State of Iowa v. Ishmael Shabazz Carter

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0625
Filed October 30, 2024

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

ISHMAEL SHABAZZ CARTER,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Valerie L. Clay,

Judge.

A defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

convictions for arson in the first degree and five counts of attempted murder.

AFFIRMED.

Kent A. Simmons, Bettendorf, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Linda J. Hines and David Banta,

Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.

Heard by Ahlers, P.J., Sandy, J., and Telleen, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2024).
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AHLERS, Presiding Judge.

Ishmael Carter had been in an on-again-off-again romantic relationship with

a woman for six years. One afternoon when the relationship was off, the woman

and her new boyfriend ran into Carter while out for a walk. The woman and Carter

had a verbal altercation, and the police were called to the scene. After the police

came, Carter shouted at the woman and her boyfriend. They perceived Carter’s

comments as threats.

Approximately one week later, the woman called 911 at 10:45 p.m. to report

an individual, who she believed to be Carter, knocking and pouring liquid on or

around her apartment door. Minutes later, the woman told the 911 operator she

thought the individual had left, and she ended the call. From 11:05 p.m. to 11:08

p.m., Carter was observed on video purchasing lighter fluid from a gas station two

and one-half blocks from the woman’s apartment. At 11:13 p.m., the woman called

911 again and told the operator her apartment door was on fire. A law enforcement

officer, who was aware the woman had alleged Carter to be the one knocking at

her door, noticed him standing near the apartment complex while the fire was being

extinguished. That officer and another officer approached Carter and detained

him. The other officer eventually took Carter into custody.

The State charged Carter with arson in the first degree. It also charged him

with five counts of attempted murder—one count each for the woman, her three

children, and her boyfriend who were in the apartment. Following a trial, the jury

found Carter guilty of all six crimes, and the court sentenced him to up to fifty years

in prison. Carter appeals and challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

all his convictions.
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I. Standard of Review

“We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence for correction of

errors at law.” State v. Veal, 930 N.W.2d 319, 328 (Iowa 2019). “Substantial

evidence is evidence sufficient to convince a rational trier of fact the defendant is

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Crawford, 972 N.W.2d 189, 202 (Iowa

2022). Insufficient evidence is evidence that merely raises suspicion, speculation,

or conjecture. State v. West Vangen, 975 N.W.2d 344, 349 (Iowa 2022). “In

determining whether the jury’s verdict is supported by substantial evidence, we

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, including all ‘legitimate

inferences and presumptions that may fairly and reasonably be deduced from the

record evidence.’” Crawford, 972 N.W.2d at 202 (citation omitted). We consider

all evidence, not just evidence supporting the conviction, but remain highly

deferential to the jury’s verdict. West Vangen, 975 N.W.2d at 348.

II. Arson in the First Degree

Carter’s jury was instructed that the State had to prove all the following

elements of arson in the first degree:

1. On or about the 13th day of June, 2021[,] the [d]efendant
caused a fire or explosion or placed lighter fluid, a burning,
combustible, incendiary[,] or explosive device or material in or near
property.
2. The lighter fluid was a combustible, incendiary[,] or explosive
material.
3. The [d]efendant intended to destroy or damage the property
or knew the property would probably be destroyed or damaged.
4. The presence of a person in the property could have been
reasonably anticipated.
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Because Carter makes no objection to this marshaling instruction, it is the law of

the case for purposes of assessing his sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge. See

State v. Schiebout, 944 N.W.2d 666, 671 (Iowa 2020).

Carter’s challenge to his arson-in-the-first-degree conviction is

straightforward. He does not claim the State failed to prove that someone did all

the acts described in the above instruction. He simply contends the State failed to

prove he is the person that did them.

The State’s case was based largely on circumstantial evidence, which is

evidence that “tends to prove a fact in issue by proof of collateral facts from which

it may be reasonably and logically deduced that the alleged ultimate fact exists.”

See State v. Wesson, 149 N.W.2d 190, 192 (Iowa 1967). But the fact the State’s

case is built largely on circumstantial evidence does not undermine Carter’s

conviction—direct and circumstantial evidence are equally probative. See State v.

Brimmer, 983 N.W.2d 247, 256 (Iowa 2022). In fact, a conviction can be based

solely on circumstantial evidence so long as that evidence is sufficient to convince

a factfinder of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Bol,

9 N.W.3d 783, 788 (Iowa 2023).

We start our analysis of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s

finding that Carter is the person who started the fire by summarizing the evidence

supporting the verdict. Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the jury

could find the facts that follow.

Carter threatened the woman and her new boyfriend a few days before the

fire was set. On the night the fire was set, the woman was home in her apartment

along with her new boyfriend and her three children. Carter began banging on the
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woman’s apartment door and placed some form of liquid on or around the door.

