State of Iowa v. Carrisa Doreen Mensch

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-2105
Filed April 9, 2025

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

CARRISA DOREEN MENSCH,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mitchell County, Elizabeth Batey,

Judge.

The defendant challenges the denial of her motion to suppress.

AFFIRMED.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Ella M. Newell, Assistant

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Anagha Dixit, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

Considered without oral argument by Ahlers, P.J., Badding, J., and

Potterfield, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2025).
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POTTERFIELD, Senior Judge.

Following her conviction for possession of a controlled substance

(marijuana), first offense, Carrisa Mensch challenges the denial of her motion to

suppress evidence. Mensch concedes the deputy who stopped her vehicle had

probable cause for the stop; she argues her state and federal constitutional rights

were violated when he unlawfully extended the duration of the seizure while

engaging in a blended inquiry. Mensch also challenges the search of her vehicle,

arguing her admission there was marijuana inside cannot serve as the basis for

the search because the statements occurred only after the traffic stop was illegally

extended and her consent to search was not voluntarily given.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

At approximately 7:30 on a night in mid-February, Deputy Jackson

Steinberg initiated a stop of a vehicle after he noticed the license plate light was

not functioning. Mensch was the driver, and two of her children were passengers

in the vehicle. Deputy Steinberg explained the reason for the stop and asked

Mensch for her license, registration, and proof of insurance. She immediately

handed him her license and registration but struggled to find proof of insurance.

After a short time, Deputy Steinberg asked Mensch if she wanted to come sit in his

patrol vehicle and continue searching her phone for insurance information while

he prepared a written warning for the malfunctioning light. With the deputy’s

permission, Mensch moved her vehicle to a less busy spot before joining him in

the front seat of his patrol vehicle.

Using the computer in his vehicle, Deputy Steinberg verified and input

information for the written warning while Mensch continued searching her phone
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for proof of insurance. Several minutes passed in this way. Intermittently, he and

Mensch spoke about why Mensch was driving to Minnesota, her current financial

difficulties, and an “open case” from when one of her children was assaulted.

About ten minutes after he first initiated the stop, as Deputy Steinberg

appeared to be wrapping up the written warning for the license plate light, he asked

Mensch if she actually had car insurance. Mensch responded that she did, stating

she had a picture of it on her phone for which she was still searching. Deputy

Steinberg asked Mensch if she could show him proof of payment for the insurance

instead. Mensch responded her fiancé would have that information and that he

could send her a picture. She told Deputy Steinberg, “I sent him a message. If

he’s awake he’ll respond in a minute.” After a short silence, Deputy Steinberg

confirmed Mensch’s date of birth and current residence. Mensch responded to the

questions and then added, “While I wait for him to respond, I’ll keep looking.” After

another pause, Mensch told the deputy, “He’s not responding.” Deputy Steinberg

suggested other places Mensch may have insurance information, asking her if it

might be found in her car, purse, or emails. She said, “I do.”

About sixteen and a half minutes into the stop, and while Mensch was still

trying to access proof-of-insurance information, Deputy Steinberg and Mensch

began conversing about her “very long, stressful day.” Deputy Steinberg asked,

“What’s all been going on?” Mensch told him about the death of her best friend

nearly a year prior and raising her three children with “several mental issues.”

Deputy Steinberg asked her, “What do you do to deal with that?” Mensch

responded, “Well they’re medicated right now.” Deputy Steinberg clarified, “The

kids are or you are?” Mensch responded that the children were on medication.
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About a minute into the conversation, Deputy Steinberg asked, “Do you have

anything illegal in the car, ma’am?” Mensch denied it. And then Deputy Steinberg

asked, “If I wanted to search your car, could I search it?” Mensch told him, “You

can go right ahead.” Deputy Steinberg said “okay” and then told her to keep

looking for her proof of insurance and to let him know if she found it. Before he

could exit the patrol vehicle, Mensch asked why he wanted to search her car.

Deputy Steinberg replied, “It’s just a consent.” Mensch countered, “There’s always

a reason behind it.” Then Deputy Steinberg asked, “Well, do you ever use any

narcotics?” To which Mensch admitted, “I do use marijuana. In Minnesota I do. I

have a card in Minnesota.” After a little more back and forth, Deputy Steinberg

asked, “So is there any marijuana in your car?” And Mensch admitted, “There’s a

little bit in there right now, yes there is.” She told him he would find it in the center

console of the vehicle. Deputy Steinberg searched Mensch’s vehicle; he located

and seized a substance that was later confirmed to be marijuana.

