In the Interest of P.A., D.A., A.A., and C.A., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1173
Filed April 10, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF P.A., D.A., A.A., and C.A.,
Minor Children,

C.A., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mitchell County,

Karen Kaufman Salic, Judge.

A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his four children.

AFFIRMED.

C.A., Osage, self-represented appellant father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Mark A. Milder of Mark Milder Law Firm, Denver, attorney and guardian ad

litem for minor children.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Chicchelly, JJ.
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CHICCHELLY, Judge.

A father appeals the termination of parental rights to his four children: A.A.,

born in 2018; P.A., born in 2019; C.A., born in 2020; and D.A., born in 2022. The

father asks us to reverse the termination based on alleged constitutional violations

and a lack of reasonable efforts.1

The four children came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health

and Human Services (HHS) based on allegations of the parents’ substance use,

domestic violence, and child neglect. The parents were initially motivated to work

towards reunification, but this progress was short-lived. The father struggled to

maintain sobriety. He told HHS that he was participating in multiple services, but

he provided no evidence of this progress and did not sign the necessary releases.

He further failed to comply with HHS’s requests for drug testing and was

unsuccessfully discharged from substance-use treatment. Over the life of the

case, the parents had multiple charges for domestic violence against each other,

and this resulted in a no-contact order that prevented the father from engaging in

services and visits. When his visits were reinstated, HHS’s concerns grew

because the children’s behaviors became more aggressive.

During the proceedings, the father went through four attorneys, stating, “I

have not been satisfied with the performance of the prior assigned public

defenders appointed to represent me in these cases.” He chose to forego

appointed counsel and represented himself for the remainder of the proceedings.

1 The mother’s rights were also terminated to the four children at the same time.

While she filed a notice of appeal, she voluntarily dismissed her appeal. We
therefore do not discuss her in our analysis.
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The juvenile court gave him multiple opportunities to have counsel appointed, but

the father maintained that he wanted to represent himself.

By the permanency hearing, the father still had not complied with either drug

or paternity testing. At the termination hearing, HHS testified that the father had

only attended one of the children’s many therapy sessions, failed to regularly

comply with drug testing, never graduated from fully supervised visits, and had not

fully addressed the domestic-violence concerns. But by this point, he had

complied with paternity testing and was confirmed as the biological father of all

four children. The father also testified on his own behalf that he was making

progress with securing a job, driver’s license, and housing. But because he had

not adequately addressed HHS’s other major concerns, the juvenile court

terminated the father’s parental rights to all four children. The father appeals.

Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. See In re C.B.,

611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). Though not binding, we give weight to the

court’s fact findings, especially those regarding witness credibility. See Iowa R.

App. P. 6.904(3)(g); C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 492. Generally, termination-of-parental-

rights proceedings involve a “three-step analysis,” where we determine whether

statutory grounds for termination have been met, if the best interests of the child

support termination, and whether we should apply permissive exceptions to

termination. In re A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280, 294 (Iowa 2021) (citation omitted). The

father fails to address any of these steps, and we limit our analysis to the contested

issues. Cf. In re J.F., No. 19-1647, 2020 WL 110404, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9,

2020) (“But when, as here, the parent’s claims only relate to one step in our

analysis, we only address that step.”).
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The father first contends that he was provided “inadequate representation

through any of the assigned attorneys” throughout the proceedings and was

effectively forced to self-represent. See Iowa Code § 232.89(1) (2023) (granting

parents a statutory right to counsel in child-in-need-of-assistance proceedings).

But the father chose to represent himself at the proceedings despite the juvenile

court’s warnings that the decision “carries with it some risk” and “could result in the

termination of your parental rights.” The father expressed he understood that he

would “be basically navigating [the proceedings] without the assistance of an

attorney” and was still willing to self-represent. The juvenile court asked him again

just before the termination hearing, and the father repeated that he wanted to

represent himself. We therefore find no merit in this claim because he voluntarily

waived his statutory right to counsel.

Next, the father argues he was restricted from accessing “crucial evidence”

in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to fair trial. There are three issues with

this contention. First, the Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial is limited to criminal

matters, and this is a termination-of-parental-rights proceeding. See U.S. Const.

amend. VI (granting “the right to a speedy and public trial” “[i]n all criminal

prosecutions”). Second, while we recognize his due process rights, see In re T.S.,

868 N.W.2d 425, 432 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015) (recognizing a “protected liberty or

property interest at stake” in termination-of-parental-rights proceedings), the father

was never denied access to the evidence in this case. The electronic document

management system (EDMS) was available to him, but the father chose not to use

it. While the district court generously offered the clerk of court’s assistance in

mailing some documents and filings, this was not required. In fact, all
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self-represented litigants must register for and use EDMS. Iowa R. Elec.

P. 16.302(1). The father is no exception. Third, this issue is not properly preserved

for our review. When the evidence was introduced at the termination hearing, the

self-represented father did not object to its admission. See Meier v. Senecaut,

641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (finding “that issues must ordinarily be both

raised and decided by the district court” to preserve them for appellate review).

The father has not shown that his constitutional rights were violated.

The father then alleges the juvenile court wrongly relied on inaccuracies in

the record when terminating his parental rights. For example, in the court’s ruling

on termination, the dates of removal and adjudication were incorrect (each used

dates subsequent court orders were filed), and the petition was mistakenly dated

May 23, 2034. These are clear clerical errors, and we therefore decline to consider

the father’s contention that the court somehow acted improperly based on the

mistakes. See In re H.C., No. 16-1961, 2017 WL 512798, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App.

Feb. 8, 2017) (“[W]e decline to place form over substance and waste judicial

resources on what was clearly a [typographical] error.”). To the extent that the

father disagrees with any credibility findings, we give deference to the juvenile

court’s fact findings. See C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 492.

Finally, the father loosely asserts that the reasonable-efforts requirement

has not been met. See Iowa Code § 232.102(6) (requiring HHS to “make every

reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home as quickly as possible

consistent with the best interests of the child”). But a reasonable-efforts challenge

requires the parent to make an affirmative objection to the services offered as

inadequate, which the father did not do. See In re L.M., 904 N.W.2d 835, 839–40
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(Iowa 2017). Because he failed to object “prior to the termination hearing,” he

“waives the issue” and can no longer challenge it on appeal. See T.S., 868 N.W.2d

at 442 (citation omitted). We therefore find the father’s reasonable-efforts claim is

waived.

Because the father’s constitutional rights were not violated and his

remaining issues are waived, we affirm the termination of the father’s parental

rights.

AFFIRMED.