The woman called 911 and identified Carter as the person at her door. Tracking

evidence of Carter’s cell phone and surveillance video from a nearby gas station

shows that Carter left the woman’s apartment, went to the gas station, and

purchased lighter fluid. The phone-tracking evidence shows Carter leaving the

area of the gas station and going immediately to the woman’s apartment at the

same time the fire started. The fire was started intentionally by use of an ignitable

liquid. An empty lighter fluid bottle was found at the top of the pile of garbage in

the dumpster of the woman’s apartment complex. The bottle found in the dumpster

was the same brand of lighter fluid Carter purchased at the gas station, and it had

one of Carter’s fingerprints on it.

Carter was located by law enforcement officers near the scene of the fire as

firefighters worked to extinguish the blaze. He had a lighter in his pocket. When

questioned, Carter claimed he was home all night before coming out in response

to the hullabaloo created by the arrival of fire trucks and police officers in the area—

a clearly false story given the uncontested fact that Carter was at the gas station

buying lighter fluid a few minutes before the fire started. See State v. Ernst, 954

N.W.2d 50, 56 (Iowa 2022) (holding that a “false story told by a defendant to

explain or deny a material fact against him is by itself an indication of guilt . . . and

is relevant to show that the defendant fabricated evidence to aid his defense”

(ellipsis in original) (quoting State v. Cox, 500 N.W.2d 23, 25 (Iowa 1993))).

Testing of the shoes Carter was wearing when detained by law enforcement

officers a few minutes after the fire started revealed the shoes had medium
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petroleum distillate on them. Medium petroleum distillate is an ignitable liquid, an

example of which would be charcoal lighter fluid.

On appeal, Carter attempts to undermine many of the above-described

pieces of evidence. He challenges the woman’s identification of Carter as the

person knocking on her door when she first called 911. He points out that, when

asked what she did when someone began knocking on her apartment door, she

responded “I already knew who it was, but I peeped through the peephole.” She

immediately assumed it was Carter before looking and admitted she never saw the

individual’s face or heard his voice during this interaction. After the fire, the woman

told police to look for an individual with braided hair in a hat, white shirt, and black

pants, but at the time of trial she denied seeing a hat and believed the shirt to be

blue or black. The surveillance video from the gas station showed Carter wearing

a black shirt. Carter also contends the woman’s use of marijuana before the events

leading to the fire diminished her ability to perceive and recollect details of that

night.

While we agree the above details highlighted by Carter raise questions

about the woman’s identification of Carter as the person banging on her door

before Carter purchased lighter fluid, it is ultimately the jury’s responsibility to

resolve the conflict in the evidence, not ours. See Brimmer, 983 N.W.2d at 256 (“It

is not [the appellate court’s] place ‘to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass upon

the credibility of witnesses, to determine the plausibility of explanations, or to weigh

the evidence; such matters are for the jury.’” (quoting State v. Musser, 721 N.W.2d

758, 761 (Iowa 2006))). We also note that the woman’s identification of Carter as

the person knocking on her door about half an hour before the fire was started is
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not the sole piece of evidence against Carter. In fact, given that her identification

of Carter occurred about thirty minutes before the fire and the person she identified

as Carter left, the identification evidence was a small piece of the State’s case. So

we turn to Carter’s challenge to some of the other evidence.

While Carter does not challenge the fact he was the person purchasing

lighter fluid at the gas station about five minutes before the fire began, he claims

the time stamps on the gas station surveillance video and the receipt of his

purchase show that it was nearly impossible for him to have started the fire

because there was not time for him to leave the gas station, arrive at the apartment,

and start the fire before the woman called 911 to report the fire about five minutes

after he purchased the lighter fluid. We disagree. First, a reasonable juror could

conclude a person could walk or run two and one-half blocks, douse a door with

lighter fluid, and put a lighter to it in under five minutes. Second, the evidence

showing the movement of Carter’s cell phone shows the phone going directly from

the gas station to the woman’s apartment building in the time window at issue.

Carter attempts to undermine this tracking evidence by claiming it is misleading

because the map used to show the movement of the phone failed to mark the

proximity of his nearby residence to the apartment building, and the location

evidence is not precise enough to definitively determine where Carter and his

phone were in the area. These are all arguments that should have been made—

and were made—to the jury, but the jury rejected them. It is not our role on appeal

to serve as a second jury and weigh the evidence or resolve conflicts in the

evidence. See id.
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Carter also challenges the evidence about his fingerprint being found on the

lighter-fluid bottle discarded in the dumpster of the woman’s apartment complex.

First, he points out that the two law enforcement officers who confirmed that it was

Carter’s latent fingerprint found on the bottle were not certified fingerprint analysts.

However, Carter does not challenge that the officers were permitted to testify as

experts or the admissibility of their testimony as experts. His challenge thus boils

down to nothing more than asking us to weigh the evidence differently than the

jury did, which we are not permitted to do. See id. Second, he contends there

was no evidence that the bottle found in the dumpster is the same bottle he

purchased at the gas station, when the lighter-fluid bottle was placed in the

dumpster, who placed it there, or how far that dumpster is from Carter’s residence.

