The Extended Stay Litigation Trust et al v. DL-DW Holdings, LLC et al

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT 	NOT FOR PUBLICATION
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
:
In re: 	: 	Chapter 7
Extended Stay Inc., et al., 	:
: 	Case No. 09-13764-JLG
Reorganized Debtors. 	: 	(Jointly Administered)
:
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
Finbarr O’Connor, as Trustee for and on behalf of the 	:
Extended Stay Litigation Trust, and The Extended Stay 	:
Litigation Trust, 	:
:
Plaintiffs, 	:
: 	Adv. Pro. No. 11-02254-JLG
-v- 	:
:
DL-DW Holdings, L.L.C., et al., 	:
:
Defendants. 	:
------------------------------------------------------------------------x
MEMORANDUM DECISION GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR
SANCTIONS AGAINST DEFENDANT POLAR EXTENDED STAY (USA) L.P.
A P P E A R A N C E S :
VENABLE, LLP
Counsel for Plaintiffs
750 East Pratt Street, Suite 900
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
By: 	Gregory A. Cross, Esq.
Mitchell Y. Mirviss, Esq.
Evan T. Shea, Esq.
Rockefeller Center
1270 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10020
By: 	Matthew T. McLaughlin, Esq.
Michael A. Guerra, Esq.
Gary R. Dunn, Esq.
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 1 of 17

2
PETER M. LEVINE, ESQ.
Counsel for Polar Extended (USA) L.P.
444 Madison Avenue, Suite 410
New York, New York 10022
By: 	Peter M. Levine, Esq.
HON. JAMES L. GARRITY, JR.
U.S. BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
Introduction1
Finbarr O’Connor, as Successor Trustee (the “Trustee”) for the Extended Stay Litigation
Trust (“the Trust”, with the Trustee, the “Plaintiffs”) are plaintiffs in this adversary proceeding.
The matter before the Court is the Plaintiffs’ Notice of Motion for Sanctions Against Defendant
Polar Extended Stay (USA) L.P. (the “Motion”), ECF No. 457,2 for an order awarding the
Plaintiffs discovery sanctions against Polar Extended Stay (USA) L.P. (“Polar Extended”) in the
form of a default judgment against Polar Extended pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
37(b)(2)(A) and a monetary award equal to the Plaintiffs’ expenses, including attorney’s fees
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2)(C), for failing to comply with the Court’s
October 2020 Discovery Order and April 2022 Discovery Order.3
In support of the Motion, Plaintiffs have submitted the Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in
Support of Their Motion for Sanctions Against Defendant Polar Extended Stay (USA) L.P. (the
“Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law” or the “Pls.’ Mem.”), ECF No. 459, and the Declaration of
Gregory A. Cross in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions Against Defendant Polar
1 	Capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Motion and the Plaintiffs’
Memorandum of Law.
2 	References to “ECF No. __” herein are to documents filed on the electronic docket in this adversary proceeding
No. 11-02254, unless otherwise indicated.
3 	Rule 37 is made applicable herein by Rule 7037 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (the
“Bankruptcy Rules”).
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 2 of 17

