In the Interest of N.T., Minor Child, M.T., Father, K.W., Mother

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-0714
Filed July 16, 2014

IN THE INTEREST OF N.T.,
Minor Child,

M.T., Father,
Appellant,

K.W., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Joseph W. Seidlin,

District Associate Judge.

A father and mother appeal separately from the order terminating their

parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Lynn C.H. Poschner of Borseth Law Offices, Altoona, for appellant father.

Chelsey N. Handley of Handley Law Firm, P.C., Ankeny, for appellant

mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, John P. Sarcone, County Attorney, and Andrea S. Vitzthum,

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee State.

Julia A. Ofenbakh of Ofenbakh Law Firm, PLLC, Urbandale, for minor

child.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
2

DANILSON, C.J.

A mother and a father separately appeal from the order terminating their

parental rights to their son, who was born in March 2013. Each parent argues

statutory grounds have not been proved,1 termination is not in the child’s best

interests, and the juvenile court should have granted an extension of time for

1
The juvenile court terminated each parent’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(d), (h), and (i) (2013). Section 232.116(1) allows a court to terminate
parental rights if:
....
(d) The court finds that both of the following have occurred:
(1) The court has previously adjudicated the child to be a
child in need of assistance after finding the child to have been
physically or sexually abused or neglected as the result of the acts
or omissions of one or both parents, or the court has previously
adjudicated a child who is a member of the same family to be a
child in need of assistance after such a finding.
(2) Subsequent to the child in need of assistance
adjudication, the parents were offered or received services to
correct the circumstance which led to the adjudication, and the
circumstance continues to exist despite the offer or receipt of
services.
....
(h) The court finds that all of the following have occurred:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody
of the least six months of the last twelve months, or for the last six
consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less
than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as
provided in section 232.102 at the present time.
(i) The court finds that all of the following have occurred:
(1) The child meets the definition of child in need of
assistance based on a finding of physical or sexual abuse or
neglect as a result of the acts or omissions of one or both parents.
(2) There is clear and convincing evidence that the abuse
or neglect posed a significant risk to the life of the child or
constituted imminent danger to the child.
(3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the offer or
receipt of services would not correct the conditions which led to
the abuse or neglect of the child within a reasonable period of
time.
3

reunification. However, upon our de novo review of the record, we find clear and

convincing evidence supports termination pursuant to Iowa Code section

232.116(1)(h), we come to the same conclusion as the juvenile court that

termination is in the child’s best interests under section 232.116(2), and we find

additional time is not warranted. We therefore affirm the termination of each

parent’s parental rights.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

The two-month-old child came to the attention of the department of human

services (DHS) in May 2013. The parents had called paramedics to the home

when they found blood coming from the child’s mouth. The paramedics did not

determine medical care was needed at that time. A few days later the parents

again called paramedics when they noticed that the child was running a fever

and not eating. The child was admitted to the hospital on May 25, 2013, with

severe dehydration and was diagnosed with failure to thrive. Nurses reported the

father and mother did not seem interested in comforting the child or in the child’s

care. A resulting child abuse assessment was founded as to both parents for

failure to provide adequate food. Medical staff opined the parents were not able

to provide adequate care to the child, who in addition to having been admitted

“emaciated and weak,” was “tongue tied” and had torticollis.2 The doctors

2
Pursuant to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000749.htm (last visited
July 8, 2014): “Torticollis is a twisted neck in which the head is tipped to one side, while
the chin is turned to the other. . . . Treating torticollis that is present at birth involves
stretching the shortened neck muscle. Passive stretching and positioning are used in
infants and small children. These treatments are often successful, especially if they are
started within 3 months of birth.” The child attended occupational therapy for Torticollis
and “made steady and significant progress” and was discharged from occupational
therapy on September 9.
4

determined through a swallow study that the tongue tie issue was not responsible

for the child’s weight loss. Upon discharge from the hospital, the child was

placed in foster care.