Mensch was charged with possession of a controlled substance

(marijuana), first offense. She moved to suppress her incriminating statement and

the seized marijuana, asserting (1) Deputy Steinberg unlawfully extended the stop

for the license plate light and it was only during this illegal extension that she

admitted to having marijuana in the vehicle and (2) her consent to the search of

her vehicle was involuntarily given.

At a hearing on the motion to suppress, the State called Deputy Steinberg

as a witness and Mensch introduced the deputy’s body camera footage, which

included audio and video of the stop. Deputy Steinberg testified that during the

interaction, he was trying to give Mensch time to find the proof of insurance so he
5

would not have to write her another citation that would cost her money that, based

on statements she made to him that night, she did not seem to have. He explained

that even if she was able to provide proof of insurance and ultimately get the

citation dismissed, she would still be responsible for paying court costs associated

with it. See Iowa Code § 321.20B(4)(c) (2023). The issue regarding her proof of

insurance was still ongoing at the time he asked if he could search her vehicle.

The district court denied Mensch’s motion to suppress. The court reasoned

that the traffic stop was not unlawfully extended because

[t]he purposes of the traffic stop had not been concluded nor should
they have reasonably been expected to be concluded. The issue of
whether [Mensch] would be issued a warning or citation for no
insurance was still very much up in the air because of [Mensch’s]
own statements and actions. . . . Deputy Steinberg certainly could
have resolved the interaction earlier by writing [Mensch] a ticket for
no insurance, but where [Mensch] continued to assert she had
insurance and search for it, the reason for the delay was attributable
to [Mensch], not the officer, and Deputy Steinberg did not
unreasonably extend the traffic stop against [Mensch’s]
constitutional rights.

The court also concluded the search of Mensch’s vehicle was not unlawful—both

because Mensch voluntarily consented to the search and because her statement

admitting there was contraband in the vehicle gave Deputy Steinberg probable

cause to search under the automobile exception.

Mensch agreed to a bench trial on the minutes of testimony, and the district

court found her guilty as charged. She was later sentenced to two days in jail.

Mensch appeals.

II. Standard of Review.

“When a defendant challenges a district court’s denial of a motion to

suppress based upon the deprivation of a state or federal constitutional right, our
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standard of review is de novo.” State v. Storm, 898 N.W.2d 140, 144 (Iowa 2017)

(citation omitted). “We look to the entire record and make an independent

evaluation of the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (cleaned up). “We give

deference to the district court’s fact findings due to its opportunity to assess the

credibility of the witnesses, but we are not bound by those findings.” Id. (citation

omitted).

III. Discussion.

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I,

section 8 of the Iowa Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and

seizures. See State v. Wenzel, 987 N.W.2d 473, 479 (Iowa Ct. App. 2022).

Searches and seizures are unreasonable unless they “take place pursuant to a

warrant issued by a judicial officer [or] . . . an exception to the warrant requirement

applies.” State v. Perkins, 2 N.W.3d 889, 892 (Iowa Ct. App. 2023). “One such

exception authorizes a law enforcement officer to stop a vehicle when the officer

observes a traffic violation, no matter how minor.” Id. So, while “[t]he detention of

an individual during a traffic stop, even if brief and for a limited purpose, is a seizure

within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment,” it is permissible when an officer has

probable cause a traffic violation occurred. State v. Salcedo, 935 N.W.2d 572, 577

(Iowa 2019).

Mensch concedes Deputy Steinberg had probable cause to initiate the stop

of her vehicle based on her malfunctioning license plate light. See State v. Tague,

676 N.W.2d 197, 201 (Iowa 2004) (“When a peace officer observes a violation of

our traffic laws, however minor, the officer has probable cause to stop a motorist.”).

She argues Deputy Steinberg unlawfully extended the duration of the stop. See
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Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407 (2005) (“A seizure that is justified solely by

the interest in issuing a warning ticket to the driver can become unlawful if it is

prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete that mission.”).