3
Extended Stay (USA) L.P. (the “Cross Declaration” or “Cross Decl.”), ECF No. 458. Polar
Extended did not respond to the Motion. On August 16, 2022, the Court conducted a hearing on
the Motion. Polar Extended did not appear at the hearing.
For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants the Motion.
Jurisdiction
The Court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C §§
157(b)(1) and 1334(b), and the Amended Standing Order of Reference dated January 31, 2021
(Preska, C.J.). This is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)
Background
On June 14, 2011, the Plaintiffs commenced this adversary proceeding against Polar
Extended and other defendants (collectively, the “Defendants”).4 On November 15, 2013, the
Plaintiffs filed a seventeen-count amended complaint (the “Amended Complaint”)5 against the
Defendants seeking, among other things, no less than $139 million in damages and fees in
respect of alleged fraudulent transfers of the Debtors’ assets. Polar Extended joined the other
Defendants in filing motions to dismiss the Amended Complaint.6 On August 8, 2020, the Court
granted in part and denied in part the Defendants’ motions to dismiss (the “Memorandum
Decision and Order”).7 As relevant, that decision left Polar Extended as a defendant subject to
4 	See Complaint, ECF No. 1.
5 	See Amended Complaint, ECF No. 213.
6 	See Notice of Motion of Polar Extended Stay (USA) L.P. To Dismiss Amended Complaint, ECF No. 224.
7 	See Memorandum Decision and Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part the Defendants’ Motions to
Dismiss the Amended Complaint Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), ECF No. 319; see also Moving
Defendants’ Notice of Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint, ECF No. 220; Notice of Motion of Polar Extended
Stay (USA) L.P. to Dismiss Amended Complaint, ECF No. 224.
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 3 of 17

4
potential liability under multiple counts in the Amended Complaint, including the Plaintiffs’
intentional and constructive fraudulent transfer claims.8
On October 2, 2020, Polar Extended filed an answer to the Amended Complaint.9 On
October 11, 2020, the Court entered its October 2020 Discovery Order.10 The order set
November 2, 2020, as the date by which initial disclosures were due. Id. ¶ 2. Polar Extended is in
breach of the order, as it has failed to make any initial disclosures. See Cross Decl. ¶ 3; January
26, 2022 Letter at 1.11
In November 2020, the Plaintiffs served discovery requests on Polar Extended. See Apr.
12, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 4:20-21.12 Polar Extended’s deadline for responding to Plaintiffs’ First
Request for the Production of Documents (“Plaintiffs’ First RFPs”) was December 7, 2022. See
Pls.’ Mem. at 2; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(A). To date, Polar Extended has failed to serve
responses and/or objections to the Plaintiffs’ First RFPs. See Cross Decl. ¶ 4; Apr. 12, 2022
Conf. Tr. at 4:20-21.
In April 2021, all the Defendants except Polar Extended entered into the Stipulation and
[Proposed] Order for the Exchange of Electronically-Stored Information (the “ESI Stipulation”),
ECF No. 395, with the Plaintiffs. Polar Extended has neither agreed to the ESI Stipulation nor
proposed any modifications to it. See Cross Decl. ¶ 5.
8 	See Memorandum Decision and Order at 60-63, 281-83.
9 	See Answer of Polar Extended Stay (USA) L.P. to Amended Complaint, ECF No. 337.
10 	See Stipulation and Scheduling Order, dated October 11, 2020, ECF No. 347.
11 	See Gregory A. Cross Letter Request for Conference Regarding Discovery, dated January 26, 2022 (the
“January 26, 2022 Letter”), ECF No. 425.
12 	On April 12, 2022, the Court conducted a conference in this adversary proceeding regarding Polar Extended’s
failure to respond to discovery demands. The transcript of the conference (the “Apr. 12, 2022 Conf. Tr.”) is annexed
to the Cross Declaration as Exhibit D.
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 4 of 17