The child was adjudicated a child in need of assistance (CINA) on July 24,

2013.3 Each parent has a history of mental health issues, but neither was being

treated when the child was removed.4 The case plan adopted in the August 1

disposition order called for each parent to obtain a mental health evaluation and

follow any and all resulting recommendations. The parents were also to seek

employment5 and participate in parenting classes and Family Safety, Risk, and

Permanency (FSRP) services.

An attachment assessment was conducted by licensed social worker

Caren Wedeking, with parental interviews taking place in October 2013 (although

the father did not attend an appointment to complete the interview, which was

scheduled for November 1), and two observed parent-child interactions taking

A procedure to correct the child’s tongue tie was done on August 6, and the child
received speech therapy thereafter.
3
The CINA adjudication and disposition were not contested by the parents.
4
A July 2013 report to the court notes:
Both parents have a history of mental illness. [The father] disclosed to
the [child protective worker] that he has been diagnosed with ADHD
[Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder], [Oppositional Defiant Disorder],
OCD [Obsessive Compulsive Disorder], Reactive Attachment Disorder
and also described himself as a “slight schizo.” [The father] has also
described himself as an insomniac. He is prescribed medications for
these disorders, but has not taken them for approximately 2.5 years. He
feels that he has adequate coping skills and that smoking cigarettes help
to calm him down. [The mother] reports that she has previously been
diagnosed with ADHD, “slight” depression and OCD. She is not currently
taking any medication at this time. [The mother] was seeing a therapist
through [Visiting Nurse Services] VNS, but has only seen her a few times.
She has not started therapy again, though she has been asked to do so.
5
Each parent had been involved in the juvenile court system as a minor, and during the
course of these proceedings each has been assigned at least one Community Support
Advocate (CSA), who provided the client with transportation and employment
assistance.
5

place on January 7 and January 13, 2014. The report was completed on

January 17, 2014. Wedeking noted the parents were “unable to take even

minimal responsibility” for the child’s failure to thrive and expressed concern that

returning the child to his parents “may result in the same outcome unless parents

are willing to take responsibility.” The therapist also recommended the child

remain CINA until the parents could provide a safe and stable living environment,

noting the parents were codependent in their relationship and each had

“unprocessed” prior traumas in their past. It was recommended that both parents

complete a psychiatric evaluation, a psychological evaluation, and “be consistent

in individual therapy.”

A January 22, 2014 report to the court explaining the successes and

failures of the parents prepared by DHS social worker Joey Choate, provided in

part:

It remains a significant concern that neither [parent] shows
any insight into why [the child] was removed from their care. [The
father] has maintained that [the child] was misdiagnosed by the
medical professionals at the hospital and that he actually had
Rotavirus. . . .
....
Before this case came to DHS attention, [the mother] was
seeing a therapist through VNS. She only saw this therapist a few
times. . . . [The mother] did re-engage in therapy with Tiffany
Bandow at The Lotus Center. Tiffany was able to offer her services
on a pro-bono basis. [The mother] has been in therapy since
October 2, 2013 and has been consistent with her weekly
appointments. The therapist did inform this worker that [the
mother] did miss her appointment scheduled for December 31,
2013 and has not yet called to reschedule, as of January 17, 2014.
The last scheduled appointment that [the mother] attended was on
December 12, 2013. . . .
It has also been the expectation of the Department that [the
father] attended individual therapy. He was able to set up an intake
through Eyerly Ball in late October. Since that time, [the father] has
only one follow-up appointment with Zach Pacha. The FSRP
6