While Carter is correct that there was no such evidence, his challenge again asks

us to weigh the evidence, which is not our role. See id.

Based on our review of the evidence, a reasonable juror could have

concluded that Carter is the person that started the fire. As Carter’s only challenge

to his arson conviction is that of identity, there is substantial evidence supporting

the jury’s verdict finding Carter guilty of arson in the first degree.

III. Attempted Murder

Carter also challenges his five convictions for attempted murder. The five

marshaling instructions on these charges were identical except for the name of the

alleged victim and required the State to prove:

1. On or about the 13th of June, 2021[,] the [d]efendant
set fire to an occupied apartment building.
2. By his acts, the defendant expected to set in motion a
force or chain of events which would cause or result in the
death of [the alleged victim].
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3. When the defendant acted, he specifically intended to
cause the death of [the alleged victim].

As Carter makes no objection to these marshaling instructions, they are the law of

the case for purposes of assessing his sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge. See

Schiebout, 944 N.W.2d at 671.

We have already rejected Carter’s challenge to the jury’s determination that

he was the person that started that fire. As a result, we reject his challenge to his

attempted-murder convictions based on the claim that he was not the fire starter.

We proceed to Carter’s claim that that there is insufficient evidence that he

specifically intended to cause the death of the occupants of the apartment. In

support of this argument, Carter contends (1) knocking on the door shows an intent

to make sure no one was home; (2) he knew the woman’s apartment had a balcony

that would have provided an escape route; and (3) he knew the woman had a cell

phone to summon rescue from the fire.

We find none of Carter’s arguments persuasive to negate the jury’s finding

that he intended to kill the five occupants of the apartment. In reaching this

conclusion, we start by noting the legal principle that one can infer that an actor

intends the natural and probable consequences that follow the act. State v.

Keeton, 710 N.W.2d 531, 534 (Iowa 2006). Additionally, as to attempted murder

specifically, the “would cause” language in the second element of the marshaling

instructions given here “refers to the actor’s expectation of the consequences of

his . . . act, not the probability of the act’s success.” See State v. Young, 686

N.W.2d 182, 185 (Iowa 2004). As a result, the “factual possibility or probability of

success is utterly irrelevant to [the] analysis.” Id.
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The jury determined that Carter set the woman’s apartment door on fire and,

in doing so, intended to kill the five people inside. A reasonable juror could

conclude that just because Carter knocked on the door for an extended period

thirty minutes before setting the door on fire did not negate his intent to kill the

occupants, especially when there was evidence that Carter bent down to peer

through a gap at the bottom of the door, from which vantage point he could have

seen the woman’s feet as she stood at the door looking through the peephole.

As to the claimed escape route via the balcony, we note that the woman’s

apartment was on the third floor. A reasonable juror could conclude that escape

by two adults and three young children jumping from a third-floor balcony was not

a bona fide escape route, so Carter intended to kill the occupants because he set

fire to the only legitimate exit point from the apartment.

Finally, a reasonable juror could find Carter intended to kill the occupants

of the apartment even though one or more of them may have had a cell phone.

First, at that time of night, the occupants may have been sleeping when the fire

was started and unable to summon help. Second, evidence established that

firefighters were overwhelmed by smoke in the building, so they had to don oxygen

masks to proceed to the woman’s apartment. Evidence also established that

occupants in burning buildings can be overcome by smoke quite quickly.

Reasonable jurors could conclude from this evidence that the occupants could

have been overcome by smoke or the fire long before help could have arrived even

if they successfully accessed their cell phones.
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Reasonable jurors could have concluded Carter intended to kill all five

occupants of the apartment.1 As a result, substantial evidence supports the jury’s

determination that Carter is guilty of five counts of attempted murder. Carter’s

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions for those

five crimes fails as a result.

IV. Conclusion

After considering all evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we

conclude substantial evidence supports the jury’s findings that Carter started the

fire at the apartment and intended to kill the five people inside. As a result, we

affirm all six of his convictions.

AFFIRMED.

1 Although not clearly raised in his brief, during oral argument, Carter’s counsel

suggested there was insufficient evidence supporting four of the attempted-murder
convictions because the State failed to prove that Carter knew that the boyfriend
or children were in the apartment. To the extent Carter is asserting such a claim,
we reject it. The doctrine of transferred intent imposes criminal liability on a
defendant who acts with intent to kill or harm one person but inadvertently kills or
harms an unintended person. State v. Mong, 988 N.W.2d 305, 313 (Iowa 2023)
(finding sufficient evidence to support an attempted-murder conviction when a
defendant fired a gun at one person but hit another); see also State v. Davis, 883
S.E.2d 98, 104 (N.C. Ct. App. 2023) (rejecting defendant’s claim that the evidence
was insufficient to support an attempted-murder conviction stemming from the
defendant setting fire to the victims’ house because the defendant did not know
one of the victim would be visiting at the house). For the reasons already stated,
the State presented sufficient evidence of Carter’s intent to kill, and that intent
transferred to all occupants of the apartment.