5
On June 1, 2021, Plaintiffs sent counsel to Polar Extended a discovery demand letter. See
June 1 Demand Letter.13 In it, they requested the parties meet and confer on pending discovery
issues, which included (i) Polar Extended’s failure to make initial disclosures, (ii) its then six-
month delay in responding to Plaintiffs’ First RFPs, and (iii) its refusal to sign the ESI
Stipulation. Id. at 1-2. Polar Extended did not respond to the June 1 Demand Letter.
On August 13, 2021, Plaintiffs served Polar Extended with their First Request for
Admission. See January 26, 2022 Letter at 2. On September 13, 2020, Polar Extended responded
to that request.14
On January 26, 2022, Plaintiffs filed the January 26, 2022 Letter with the Court
requesting a discovery conference pursuant to Local Bankruptcy Rule 7007-1 to address Polar
Extended’s refusal: (i) to produce initial disclosures, (ii) to produce documents in response to
Plaintiffs’ First RFP; and (iii) to sign the ESI Stipulation; and its failure to respond to the June 1
Demand Letter. Polar Extended did not respond to the January 22, 2022 Letter.
On February 14, 2022, Plaintiffs served Polar Extended with their First Set of
Interrogatories (the “Plaintiffs’ First Set of Interrogatories”) with answers or objections due from
Polar Extended on or before March 14, 2022. See Cross Decl. ¶ 8. Polar Extended has not
responded to the interrogatories. Id.
On March 22, 2022, the Court held a discovery conference (the “March 2022
Conference”).15 At that conference, Plaintiffs raised with the Court the issues with Polar
13 	A copy of the June 1 Demand Letter is annexed to the Cross Declaration as Exhibit A.
14 	A copy of Polar Extended’s Responses to the Plaintiffs’ First Requests for Admission is annexed to the Cross
Declaration as Exhibit C.
15 	The transcript of the March 2022 Conference (the “Mar. 22, 2022 Conf. Tr.”) is annexed to the Cross
Declaration as Exhibit B.
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 5 of 17

6
Extended’s participation in discovery, as set forth in the January 26, 2022 Letter. However, Polar
Extended did not appear at the conference. The Court rescheduled the conference for April 12,
2022 (the “April 2022 Conference”) and directed counsel for Polar Extended to appear at the
discovery conference. See Minutes of Proceeding dated March 25, 2022 [ECF No. 440]; see also
Mar. 22, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 22:12-18.
On April 12, 2022, Polar Extended appeared at the April 2022 Conference through
counsel, Peter M. Levine, Esq. At that time, Mr. Levine advised the Court that:
(i) 	Polar Extended is a defunct Delaware entity with no assets and no business in
the United States or anywhere in the world, see Apr. 12, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 5:5-
11;
(ii) 	the principals of Polar Extended are “not interested in participating in this
litigation”, see id. at 5:12;
(iii) 	Mr. Levine is under instruction from Polar Extended not to participate in this
litigation, see id. at 6:9-11;
(iv) 	the “case as far as I’m concerned with Polar is over”, see id. at 8:10; and
(v) 	Polar Extended would participate only during any inquest for damages. See id.
at 9:2-4.
At the April 2022 Conference, the Court instructed Mr. Levine and Polar Extended to
respond to the Plaintiffs’ discovery requests within thirty days. See id. at 11:4-6. On April 19,
2022, the Court repeated that instruction and entered the April 12, 2022 Discovery Conference
Order (the “April 2022 Discovery Order”)16 directing Polar Extended to serve upon all parties
(a) its initial disclosures, as required under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1); and (b) its responses and
objections to Plaintiffs’ First RFPs dated November 6, 2020, on or before May 19, 2022 (the
“Discovery Response Deadline”). See April 2022 Discovery Order ¶ 3.
16 	See April 12, 2022 Discovery Conference Order, ECF No. 449.
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 6 of 17