worker did transport [the father] to the follow-up appointment. [The
father] has not scheduled any additional appointments as of the
date of this report. . . .
Both parents are currently working with a Community
Support Advocate. This worker did speak with [the mother]’s
provider, Julie Prochnow. She reported that she started working
with [the mother] in August and their meetings have been “pretty
consistent.” . . . .
Due to the concerns of [DHS], the parents were asked to
enroll in and complete a parenting class. The FSRP provider
through Mid-Iowa Family Therapy Clinic, David Palmer, assisted
the parents in signing up for the Incredible Years Parenting Class
for children 0-12 months old. This session started on August 22,
2013. The parents were able to successfully complete the class
and received certificates of completion for their participation. The
FSRP provider continued to work with the parents on parenting
skills during their supervised interactions. He reported that the
parents did participate in class and would report to the other people
in the class what they were doing with their son. He did not
observe any of those claims during the family interactions he
observed. It was recommended that the parents also take the 1-3
year old class, which started immediately following the 0-12 month
course. The parents did not make it to that class. They were
informed that another session of the 1-3 year old course would be
taught in January 2014, but they did not sign up for that course
either.
....
Transportation has continued to be an issue for these
parents. Neither has a car or a valid driver’s license. . . .
Neither parent is currently employed, though both have
reported that they are actively seeking employment. The parents
both have Community Support Advocates who are available to help
them look for and apply for jobs. They also both have parent
partners who are willing to help. The parents report having applied
for several jobs, but the team has questioned how actively the
parents are job searching.
....
A PRC [pre-removal conference] was held for the family on
June 6, 2013. There have been four follow-up Family Team
Meetings since that time held on the following dates: July 8, 2013;
August 22, 2013; October 18, 2013; and January 10, 2014. A
professional staffing was also held on December 2, 2013. The
notes from those meetings have been submitted to the court. The
team has been consistent and clear in stating the expectations and
concerns regarding the parents and what needs to happen in order
for the case to move forward. The parents have shown a
7

significant lack of follow-through in several areas, especially in
making it to necessary scheduled appointments.
....
At the time that the last DHS Case Plan was written for the
dispositional hearing, this worker had been informed by [the
mother] that she and [the father] had been evicted from their
apartment. . . . The couple was not evicted from their apartment.
The management did reportedly threaten to evict them, but
ultimately did not. [The parents] continue to reside in the same
apartment. There were two separate times since the last hearing
that the parents feared they were going to be homeless. [The
father’s] mother has been paying the rent at the apartment. She
was reportedly going to cease providing financial assistance at the
end of July, then again at the end of November. As of the most
recent Family Team Meeting held on January 10, 2014, [the father]
reported that his mother will continue to pay rent through June
2014. The Department continues to have concerns about how the
couple could maintain a stable home for [the child], as both parents
have been unemployed throughout the life of this case.

DHS requested a petition to terminate parental rights be filed by the State

“[g]iven the minimal progress” by the parents.

A review hearing was held on January 27, 2014, which continued the

child’s out-of-home placement. A termination petition was filed that same date.

A permanency hearing/termination trial was held on March 12, 2014. The

father and mother testified. The father had attended one of fourteen offered

visits with his son in the five weeks before the hearing; the mother had attended

four. Both offered lack of transportation as an excuse, although both had

received bus passes. The father testified his insomnia had been an issue

throughout the juvenile court proceedings, but he had not sought medical

treatment to address it. He agreed he drank “exorbitant amounts of caffeine,”

explaining he “usually drink[s] it during the day to help me stay up for the course

of the day.” The father testified he had found employment for a week and a half

in February but lost the job “because I was suffering from constant migraines.”
8

He testified the migraines were a result of dental decay, but he had not

scheduled follow-up appointments for necessary treatment. Neither parent was

attending therapy sessions at the time of the termination trial, though the mother

indicated she had contacted her therapist the night before to restart sessions.

Neither parent had employment. Both acknowledged missing medical

appointments for their son, sometimes due to transportation issues, sometimes

because they had overslept. Both parents asked the court for additional time to

seek reunification if the child was not returned to them immediately.

The juvenile court terminated the parents’ rights pursuant to Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(d), (h), and (i). The court found:

In this case, neither [the mother] nor [the father] is able to
care for [N.T.] in their homes at this time. It is unlikely that the child
can be safely returned to his mother or father in the foreseeable
future. To return the child to his mother or father at this time or in
the foreseeable future would subject him to great instability and
uncertainty inflicted by his parents. There has not been any
resolution to the concerns raised at the time of the child’s removal.
A parent’s past behavior is an important factor in determining what
the future holds for a child if returned to the parent's care and
custody. . . .
The current foster family has amply demonstrated that they
are the best placement to ensure [the child’s] safety, for furthering
his long-term nurturing and growth, and for meeting his physical,
mental and emotional condition and needs. They are willing and
able to adopt the child. Especially for a child as young as this,
termination and adoption is the preferred method of establishing
permanency for a child who cannot be safely returned home.

