In the Interest of N.W., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-0071
Filed April 14, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF N.W.,
Minor Child,

J.N., Mother,
Appellant,

T.W., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, Mark C. Cord III,

District Associate Judge.

Parents separately appeal the termination of their parental rights to their

child. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

T. Cody Farrens of Fankhauser, Farrens & Rachel, P.L.C., Sioux City, for

appellant mother.

Jessica R. Noll of Deck Law PLC, Sioux City, for appellant father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Marchelle M. Denker of Juvenile Law Center, Sioux City, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Ahlers, JJ.
2

AHLERS, Judge.

Parents separately appeal the termination of their parental rights to their

child, born in April 2018, pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) and (l)

(2020).1 Both parents challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

statutory grounds for termination, argue termination is contrary to the child’s best

interests, and request an additional six months to work toward reunification.

I. Background

The parents have a long history of domestic disturbances and violence,

dating back to before the child’s birth. Between mid-2017 and mid-2018 there were

a slew of law-enforcement contacts with the parents due to altercations between

the parents. The Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) became involved in

June 2018 upon a report the father kicked in the mother’s door and threw a

television on the floor, in the child’s presence. The mother requested criminal

charges be dropped. Reports of disturbances continued through July of 2019. The

bulk of these incidents were alcohol and drug related. Late that month, DHS

received reports the parents left the child at home alone for five hours while they

went out drinking, the father had previously done so while he went to a casino, the

father was using and selling marijuana from his home, and the child had recently

suffered a broken leg.

Based on the parents’ long history of discord and substance abuse, the

State filed a petition to adjudicate the child as in need of assistance (CINA) in

1 The father’s biological relation to the child was never established through
paternity testing, but he is listed on the child’s birth certificate. The court terminated
the parental rights as to any other putative father, and no other father appeals.
3

August. At the ensuing hearing on the petition, the State requested the child be

placed in the father’s custody and visitation for the mother be at DHS discretion.

The court adjudicated the child as in need of assistance and placed her in DHS

custody for placement with the father, with another relative, in foster care, or with

another suitable person.

The parents submitted to drug testing in November. The mother tested

negative for all substances, despite reporting recent use of cocaine, and the father

tested positive for cocaine. Due to the father’s positive test, the child was placed

with her paternal grandmother, where she has remained. Following a substance-

abuse evaluation, the mother was recommended to participate in intensive

outpatient treatment in relation to her alcohol abuse. She was discharged from

treatment about a month later for lack of attendance. The mother continued to

exhibit signs of alcohol abuse and suicidal behavior. The father tested negative

for drugs in December 2019 and January 2020. By the time of the dispositional

hearing in January 2020, the father had also undergone a substance-abuse

evaluation. He was recommended to engage in extended outpatient treatment.

Also around this time, the mother admitted ongoing use of methamphetamine for

a period of three weeks. The father tested negative for drugs in February and

continued participating in treatment. Then, in March, the father was arrested on

several traffic charges, including operating while intoxicated (OWI).2 The father’s

participation in treatment was sporadic that month. In April, the father continued

to test negative for drugs and reengaged in treatment.

2 The father later pleaded guilty to the OWI charge.
4

The mother obtained a second substance-abuse evaluation in May.

Extended outpatient treatment was again recommended. The father again tested

negative for drugs in May, but his engagement in treatment was inconsistent. Both

parents underwent mental-health evaluations in June. The mother was

recommended to engage in mental-health treatment, but the father was not. By

June, the father’s participation in substance-abuse treatment was stagnant and his

counselor reported he was not committed to treatment.

The State filed a petition to terminate the parents’ rights in late June. Up to

that point, the mother was inconsistent in attending visits with the child and had

not progressed beyond supervised visits. She had also largely evaded drug

testing. The father was generally consistent in attending visits and had progressed

to semi-supervised visits in February 2020. He was returned to fully-supervised

visits following his OWI arrest and did not progress back to semi-supervised. In

July, the father tested positive for alcohol and his attendance at treatment was

sporadic. In August, he tested negative for all substances and regularly attended

treatment. His participation in treatment continued to improve in September.

The matter proceeded to a termination hearing over two days in October.

The mother was still inconsistent in attending substance-abuse treatment. By the

time of the second day of hearing, the father had been successfully discharged

from substance-abuse treatment. It was recommended that he begin attending

recovery meetings, obtain sponsorship, and take relapse-prevention measures.