7
On May 19, 2022, the Discovery Response Deadline lapsed. Polar Extended is in breach
of the October 2020 Discovery Order and the April 2022 Discovery Order as it has not served
initial disclosures or responded and/or objected to Plaintiffs’ First RFPs. It also has failed to
respond to the Plaintiffs’ First Set of Interrogatories. See Pls.’ Mem. at 4.
Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 permits a party to move for an order compelling
disclosure or discovery. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(1). Rule 37(b) provides that “[i]f a party . . .
fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery,” including an order under Rule 37(a), the
Court “may issue further just orders”, including
(i) 	directing that the matters embraced in the order or other designated facts be
taken as established for purposes of the action, as the prevailing party
claims;
(ii) 	prohibiting the disobedient party from supporting or opposing designated
claims or defenses, or from introducing designated matters in evidence;
(iii) 	striking pleadings in whole or in part;
(iv) 	staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed;
(v) 	dismissing the action or proceeding in whole or in part;
(vi) 	rendering a default judgment against the disobedient party; or
(vii) 	treating as contempt of court the failure to obey any order except an order
to submit to a physical or mental examination.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A)(i)–(vii). The Court retains discretion to “determine which sanction
from among the available range is appropriate.” Sieck v. Russo, 869 F.2d 131, 134 (2d Cir.
1989); Shcherbakovskiy v. Da Capo Al Fine, Ltd., 490 F.3d 130, 135 (2d Cir. 2007) (“We have
noted that district courts possess ‘wide discretion’ in imposing sanctions under Rule 37.”)
(quoting Daval Steel Prods. v. M/V Fakredine, 951 F.2d 1357, 1365 (2d Cir. 1991)). Rule
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 7 of 17

8
37(b)(2)(C) provides that “[i]nstead of or in addition to the orders above, the court must order the
disobedient party, the attorney advising that party, or both to pay the reasonable expenses,
including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(C). However, an award
of reasonable expenses is not required if “the failure [to obey the order to permit or provide
discovery] was substantially justified or other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.”
Id.
Sanctions under Rule 37 serve three functions:
First, they ensure that a party will not benefit from its own failure to comply.
Second, they are specific deterrents and seek to obtain compliance with the
particular order issued. Third, they are intended to serve a general deterrent effect
on the case at hand and on other litigation, provided that the party against whom
they are imposed was in some sense at fault.
Update Art, Inc. v. Modiin Publ’g, Ltd., 843 F.2d 67, 71 (2d Cir. 1988). Rule 37(b) requires that
“a court order be in effect before sanctions are imposed.” Salahuddin v. Harris, 782 F.2d 1127,
1132 (2d Cir. 1986); see also Israel Aircraft Indus., Ltd. v. Standard Precision, 559 F.2d 203,
208 (2d Cir. 1977). The factors that courts in this circuit consider in assessing what sanctions to
impose on a disobedient party under Rule 37 (the “Rule 37 Factors”) include:
(1) the willfulness of the non-compliant party or the reason for the noncompliance;
(2) the efficacy of lesser sanctions;
(3) the duration of the period of noncompliance; and
(4) whether the noncompliant party had been warned of the consequences of
noncompliance.
Agiwal v. Mid Island Mortg. Corp., 555 F.3d 298, 302 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Nieves v. City of
New York, 208 F.R.D. 531, 535 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)); see also S. New Eng. Tel. Co. v. Global NAPs
Inc., 624 F.3d 123, 144 (2d Cir. 2010). These are nonexclusive factors, and the imposition of
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 8 of 17