“[T]he tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop context is

determined by the seizure’s ‘mission’—to address the traffic violation that

warranted the stop and attend to related safety concerns.” Rodriguez v. United

State, 575 U.S. 348, 354 (2015) (internal citations omitted). “Because addressing

the infraction is the purpose of the stop, it may last no longer than is necessary to

effectuate that purpose.” Id. (cleaned up). That said, once a driver is lawfully

stopped, an officer may conduct a reasonable investigation, which “includes asking

for the driver’s license and registration, requesting that the driver sit in the patrol

car, and asking the driver about his destination and purpose.” Salcedo, 935

N.W.2d at 578 (quoting State v. Aderholdt, 545 N.W.2d 559, 563–64 (Iowa 1996)).

“In fact, an officer may detain the occupants of a vehicle during a traffic stop while

the officer completes a number of routine but somewhat time-consuming tasks

related to the traffic violation.” Id. at 580 (cleaned up). “An officer may run a

computerized check of the vehicle’s registration and insurance; run a similar check

of the occupants’ identification documents and criminal histories; prepare the traffic

citation or warning; and ask the occupants about their destination, route, and

purpose” as part of the initial stop without improperly extending the duration. Id.

(cleaned up).

Once Deputy Steinberg had properly stopped Mensch for the

malfunctioning license plate light, he was allowed to ask for her proof of insurance,

invite her to sit in his patrol vehicle, and engage in questions about where she was
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driving. It was while he was doing this “reasonable investigation” that the new

issue regarding Mensch’s possible lack of insurance arose. Mensch complains

Deputy Steinberg could have prepared the written warning for her license plate

light faster if he did not talk to her while he worked on it. But the stop was not

extended due to the time it took Deputy Steinberg to finish the written warning for

the license plate light. The delay was attributable to the new, ongoing issue—

whether Mensch had the necessary insurance—and Deputy Steinberg’s decision

to allow Mensch to continue searching for proof of insurance to avoid receiving

another citation. We agree with the district court on this point:

[Mensch] is the one responsible for delay, and while the Deputy
certainly could have told [her] he was unwilling to allow her to
continue searching, it seems he had the time to wait and was trying
to be accommodating, and he was not obligated to cut short
[Mensch’s] search for her proof of insurance at some arbitrary point.
“Authority for the seizure . . . ends when tasks tied to the traffic
infraction are—or reasonably should have been—completed.”
[Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 354]. One of the tasks tied to the traffic
infraction in this instance (verifying that [Mensch] had insurance on
the vehicle) had not been completed at the time the officer asked for
consent to search the vehicle.

Deputy Steinberg spoke to Mensch about matters unrelated to her malfunctioning

light and her proof of insurance, but those discussions did not unlawfully extend

the duration of the stop.

During the traffic stop, Mensch told Deputy Steinberg he could search her

vehicle and admitted to having marijuana in the center console of her car.

Recognizing that either could be a valid basis for the search, Mensch attacks both.

She argues her consent was not valid because it was not voluntarily given. See

State v. Reinier, 628 N.W.2d 460, 465 (Iowa 2001) (“A warrantless search

conducted by free and voluntary consent does not violate the Fourth
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Amendment.”); see also State v. Pals, 805 N.W.2d 767, 782–83 (Iowa 2011)

(considering whether consent to search was voluntary under an article I, section 8

challenge). We need not consider this argument because Mensch’s admission to

having contraband in her vehicle—at a point during the traffic stop that was not

unlawfully extended—is enough to make the search lawful. Her admission gave

Deputy Steinberg probable cause there was contraband in the vehicle. See State

v. McConnelee, 690 N.W.2d 27, 32 (Iowa 2004) (“A police officer has probable

cause to search an automobile when the facts and circumstances would lead a

reasonably prudent person to believe that the vehicle contains contraband.”

(cleaned up)). And under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement,

probable cause is enough for the officer to search the vehicle. See Storm, 898

N.W.2d at 145 (“The Supreme Court has recognized a specifically established and

well-delineated exception to the warrant requirement for searches of automobiles

and their contents. This exception is applicable when probable cause and exigent

circumstances exist at the time the car is stopped by police. The inherent mobility

of motor vehicles satisfies the exigent-circumstances requirement.” (cleaned up)).

So the search of her vehicle did not violate Mensch’s constitutional rights.

IV. Conclusion.

Because Deputy Steinberg did not unlawfully extend the stop and Mensch’s

admission there was marijuana in the vehicle gave him probable cause to search

under the automobile exception, we affirm the district court’s denial of Mensch’s

motion to suppress.

AFFIRMED.