The father had yet to meaningfully engage in recovery meetings or obtain a

sponsor, and he testified that he had no desire to continue substance-abuse

treatment, as he believed he no longer had a problem. While each of the parents
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testified they were no longer in a relationship, the mother testified they shared an

intimate encounter as recently as August, when the pair went to a casino, gambled,

and consumed alcohol. The child had been placed with the paternal grandmother

for nearly a year. The grandmother testified she intended to adopt the child if

termination occurred but noted she would continue to allow the parents to have

contact with the child.

Following hearing, the court terminated both parents’ rights pursuant to

Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) and (l). The court concluded the child could not

be returned to either parent’s care at the time or in the foreseeable future,

termination is in the child’s best interests, and no permissive exception to

termination should be applied. Both parents appeal.

II. Standard of Review

Appellate review of orders terminating parental rights is de novo. In re A.B.,

___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2021 WL 935436, at *5 (Iowa 2021); In re C.Z., ___ N.W.2d

___, ___, 2021 WL 934999, at *5 (Iowa 2021). Our primary consideration is the

best interests of the child, In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006), the defining

elements of which are the child’s safety and need for a permanent home. In re

H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011).

III. Analysis

A. Mother

1. Sufficiency of the evidence

The mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

statutory grounds for termination. “[W]e may affirm the juvenile court’s termination

order on any ground that we find supported by clear and convincing evidence.” In
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re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). We choose to focus on Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(h). As to that section, the mother only challenges the State’s

establishment of the final element—that the child could not be returned to her care

at the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4)

(requiring clear and convincing evidence that the children cannot be returned to

the custody of their parents at the present time); D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707

(interpreting the statutory language “at the present time” to mean “at the time of

the termination hearing”).

The mother has a long history of alcohol abuse, which has resulted in

instability, erratic behavior, and violent tendencies. She has never provided full-

time care for the child, even before DHS intervention. She was inconsistent in

attending treatment and visits. In order for the child to be returned to the mother,

she needed to demonstrate an extended period of sobriety, stability, and parenting

capabilities, which she failed to do. We agree the child could not be returned to

the mother’s care and the evidence was sufficient to support termination under

section 232.116(1)(h).

2. Best interests

We turn to the mother’s best-interests challenge. In determining whether

termination is in the best interests of a child, we “give primary consideration to the

child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and

growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs

of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2).

The mother argues, “Terminating parental rights right now does nothing to

further” the child’s best interests because “termination will not fundamentally
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change the role of the parents or access to the child.” She also argues the child

will be disadvantaged as a result of losing the benefits that accompany a parent-

child relationship, such as financial support. True, the mother will still have access

to the child, and we agree the mother’s parenting role will not change. The problem

is the mother has not meaningfully served as a parent to the child. The mother

has been given ample time to get her affairs in order, and the child’s best interests

are best served by providing permanency and stability now. See In re A.B., 815

N.W.2d 764, 778 (Iowa 2012) (noting it is not in the best interests of children to

keep them in temporary situations “while the natural parents get their lives

together.” (quoting In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 175 (Iowa 1997))). We find

termination to be in the child’s best interests.

3. Additional time

The mother requests additional time to work toward reunification. If,

following a termination hearing, the court does not terminate parental rights but

finds there is clear and convincing evidence that the child is a child in need of

assistance, the court may enter an order in accordance with section 232.104(2)(b).

Iowa Code § 232.117(5). Section 232.104(2)(b) affords the juvenile court the

option to continue placement of a child for an additional six months if the court

finds “the need for removal . . . will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-

month period.”

We agree with the mother she got off to a “slow start” in participating with

services. She did not start to meaningfully engage in services until the possibility

of termination reared its head. The mother simply waited too long to engage in

services. Given the mother’s history, she would be required to fully engage in
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services for an extended period of time before the child could be returned to her

care, and we determine this process would take longer than six months. We are

unable to conclude the need for removal from the mother’s care would no longer

exist after an extension, so we decline the mother’s request for an extension.

