In the Interest of J.G., D.G., and A.G., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1317
Filed December 6, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF J.G., D.G., and A.G.,
Minor Children,

B.G., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cass County, Justin R. Wyatt,

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Sara E. Benson of Meldrum & Benson Law, P.C., Council Bluffs, for

appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Karen L. Mailander, Anita, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Buller, JJ.
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BOWER, Chief Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to three children,

J.G., born in 2013; A.G., born in 2016; and D.G., born in 2018.1 She contends the

State failed to prove the grounds for termination cited by the juvenile court, the

Iowa Department of Health and Human Services (department) failed to make

reasonable efforts toward reunification, and termination is not in the best interests

of the children. Upon our review, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

This family came to the department’s attention in March 2022, upon

concerns the mother “was using methamphetamine in the family home.” After

declining several requests for drug screens, the mother eventually agreed to

submit to a test, which was positive for methamphetamine. The mother maintained

it was a “false positive” and absconded with the children in her vehicle. The

children were removed from the mother’s custody, placed in relative care, and

adjudicated in need of assistance.

The court entered a dispositional order in June, noting the mother had not

yet completed substance-abuse or mental-health evaluations. The mother had not

had in-person visitation with the children because “she often works evening hours”

and she had “not followed through with setting up visits.” She had, however,

engaged in several supervised phone calls with the children. The mother denied

being a relationship with a known substance user, stating they were “just longtime

friends.”

1 The parental rights of D.G.’s father were also terminated; he does not appeal.

The parental rights of the fathers of J.G. and A.G. were not terminated.
3

Through 2022, the mother “made minimal progress.” She denied drug use

but continued to miss drug screens, did not obtain substance-abuse or mental-

health evaluations, failed to engage in family-centered services, “struggled with

confirming her visits” with the children, engaged in “inappropriate” conversations

with the children during visits she attended, and failed to “call[] regularly to speak

with the children during her scheduled time.” She did not have a home, but she

occasionally spent nights with her grandmother. Because the children were in

separate placements, they did not see each other when the mother cancelled her

visits. The court ordered the placements to make efforts to arrange for sibling

contact “independent of, and apart from, the mother’s scheduled visits.”

In December 2022, the mother completed a substance-abuse evaluation,

which recommended inpatient treatment. The mother stated she was “looking at

inpatient treatment programs that allow children to stay with their mothers.”

However, the mother continued to fail to appear for drug screens, maintaining “she

will not test because the only people who need to know she’s clean are her kids.”

The court entered a permanency order in April 2023. The mother

acknowledged she had been without a home, but she stated she recently obtained

housing in Council Bluffs. The mother did not disclose her employment, explaining

“she will only hold ‘under the table’ jobs because she does not want to pay child

support.” Her visits with the children, although sporadic, were eventually

suspended due to her having conversations with the children about suicide and

“telling the children goodbye,” which “caused the children trauma.” The mother’s

family also expressed concern about her mental health and suicidal ideations.

Meanwhile, despite “numerous opportunities to engage in outpatient and inpatient
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treatment,” the mother “followed through with neither.” The State initiated

termination-of-parental-rights proceedings.

The termination hearing took place in July. At the outset of the hearing, the

mother requested a “short” continuance for additional time to reunify with the

children, which was resisted by the State and the guardian ad litem. The court

denied the mother’s request, and the hearing took place as scheduled.

The caseworker testified about the services provided to the mother and the

mother’s lack of participation and progress. Concerns remained about the

mother’s “drug use,” “unstable housing,” mental health, lack of consistent contact

with the children, and inappropriate parenting. According to the caseworker, the

mother had “ample opportunity over the past year-plus to engage in services,

treatment, and the recommendations that were set forth by the court, and she has

not followed through with them.” The caseworker further opined any “additional

services” provided to the mother would not facilitate reunification with the children.

The department and guardian ad litem opined termination of the mother’s parental

rights would be in the best interests of the children.

The court thereafter entered an order terminating the mother’s parental

rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (f) (2023). The court noted

the mother “consistently refused to comply with court-ordered services,” “appeared

to be in complete denial of her situation,” and “had not taken the necessary steps

to confront her substance abuse and mental health issues.” The mother appeals.

II. Standard of Review

Appellate review of termination-of-parental-rights proceedings is de novo.

In re A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280, 293 (Iowa 2021). Our paramount concern in
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termination proceedings is the best interests of the child. In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d

521, 529 (Iowa 2019). We give weight to, but are not bound by, the juvenile court’s

fact findings. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018).

III. Grounds for Termination

The mother’s rights were terminated on multiple grounds; we may affirm if

any one of the grounds is supported by the record. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d

764, 774 (Iowa 2012) (“When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more

than one statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any ground

we find supported by the record.”). We focus on paragraph (f). Regarding this

paragraph, the mother only challenges the fourth element—whether the children

could be returned to her custody.2 See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4). This

element is satisfied when the State establishes the children cannot be safely

returned to the parent at the time of the termination hearing. In re T.W., No. 20-

0145, 2020 WL 1881115, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 15, 2020). The mother claims

she “has addressed her substance abuse needs” and “if given a drug screen the

day of the termination hearing, the test would be negative.” The mother also

maintains “[h]er living environment is acceptable” because “[a]t the time of the

hearing, [she] and her roommate were moving to a bigger home.”

