant hired Reputable Plumbing and Heating, a licensed plumber to do all
the plumbing work on the Property.
26. 	Defendant hired Padilla Electric, a licensed electrical contractor to do all of the
electrical work on the Property.
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27. 	Gilbert Padilla performed the electrical work on the Property, including wiring for
two bedrooms, the kitchen, front living room, bathroom and utility room.
28. 	When Mr. Padilla first saw the Property, the vaulted portion of the ceiling was
covered in sheetrock that was textured and painted.
29. 	Mr. Padilla obtained an electrical permit for the work he performed.
30. 	Mr. Padilla’s electrical work passed inspection.
31. 	In the room in which Zitro Construction installed the suspended ceiling, Mr.
Padilla ran some wiring for a fan and light switch. That work was performed after the
framework for the suspended ceiling was installed.
32. 	Defendant replaced flooring, cabinets, countertops, appliances, and lighting
fixtures in the Property.
33. 	Defendant spent about $56,000.00 to fix up the Property for sale. 	See
Defendant’s Exhibits H, I, J, K, L, M, and N; Plaintiff’s Exhibits 5, 6, and 7.
34. 	Defendant retained Beth Beaver as his realtor to list the Property for sale.
35. 	Ms. Beaver listed the Property for sale in October of 2008.
36. 	The Property was advertised as “a darling remodel.”
37. 	The first interested buyer, Erika Lopez, made an offer to purchase the Property
and obtained a general inspection of the Property in January of 2009. See Defendant’s Exhibit C.
38. 	The general inspection identified certain repairs that needed to be done to the
Property, including certain roof repairs for damaged shingles. Id.
39. 	David Lujan, a licensed roofer, performed roof maintenance to the Property in
response to the general inspection report. See Defendant’s Exhibit D.
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40. 	Ms. Lopez moved into the Property in January of 2009 under a lease-purchase
agreement. Because she was ultimately unable to obtain financing, she did not close on the sale
of the Property, and moved out in or around May of 2009.
41. 	During the time that Ms. Lopez lived in the Property, Ms. Lopez did not report
any roof leaks to the realtor, Ms. Beaver. Nor did Ms. Lopez report any roof leaks in the
Property to Defendant.
42. 	Plaintiff made an offer to purchase the Property from Defendant in May of 2009.
See Defendant’s Exhibit P.
43. 	Plaintiff was provided with a copy of the general inspection report for the
Property prepared for Ms. Lopez. 	That report did not disclose any water leaks or fire damage.
44. 	Plaintiff chose not to get another inspection of the Property before closing on the
sale.
45. 	Plaintiff purchased the Property for $123,000.00.
46. 	In connection with the sale of the Property to Plaintiff, Defendant signed and
delivered to Plaintiff a Seller’s Property Disclosure Statement.
47. 	In the Seller’s Property Disclosure Statement, Defendant affirmatively stated that
he was unaware of the following: a) any problems with interior walls, ceilings, doors, windows,
floors, or attached floor coverings . . .; and b) any history of water leaks repairs of conditions
involving water leaks, water infiltration, ponding under or around structure/crawlspace or other
conditions which could be conducive to mold. 	See Plaintiff’s Exhibit 8.
48. 	The Seller’s Property Disclosure Statement has a section pertaining to roofs,
gutters and downspouts. 	In that section the Defendant checked the box indicating that, to the
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best of Defendant’s actual knowledge, the roof had never leaked while he owned the Property.
Id.
49. 	On the last page of the Seller’s Property Disclosure Statement there is a section
titled “Other” where the seller can list “any other information pertaining to the condition of the
Property not addressed in the questions listed above.” Id. 	This portion of the Seller’s
Disclosure Statement is crossed out. 	No additional information about the condition of the
Property was disclosed in this section.
50. 	Plaintiff closed on the sale and moved in to the Property in July of 2009.
51. 	In September of 2009, Plaintiff experienced a very serious roof leak in the
Property. 	She analogized the ceiling to a colander. 	Her fiancé removed the newly installed
portion of the ceiling and the plaster that covered the vaulted ceiling.
52. 	The exposed roof under the vaulted ceiling revealed evidence of prior water
damage, split rafters, and possible fire damage. 	See Plaintiff’s Exhibits 16 – 43.
53. 	Frank Shultz, a licensed general contractor, inspected the Property after the
damage occurred. 	He testified that the work performed on the Property from which the
suspended ceiling was constructed consisted of supplemental roof bracing that was structural in
nature, that the work would have required a permit, and that, in his opinion, if the work had been
inspected it would not have passed inspection.
54. 	Steve Spensley, a licensed general contractor with thirty-two years of experience,
also inspected the Property in 2010, after the extensive roof leak had occurred. 	Mr. Spensley
testified that the supports that were added to the ceiling framing from which the suspended
ceiling was hung transferred part of the weight of the roof to the ceiling framing. 	He testified
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further that the work performed on the Property was structural, was unsafe, and would definitely
have required a permit.