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

B. Father

1. Sufficiency of the evidence

The father also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

statutory grounds for termination. As noted, “we may affirm the juvenile court’s

termination order on any ground that we find supported by clear and convincing

evidence.” D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707. We again choose to focus on Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(h). Like the mother, the father only challenges the State’s

establishment of the final element—that the child could not be returned to his care

at the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4); D.W.,

791 N.W.2d at 707.

We fully acknowledge the progress the father made during the proceedings,

although it was sporadic at times. However, we also note the father has a long

history of substance abuse. While the father was successfully discharged from

substance-abuse treatment by the second day of trial, he was recommended to

begin attending recovery meetings, obtain sponsorship, and take relapse-

prevention measures. The father had yet to meaningfully engage in recovery

meetings or obtain a sponsor, and he testified that he has no desire to continue

substance-abuse treatment, as he does not believe he has a problem. Given the

father’s history, we find this concerning. The father’s use did not discontinue until
9

court involvement and his participation, albeit sporadic, in substance-abuse

treatment. If the father is not going to engage in relapse-prevention measures, as

he has demonstrated and explained, then the child cannot be returned to his care.

So, we find the evidence was sufficient to support termination under section

232.116(1)(h).

2. Best interests

The father also claims termination is contrary to the child’s best interests.

As noted, we “give primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best

placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the

physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2).

The father’s declination to engage in relapse-prevention is also a concern

on the best-interests front. If those measures are not pursued, then the father is

not the best placement for providing safety, furthering the long-term nurturing and

growth, or meeting the needs of the child. See id. We conclude termination is in

the child’s best interests.

3. Additional time

In his request for additional time, the father highlights that he has completed

substance-abuse treatment, his recent drug tests have been negative, and he has

stable housing and employment. He asserts these facts justify additional time to

work toward reunification. We disagree. While it is a relatively minor point, we

point out that, while the father has an apartment and a job, he obtained both less

than two months prior to the termination hearing. It is commendable the father has
10

housing and employment, but it remains to be seen whether either or both can be

maintained on a long-term basis.

A much more important consideration that undermines the father’s request

for a six-month extension is the father’s substance-abuse treatment history and

plan. The father did not meaningfully participate in substance-abuse treatment

until the termination hearing was imminent. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 495

(Iowa 2000) (“A parent cannot wait until the eve of termination, after the statutory

time periods for reunification have expired, to begin to express an interest in

parenting.”). While he completed treatment just a few days before the conclusion

of the termination hearing, he missed a significant number of recommended group

meetings over the course of his treatment.

More alarming is the fact the father admitted that he did not believe

continued treatment was for him, did not believe he had a substance-abuse

problem, did not believe he had an alcohol-abuse problem, and did not plan to

continue with treatment even though continued treatment was recommended. This

is particularly alarming given the fact the father has a long history of substance

abuse; his substance abuse has contributed to violence in front of the child and

created chaos in her life; he has a recent history of relapse; and he has a recent

conviction for OWI. In order to grant the father an additional six months to work

toward reunification, we must first be able to “enumerate the specific factors,

conditions, or expected behavioral changes which comprise the basis for the

determination that the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no

longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” Iowa Code

§ 232.104(2)(b). Given the father’s track record of problems, his eleventh-hour
11

efforts at treatment, and his stated intention to not follow through with treatment,

we cannot make a determination that the conditions that prevent the child’s return

to the father’s care will no longer exist if an additional six months was allowed. 3

Therefore, we decline the father’s request for an extension, and we affirm the

termination of his parental rights.

IV. Conclusion

We affirm the termination of both parents’ parental rights.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

3 We are mindful of and have considered the supreme court’s recent decision in In
re C.Z., in which the order terminating the father’s parental rights was reversed
based on the father’s progress leading up to the termination hearing. 2021 WL
934999, at *8–9. Because of the fact-intensive nature of termination cases, other
cases are of “little precedential value, and we must base our decision primarily on
the particular circumstances of the parties presently before us.” In re C.L.C., 479
N.W.2d 340, 343 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991). Here, we find the facts distinguishable
from those in C.Z. In comparison to the quality, quantity, and longevity of the
improvements exhibited by the father in C.Z., the father here had several recent
missteps, had only shown initiative on the eve of the termination hearing, and, most
importantly, did not believe he had a substance-abuse problem and had no
intention of continuing with treatment. Given the role substance abuse has played
in the father creating an environment of chaos for the child throughout her life, the
father’s unwillingness to continue much-needed treatment is a deciding factor and
one that distinguishes his case from that of the father in In re C.Z. See In re T.S.,
868 N.W.2d 425, 443 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015) (noting that, because of the intensely
fact-based nature of termination cases, the decision often hinges on “a single, or
seemingly minor fact or factor”).