9
Rule 37 sanctions may be appropriate even where only some of the factors are implicated. See
Ramgoolie v. Ramgoolie, 333 F.R.D. 30, 35 (S.D.N.Y. 2019).
The Motion17
In the Motion, Plaintiffs seek the entry of a default judgment and a monetary award of
Plaintiffs’ expenses, including attorney’s fees pursuant to Rule 37. See Pls.’ Mem. at 2. They
contend that there are grounds for granting relief under Rule 37(b) because Polar Extended is in
breach of the October 2020 Discovery Order as it has failed to serve its initial disclosures, see
Cross Decl. ¶ 3; and is in breach of the April 2022 Discovery Order since it has failed to serve
responses and/or objections to the Plaintiffs’ First RFPs (which originally were due on December
7, 2020). See id. ¶ 4. They contend that sanctions are appropriate based upon Polar Extended’s
failure to:
(i) 	respond to the Plaintiffs’ requests that it consent to the ESI Stipulation, see id.
¶ 5;
(ii) 	respond to the Plaintiffs’ June 1 Demand Letter, requesting the parties meet
and confer in an attempt to resolve pending discovery disputes, see id. ¶ 6, Ex.
A.
17 	Local Bankruptcy Rule 7007-1 states, as follows:
(a) Attorney's Affirmation. No discovery-related motion under Bankruptcy Rules 7026 through 7037
may be heard unless counsel for the moving party files with the Court, at or prior to the hearing, an
affirmation certifying that such counsel has conferred with counsel for the opposing party in a good
faith effort to resolve by agreement the issues raised by the motion without the intervention of the
Court and that counsel have been unable to reach an agreement. If any of the issues raised by motion
have been resolved by agreement, the affirmation shall specify the issues so resolved and the issues
remaining unresolved.
(b) Request for Informal Conference. No discovery-related motion under Bankruptcy Rules 7026
through 7037 shall be heard unless counsel for the moving party first requests an informal
conference with the Court and either the request has been denied or the discovery dispute has not
been resolved as a consequence of the conference.
LBR 7007-1. The Court’s Chambers’ Rules incorporate Local Rule 7007-1. The Plaintiffs have satisfied their
obligations under those rules. As set forth herein, the Plaintiffs made multiple attempts to meet and confer with
counsel to Polar Extended regarding Polar Extended’s failure to participate in discovery, including pursuant to the
June 1 Demand Letter and the January 26, 2022 Letter. Polar Extended did not respond to either letter. The Court
finds that the April 2022 Conference satisfies the requirement for a conference with the Court to address the ongoing
discovery disputes.
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 9 of 17

10
(iii) 	respond to the Plaintiffs’ January 26, 2022 Letter, regarding Polar Extended’s
refusal to meaningfully participate and defend in this proceeding, see id. ¶ 7;
(iv) 	serve responses and/or objections to the Plaintiffs’ First Set of Interrogatories
on or before March 14, 2022, see id. ¶ 8;
(v) 	attend the March 2022 Conference, which they contend was held in part to
address Polar Extended’s failure to meaningfully participate in discovery. See
Cross Decl. ¶ 9; see also Mar. 22, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 21:18–22:19.
See Pls.’ Mem. at 2-3.
Polar Extended did not respond to the Motion and did not appear at the August 16
hearing on the Motion.
Discussion
Together with an order of dismissal, the entry of a default judgment is the most severe
sanction available to the Court under Rule 37. See Cine Forty-Second St. Theatre Corp. v. Allied
Artists Pictures Corp., 602 F.2d 1062, 1066 (2d Cir. 1979) (“Harshest of all are orders of
dismissal and default judgment.”); SEC v. Rsch. Automation Corp., 521 F.2d 585, 588 (2d Cir.
1975) (“A default judgment granting relief against a defendant for failure to cooperate in pretrial
discovery is a harsh sanction, which must be cautiously used. . . .”) (citing Flaks v. Koegel, 504
F.2d 702, 707-08 (2d Cir. 1974)). Therefore, courts have held that “willfulness or conscious
disregard of the court’s orders is a prerequisite to the harsher categories of Rule 37 sanctions.”
Cine Forty-Second St. Theatre Corp., 602 F.2d at 1067 (citing 4A J. Moore, M OORE ON FEDERAL
PRACTICE ¶ 37.03(2.-5) at 37-70 (2d ed. 1976)); see also SEC v. Rsch. Automation Corp., 521
F.2d at 588 (“[T]he sanction [of default judgment] should not be imposed because of
negligence[;] . . . the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant’s failure to comply is due to
willfulness, bad faith or fault and not to an inability to comply.”) (citing Flaks, 504 F.2d at 708-
09)); S. New Eng. Tel. Co., 624 F.3d at 144 (“dismissal or default is justified if the district court
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 10 of 17