The court rejected the parents’ request for more time finding reasonable progress

had not been made. The court, finally, found no factor weighing against

termination existed.
9

The parents appeal. The father and the mother both contend none of the

statutory grounds were satisfactorily shown, termination is not in the child’s best

interests, and additional time should have been granted.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

We conduct a de novo review of termination of parental rights

proceedings. In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 745 (Iowa 2011). Although we are not

bound by the juvenile court’s findings of fact, we do give them weight, especially

in assessing the credibility of witnesses. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa

2010). An order terminating parental rights will be upheld if there is clear and

convincing evidence of grounds for termination under section 232.116. Id.

Evidence is considered “clear and convincing” when there are no “serious or

substantial doubts as to the correctness or conclusions of law drawn from the

evidence.” Id.

III. Analysis.

Iowa Code chapter 232 termination of parental rights follows a three-step

analysis. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). The court must initially

determine whether a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) is

established. Id. If a ground for termination is established, the court must next

apply the best-interest framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if the

grounds for termination should result in a termination of parental rights. Id. If the

statutory best-interest framework supports termination of parental rights, the

court must finally consider if any statutory exceptions or factors set out in section

232.116(3) weigh against termination of parental rights. Id.
10

When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one

statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any ground we find

supported by the record. D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707. Under Iowa Code section

232.116(1)(h), the court may terminate the rights of a parent to a child if: (1) the

child is three years old or younger, (2) the child has been adjudicated a CINA

under section 232.96, (3) the child has been out of the parent’s custody for at

least six of the last twelve months or the last six consecutive months, and

(4) “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot be returned to

the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section 232.102 at the present

time.” “[O]ur legislature has carefully constructed a time frame to provide a

balance between the parent’s efforts and the child’s long-term best interests.”

D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707. “Ultimately, the issue is not parental culpability but

whether the statutory requirements have been met.” In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100,

111 n.9 (Iowa 2014).

Our de novo review of the record convinces us that even after the offer of

numerous services, the parents are still not in a position to care for N.T. without

ongoing DHS involvement. They have not moved beyond supervised visits, they

have untreated mental health issues, and they show little insight into how their

behaviors pose a risk of neglect to the child.

“Even after we have determined that statutory grounds for termination

exist, we must still determine whether termination is in the children’s best

interests.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 776 (Iowa 2012); accord Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2). Giving “primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best

placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to
11

the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child,” we

conclude termination and adoption is in the child’s best interests. See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2); accord P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 40. “It is well-settled law that we

cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a ground for

termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be

a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.” Id.

The parents did request additional time and assert the juvenile court erred

in failing to grant them an additional six months to seek reunification. A court has

discretion to “continue placement of the child for an additional six months.” Iowa

Code § 232.104(2)(b); see also id. § 232.117(5). This provision requires the

court to set forth “factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes which

comprise the basis for the determination that the need for removal of the child

from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month

period.” Id. § 232.104(2)(b); In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 92 (Iowa Ct. App.

2005).

The juvenile court determined additional time was not warranted, stating:

[N]either parent has made significant progress in addressing his or
her own mental health needs; and neither has been able to
demonstrate the interest or ability to safely care for the child outside
of a supervised setting. They have taken no steps to achieve
financial independence. It is impossible, then, for the Court to
enumerate specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral
changes which would comprise the basis for a determination that
the need for removal of the child will no longer exist at the end of an
additional six-month period. Therefore, termination is in the best
interests of this child.

We agree. We affirm the termination of the parents’ parental rights to N.T.

AFFIRMED.