55. 	An additional general inspection of the Property before the leak occurred would
not likely have uncovered evidence of fire damage, the history of roof leaks, or the structural
problems with the roof.
56. 	Defendant first learned of the leaking roof from Beth Beaver. 	He did not see the
underlying roof structure before that time.
57. 	After learning of the leak, Defendant cooperated with Plaintiff by providing her a
copy of the contract with Zitro Construction and by providing her with a copy of the handwritten
notes describing the repairs and improvements he intended to make to the Property.
58. 	Defendant Stanley A. Gehman and his wife, Cathy Gehman, filed a voluntary
petition under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code on July 3, 2010.
DISCUSSION
Debts obtained by false representations, false pretenses, or actual fraud are non-
dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).1 A creditor seeking a non-dischargeability
determination under this section bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that: 1) the debtor made a false representation; 2) the debtor made the representation
with the intent to deceive the creditor; 3) the creditor relied on the representation; 4) the
creditor’s reliance was justifiable; and 5) the debtor’s representation caused the creditor to
1 That section provides:
A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge
an individual debtor from any debt—
(2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit to the
extent obtained by –
(A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement
respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition.
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
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sustain a loss.2 Here, the alleged false representation was contained in the Seller’s Disclosure
Statement. 	Defendant signed the disclosure statement stating that to his knowledge there were
no defects in the Property, when, in fact, the roof was structurally unsound, had a history of
water leaks, and had fire damage. If the Defendant did not know, or have reason to know, at the
time he made the representation that there were any defects in the Property, Defendant’s
statement in the Disclosure Statement was true.
To satisfy the criteria for non-dischargeability of a debt, Defendant must have made a
false representation with intent to deceive Plaintiff. Riebesell, 586 F.3d at 791 (citing Young, 91
F.3d at 1375). 	Intent to deceive can be inferred based on the totality of the circumstances
surrounding the false representation. 3 If the misrepresentation was made knowingly, the Court
can infer that the misrepresentation was made with the requisite intent to deceive. See Young, 91
F.3d at 1375 (acknowledging that intent to deceive may be inferred based on a “knowingly made
false statement.”)(quoting Swanson v. Tam (In re Tam), 136 B.R. 281, 286 (Bankr.D.Kan.
1992)(quoting Henry v. McClure (In re McClure), 99 B.R. 66, 69 (Bankr.D.Kan. 1986)(internal
quotation marks omitted)). 	Intent to deceive can also be established from circumstantial
evidence that includes a defendant’s reckless disregard for the truth or accuracy of the
representations.4 But in order to conclude that the Defendant acted with the requisite fraudulent
2 See Fowler Bros. v. Young (In re Young), 91 F.3d 1367, 1373 (10 th Cir. 1996)(the required elements under 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) are: “[t]he debtor made a false representation; the debtor made the representation with the
intent to deceive the creditor; the creditor relied on the representation; the creditor’s reliance was [justifiable]; and
the debtor’s representation caused the creditor to sustain a loss.”); Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 116 S.Ct. 437, 133
L.Ed.2d. 351 (1995) (changing the standard of reliance under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) from “reasonable” to
“justifiable.”). See also, In re Riebesell, 586 F.3d 782, 789 (10 th Cir. 2009)(same).
3In re Abeyta, 387 B.R. 846, 854 (Bankr.D.N.M. 2008)(citing Young, 91 F.3d at 1375).
4In re Daviscourt, 353 B.R. 674, 685 (10th Cir. BAP 2006)(“Intent to deceive under this subsection [§ 523(a)(2)(A)]
may be inferred from the totality of the circumstances, and includes reckless disregard of the truth.”)(citation
omitted); Blascak v. Sprague (In re Sprague), 205 B.R. 851, 861 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1997)(acknowledging that
“intent to deceive may be inferred from representations made in reckless disregard for their accuracy or
truth.”)(citations omitted).
See also, Driggs v. Black (In re Black), 787 F.2d 503, 506 (10 th Cir. 1986)(interpreting § 523(a)(2)(B), and stating
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intent, there must be some indication as a whole that “‘presents a picture of deceptive conduct by
the debtor which indicates an intent to deceive the creditor.’” In re Davis, 246 B.R. 646, 652
(10 th Cir. BAP 2000)(quoting (quoting 3 William L. Norton, Jr. Norton Bankruptcy Law and
Practice 2d § 47:16, n. 62 (1999)(citing In re Devers,759 F.2d 751 (9th Cir. 1985)), aff'd in part,
vacated in part, and remanded by 35 Fed.Appx. 826 (10 th Cir. 2002)).