Upon our review, we find the record belies the mother’s claims. At the

termination hearing, the department voiced concerns about the mother’s continued

methamphetamine use. In mid-May, less than two months before the hearing, the

mother presented to Manning Recovery Center for treatment. She reported “she

2 The mother also raises this claim in a separate issue; we address it here.
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uses meth 3 times a week and will take 4 hits at a time”; however, she “does not

believe she is a drug addict” and “does not know why she is in treatment.” The

mother appeared to be “under the influence at the time of the evaluation.” She

reported being “unsure where she will go after treatment,” and she “d[id] not want

to go to sober living.” The mother was “threatening” and “disrespectful” to staff,

and she was unsuccessfully discharged from treatment a few days later. But the

mother claimed the information from Manning was “not accurate at all” and she

hadn’t “used since” she “went into treatment.” She also stated other providers

were “lying” about her drug use or had “a conflict of interest.” She stated she hadn’t

“been around anyone that has done it since [she] got out of Manning,” and she had

“been trying to get back into a treatment center, but they are booked back because

IV users get to go first.” According to the caseworker, the mother had “not done

anything” since her discharge to address the active substance abuse she reported

upon intake.

The department also voiced concerns about the mother’s lack of stable

housing. The caseworker testified the mother never provided the department with

a permanent address. Throughout the case, she had lived in her car, under a

bridge, and with her grandmother in a home in which her father, who was “actively

using methamphetamine,” also lived. The mother testified she wasn’t sure where

her father was living but “he’s starting to get clean,” and “if he has to stay away, he

will just so I can have my kids home.”

On this issue, the juvenile court found:

There exists clear and convincing evidence [the mother] has
not alleviated the concerns which resulted in all three children being
removed from her care and adjudicated as children in need of
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assistance. [The mother] has failed to stay in communication with
service providers, submit to drug screens, maintain consistent visits
with the children, complete inpatient or outpatient substance abuse
treatment, or obtain a mental health evaluation. She is in complete
denial of the issues that originally lead to the children being
adjudicated as children in need of assistance. She has been
nomadic, and often homeless, during the pendency of the underlying
[child-in-need-of-assistance] cases. [The mother] claims she
currently lives in an apartment in Omaha, Nebraska, and will be
moving to a house in the near future. For the reasons outlined above
and detailed throughout this order, the children cannot be returned
to [the mother]’s custody now or in the foreseeable future.

Based on these and the other facts detailed above, we concur with the court’s

assessment these children could not be returned to the mother’s custody at the

time of the termination hearing. Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) was satisfied.

IV. Best Interests

Termination also must serve the children’s best interests. See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2); In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011) (observing the defining

elements of the best-interests analysis are the children’s safety and need for a

permanent home). The juvenile court found, “The children deserve permanency

now and cannot wait for their parents to learn and consistently demonstrate

effective parenting skills which would provide them with a safe, structured home.”

The court observed the mother “failed to consistently and successfully participate

in court-ordered services for reunification” and her “history of noncompliance [is]

an indicator of the likelihood that [she] will continue to not participate in court-

ordered services geared towards reunification.” The guardian ad litem noted the

mother “is so unstable in her personal life that I believe she represents a danger

to the children if she’s not supervised with them.” The guardian ad litem opined

“these children need and deserve a safe, stable, loving home,” adding “the court
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has the power to make an order that could accomplish that, and that’s what I would

hope that the court will do.” Upon our review, we conclude termination is in the

children’s best interests, and no exceptions from section 232.116(3) apply to

preclude termination. See A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 472–73.

V. Reasonable Efforts

The mother also contends the department failed to make reasonable efforts

toward reunification. Our courts have recognized that the State must show

reasonable efforts toward reunification “as a part of its ultimate proof” grounds for

termination exist. See, e.g., In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000).

Specifically, the mother claims the department “set up drug screens in towns/areas

where she was residing and . . . did not help provide transportation assistance.”

To the contrary, the record shows that from the time of the initial department

involvement, the mother evaded drug screens. The caseworker testified she

provided the mother “with a list of places to drug screen . . . and a variety of

locations and time to accommodate her location between Red Oak and Council

Bluffs,” and she instructed the mother she was “allowed to provide a sample at

either a location in Red Oak or in Council Bluffs related to where she was on that

day.” Yet the mother testified she didn’t know she was allowed to test at multiple

locations. On this issue, we concur with the juvenile court’s finding the mother’s

testimony was not credible. The caseworker also testified “family centered

services . . . offer[ed the mother] gas cards to get to visits and drug screens.” The

mother acknowledged she “received four gas cards” and the department offered

to provide more.
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The mother also claims “the professionals associated with this case failed

to maintain contact with her.” To the contrary, the court observed the mother “had

been noncompliant with court-ordered services and noncommunicative with

caseworkers,” including “making physical threats against caseworkers and the

court.” See In re M.B., 595 N.W.2d 815, 818 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999) (observing a

parent’s threatening and assaultive behavior toward social workers is “tantamount

to a rejection of [reunification] services provided to [her]”). The record is replete

with examples of caseworkers offering to help the mother but the mother “refus[ing]

the assistance, stating that she does not need help” or maintaining “she knows

how to [do it] on her own.” The court further noted the mother “clearly rejected

services preventing said services from correcting the conditions that resulted in the

children being adjudicated as children in need of assistance.” Here, the mother’s

“own behavior prevented [her] from partaking in services to aid reuniting [her] with

[her] family.” See id.

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.