11
finds that the failure to comply with discovery orders was due to ‘willfulness, bad faith, or any
fault’ of the party sanctioned”) (quoting Salahuddin, 782 F.2d at 1132)). “Severe sanctions such
as dismissal and default judgment are to be applied sparingly, where no other sanction will
suffice.” Grammar v. Sharinn & Lipshie, P.C., No. 14 Civ. 6774 (JCF), 2016 WL 525478, at * 3
(S.D.N.Y. Feb. 8, 2016).
The Plaintiffs correctly contend that Polar Extended’s failure to comply with the October
2020 Discovery Order and the April 2022 Discovery Order provides the predicate for relief
under Rule 37(b). They maintain that the imposition of a default judgment is an appropriate
sanction for Polar Extended’s failure to participate in discovery and respond to the April 2022
Discovery Order and that the factors weigh in favor of such a remedy. The Court agrees.
As set forth below, application of each of the Rule 37 Factors supports entering a default
judgment against Polar Extended.
Willfulness
“Noncompliance with discovery orders is considered willful when the court’s orders have
been clear, when the party has understood them, and the party’s noncompliance is not due to
factors beyond the party’s control.” See Thompson v. Jamaica Hosp. Med. Ctr., No. 13 Civ.
1896, 2015 WL 7430806, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2015) (quoting In re Fosamax Prods. Liab.
Litig., No. 06 MDL 1789 (JFK), 2013 WL 1176061, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2013)); see also
Davis v. Artuz, No. 96 Civ. 7699 (GBD), 2001 WL 50887, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2001).
The October 2020 Discovery Order and the April 2022 Discovery Order are clear and
unambiguous in requiring Polar Extended to make its initial disclosures by November 2, 2020,
and to respond to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests by May 19, 2022, respectively. It is clear from
the record of the April 2022 Conference, that Polar Extended’s counsel understood the Court’s
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 11 of 17

12
directive. Indeed, at the conference counsel for Polar Extended requested that Plaintiffs resend
the discovery requests to him. See Apr. 12, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 11:20-22. “Willful non-compliance
is routinely found, for instance, where a party has ‘repeatedly failed to . . . produce documents . .
. in violation of the district court’s orders.’” Farmer v. Hyde Your Eyes Optical, Inc., No. 13-CV-
6653 (GBD) (JLC), 2015 WL 2250592, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 2015) (quoting Doe v. Delta
Airlines, Inc., No. 13 Civ. 6287 (PAE), 2015 WL 798031, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2015)). That
is plainly the case here, and the statements made by Polar Extended’s counsel at the April 2022
Conference underscore the willfulness of Polar Extended’s failure to respond to discovery
requests. See Apr. 12, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 5:8-11 (“It . . . makes no sense for this defunct entity
with no assets to spend thousands if not tens of thousands of dollars in electronic discovery that
will not yield that hasn’t already been produced by all the other defendants.”); see id. at 5:12-13
(“The principals of Polar are not interested in participating in this litigation.”); see id. at 8:14-16
(“I’m not putting in any more time. My instructions are not to participate. If there is going to be a
default, okay, there will be an inquest at the appropriate time.”). Polar Extended’s failure to
respond to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests is plainly willful. See Grammar, 2016 WL 525478, at
*3 (failure to comply with two orders, without an explanation for the delinquency, was a
sufficient basis for a finding of willfulness “[g]iven the clarity and simplicity of the Court's
orders and the absence of any indication that defendant's noncompliance is the result of factors
beyond its control”).
Efficacy of Lesser Sanctions
While “district courts are not required to exhaust possible lesser sanctions before
imposing dismissal or default judgment”, see S. New Eng. Tel. Co., 624 F.3d at 147, the efficacy
of lesser sanctions is a factor courts consider in weighing a request for sanctions under Rule 37.
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 12 of 17