There is no doubt, based on the testimony and photographic evidence presented at trial,
that the roof at the Property had serious damage at the time Defendant purchased the Property,
including poorly repaired split rafters, a leaking roof, prior fire damage, and a structurally
unsound roof. The evidence also established that the work performed by Zitro Construction was,
in fact, structural in nature, and likely contributed to the serious leak Plaintiff experienced shortly
after she purchased the Property. 	However, the evidence falls short of establishing that
Defendant made a knowing misrepresentation of the condition of the Property with intent to
deceive Plaintiff. 	Consequently, Plaintiff cannot sustain her non-dischargeability claim against
Defendant under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
When Defendant purchased the Property, the ceiling was vaulted and covered with
plaster. 	He did not see the rafters underneath the vaulted ceiling, the fire damage, or the wood
roof deck. Defendant observed from the exterior of the Property that the roofline was sagging,
but hired a contractor to address the problem. 	The contractor told Defendant that the sagging
roofline was normal, undertook to brace the roof, and installed a suspended ceiling to improve
the cosmetic look of the interior of the Property. 	He assured Defendant that the work he
performed was not structural and did not require a permit. 	Defendant relied on the licensed
contractor he hired. 	From Defendant’s perspective, he hired a licensed contractor, a licensed
that “the requisite intent may be inferred from a sufficiently reckless disregard of the accuracy of the
facts.”)(citations omitted).
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plumber, and a licensed electrician to make repairs to the Property to address any existing
problems. He updated the fixtures and finishes in the Property in order to improve the Property
for sale. 	There is no evidence that Defendant knew or should have known that the roof had
serious problems. There is no evidence that the roof leaked from the time Defendant acquired
the Property until Plaintiff experienced the leak in September of 2009. 	Defendant testified that
this Property was his first (and likely last) attempt at buying a residential property to fix up for
resale. 	He was not sophisticated in home construction or repair. 5
“Proof of intent to deceive is measured by the debtor’s subjective intention at the time the
representation was made.” In re Cooper, 2011 WL 722537, *4 (Banrk.N.D.Ill. 2011)(citing
Mega Marts, Inc. v. Trevisan (In re Trevisan), 300 B.R. 708, 717 (Bankr.E.D.Wis.
2003)(remaining citations omitted). Here, Defendant signed the Disclosure Statement
representing that to the best of his knowledge there were no known defects in the Property. The
surrounding facts and circumstances do not suggest that Defendant made a knowing
misrepresentation, or that, by relying on the licensed contractor he hired to improve the Property,
he acted with reckless disregard for the truth sufficient to infer intent to deceive.6
5The facts of this case starkly contrast with the facts in In re Osborne, 2010 WL 4117464 (Bankr.M.D.Fla. 2010),
another case involving a non-dischargeability claim arising from statements contained in a seller’s disclosure
statement regarding the condition of the roof. In Osborne, the debtors observed evidence of water leakage and
other damage to the roof, including water rot and termite damage. 2010 WL 4117464 at *2. The debtors undertook
to complete their own repairs by covering some of the rotten wood with new beams and shingles, installing new
plywood on top of existing shingles, and joining new wooden beams to damaged beams, despite not having any
roofing experience and despite not having a license to perform roofing work. Id. Debtors did not consult a licensed
contractor, and did not obtain any permits for the work. Id. Nevertheless, Debtors represented in the seller’s
disclosure statement that 1) they had no knowledge of termites or dry rot; 2) they were not aware of any
improvements whether done by them, or others that were constructed without obtaining required permits; 3) they
were not aware of any roof defects; 4) he roof had not leaked since they owned the property; and 5) they had taken
actions to correct the roof. Id. at *4. They also represented that the roof had been replaced. Id.
Here, there is no evidence that Defendant saw the extent of the pre-existing damage to the roof. He did not
attempt to make any repairs or improvements to the Property himself. He hired licensed contractors. He did not
represent to Plaintiff that the roof had been replaced.
6 Cf. Sprague, 205 B.R. at 861 (stating that “demonstrating ‘gross recklessness’ would warrant a finding of
deceptive intent.”)(citation omitted).
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CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to sustain a claim for
non-dischargeability of debt under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). The surrounding facts and
circumstances are insufficient to infer that Defendant’s subjective intent in signing the
Disclosure Statement was to deceive Plaintiff about the condition of the roof on the Property.
Because Defendant did not have the requisite intent to deceive, the Court need not address the
elements of justifiable reliance and damages.
This Memorandum Opinion constitutes the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of
law issued in accordance with rule 7052, Fed.R.Bankr.P. 	A judgment consistent with this
Memorandum Opinion will be entered.
_________________________________
ROBERT H. JACOBVITZ
United States Bankruptcy Judge
Date entered on docket: November 1, 2011
COPY TO:
William Ervin Hoskovec
Law Office of William E. Hoskovec, P.C.
Attorney for Plaintiff
PO Box 3700
Edgewood, NM 87015
Dennis A Banning
Banning Law Firm
Attorney for Defendant
10801 Lomas Blvd NE #104
Albuquerque, NM 87112
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