13
See Agiwal, 555 F.3d at 302. A court “should always seek to impose the least harsh sanction that
will remedy the discovery violation and deter such conduct in the future.” Grammar, 2016 WL
525478, at *3 (citing Hawley v. Mphasis Corp., 302 F.R.D. 37, 46 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)).
Before the Motion, Plaintiffs have not sought, and the Court has not imposed, any
sanctions on Polar Extended for its failure to respond to discovery requests. Thus, any inquiry
regarding the efficacy of lesser sanctions might be viewed as speculative. Cf. Grammar, 2016
WL 525478, at *4 (finding lesser sanctions ineffective where the defendant “was already ordered
to pay the attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by the plaintiff in preparing her motion to compel”);
S. New Eng. Tel. Co. v. Global NAPS, Inc., 251 F.R.D. 82, 95 (D. Conn. 2008) (imposing default
judgment were “orders compelling discovery and imposing monetary sanctions have not
worked”), aff’d 624 F.3d 123 (2d Cir 2010). The Plaintiffs contend that is not the case here, and
that on the record of this adversary proceeding, it is clear that lesser sanctions “would have no
impact on Polar Extended since, as [Mr. Levine represented], his client will not, under any
circumstances, defend itself in this proceeding.” Pls.’ Mem. at 6. The Court finds merit to that
contention. Polar Extended has not responded to the Motion and did not appear at the hearing on
the Motion. Moreover, the undisputed evidence demonstrates that Polar Extended has made no
effort to comply with the Plaintiffs’ discovery requests and that it has no intention of defending
this litigation. See, e.g., Apr. 12, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 8:10 (“The case as far as I’m concerned with
is over.”). It is clear to the Court that it would be futile to impose lesser sanctions on Polar
Extended than the entry of a default judgment requested by the Plaintiffs. See S. New Eng. Tel.
Co., 624 F.3d at 148 (noting that the court is “not required to exhaust possible lesser sanctions
before imposing dismissal or default if such a sanction is appropriate on the overall record”)
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 13 of 17

14
(citing John B. Hull, Inc. v. Waterbury Petroleum Prods., Inc., 845 F.2d 1172, 1176–77 (2d Cir.
1988)). This factor weighs in favor of granting the Motion.
Duration of Non-Compliance
“Periods of noncompliance as brief as a few months may merit dispositive sanctions.”
Ramgoolie, 333 F.R.D. at 37; see, e.g., Embuscado v. DC Comics, 347 F. App’x 700, 701 (2d
Cir. 2009) (summary order) (affirming dismissal of complaints for failure to comply with
discovery orders after three months); Georgiadis v. First Boston Corp., 167 F.R.D. 24, 25
(S.D.N.Y. 1996) (dismissing case after four-month long failure to comply with court’s direction
to answer interrogatories). Periods of greater than five months favor such sanctions even more
heavily. See Ramgoolie, 333 F.R.D. at 37; see also Agiwal, 555 F.3d at 303 (six months); Phelan
v. Cambell, 507 F. App’x 14, 16 (2d Cir. 2013) (summary order) (seven months); Battiste-
Downie v. Covenant House, 471 F. App’x 78, 79 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order) (one year).
With the exception of its response to the Requests for Admission, Polar Extended has
refused to provide any discovery in this case and, through counsel, it has made it clear that it will
continue to do so. More than four months have elapsed since this Court’s instruction at the April
2022 Conference to Polar Extended to respond to Plaintiffs’ discovery requests and almost four
months have passed since the April 2022 Discovery Order. Nearly two years have passed since
the Court ordered the production by all Defendants of their initial disclosures in the October
2020 Discovery Order. This factor weighs strongly in favor of sanctions. See Urbont v. Sony
Music Entm’t, No. 11 Civ. 4516 (NRB), 2014 WL 6433347, at *3–4 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 6, 2014)
(granting default sanctions where defendant failed to participate in discovery for over a year and
had made no contact with counsel or the court for over six months).
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 14 of 17

15
Notice
“A court must provide sufficient notice to the offending party before entering dispositive
sanctions.” Ramgoolie, 333 F.R.D. at 38 (citing Guggenheim Cap., LLC v. Birnbaum, 722 F.3d
444, 452 (2d Cir. 2013)). A warning regarding the specific sanction to be imposed is not needed.
Rather, “regular warnings that noncompliance may result in discovery sanctions are adequate.”
Id. But see Urbont, 2014 WL 6433347, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 6, 2014) (“[S]evere sanctions like
dismissal or default should be imposed only if the party has been warned that such a sanction
will follow from continued non-compliance and has nevertheless refused to comply.”); Joint
Stock Co., 2017 WL 3671036, at *22 (“[P]arties have ‘no absolute entitlement to be ‘warned’
that they disobey court orders at their peril’ and even terminating sanctions may be imposed with
no warning beyond the sanctions motion itself.”) (quoting Daval Steel Prods., 951 F.2d at 1366);
Grammar, 2016 WL 525478, at *4 (defendant “could not argue that it lacked notice that it faced
the possibility of terminating sanctions, as such notice was provided on the face of the plaintiff’s
motion [for sanctions]”).
This factor weighs strongly in favor of granting the Motion. Polar Extended was clearly
on notice of the possibility that a default judgment could be entered against it for its failure to
participate in discovery. The possibility was discussed at length during the April 2022
Conference. During that discussion, counsel for Polar Extended acknowledged the possibility of
a default judgment and suggested but remained doubtful that Polar Extended would participate at
any subsequent inquest for damages following default. See Apr. 12, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 8:15-16
(“If there is going to be a default, okay, there will be an inquest at the appropriate time”); see id.
at 9:2-4 (“So, at some point, there will be an inquest or some determination of damages, and then
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 15 of 17

16
Polar can participate at that point, and I doubt it would.”). Polar Extended was on sufficient
notice that a default judgment might result from its noncompliance.
Based on the foregoing, the Court grants Plaintiffs’ request for sanctions and pursuant to
Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(vi) directs the entry of a default judgment against Polar Extended.
The award of reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, under Rule 37(b)(2)(C) is
mandatory. See John B. Hull, Inc., 845 F.2d at 1177 (“Rule 37(b)(3) mandates the court to
require the party failing to obey the order or the attorney advising that party or both to pay
reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees[.]”). As discussed above, however, an award of
reasonable expenses is not required where the failure to obey was “substantially justified” or
“other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(C).
Polar Extended has not responded to the Motion and it has not, therefore, provided an
excuse for its noncompliance. However, the record is clear that Polar Extended has no
justification for its refusal to comply with this Court’s discovery orders. Statements made by
counsel to Polar Extended at the April 2022 Conference are unambiguous in demonstrating that
Polar Extended refuses to participate in discovery because it is a now-defunct entity created for
the purpose of entering into the leveraged buyout transaction that is the subject of the Amended
Complaint, see Apr. 12, 2022 Conf. Tr. at 6:8-9, with principals who are “not interested in
participating in this litigation” and have not only instructed Polar Extended’s counsel not to
participate, but have not paid counsel to participate to the extent it already has. See id. at 8:4-9
(“Polar doesn’t want to spend anymore money. I don’t want to spend anymore time. I haven’t
been paid for answering the complaint. I did not even bill any time for responding to the request
for admissions. I’m certainly not going to be billing for my time on this conference.”).
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 16 of 17

17
Therefore, pursuant to Rule 37(b)(2)(C), the Court awards the Plaintiffs their reasonable
expenses including attorney’s fees incurred as a result of Polar Extended’s failure to participate
in discovery in this adversary proceeding.
Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing, the Court grants the Motion. The Plaintiffs are directed to
SETTLE ORDER.
Dated: New York, New York
August 22, 2022
/s/ James L. Garrity, Jr.
Hon. James L. Garrity, Jr.
U.S. Bankruptcy Judge
11-02254-jlg Doc 482 Filed 08/22/22 Entered 08/22/22 21:05:22 Main Document
Pg 17 of 17