In the Interest of L.G., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-0495
Filed May 22, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF L.G.,
Minor Child,

M.G., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marion County, Steven Guiter,

Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Dusty Lea Clements of Clements Law and Mediation, Newton, for appellant

mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Aaron H.R. Ginkens, West Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for

minor child.

Considered by Ahlers, P.J., and Chicchelly and Buller, JJ.
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CHICCHELLY, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child. She

challenges the efforts to return the child to her custody and the grounds for

termination. She requests more time to show the child can be returned to her and

contends termination is not in the child’s best interests. After a de novo review of

the record, In re W.M., 957 N.W.2d 305, 312 (Iowa 2021), we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

The child came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and

Human Services (HHS) when he was born in December 2022. Both the mother

and the child tested positive for amphetamines, methamphetamine, and

marijuana. The mother admitted using methadone and a product containing THC

during her pregnancy but denied she knowingly used methamphetamine. The

juvenile court removed the child from the mother’s custody, and the State

petitioned to the court to adjudicate the child to be a child in need of assistance

(CINA). The court granted the CINA petition in March 2023 based on concerns

about the mother’s mental health and substance use.

The mother has a long history of substance use and is diagnosed with

severe opioid use disorder. She was thirty-four years old at the time of the

termination hearing, and she testified that she began using controlled substances

as teenager and has used opiates and marijuana steadily since her early twenties.

The mother was in substance-use treatment at least eight times before the child

was born. In 2020, the juvenile court terminated her parental rights to her first child

based on her substance-use issues.
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After L.G.’s birth, the mother twice entered in-patient treatment and was

unsuccessfully discharged for substance use. Both times, the child was placed in

the mother’s care during her treatment and removed on her discharge. The first

attempt lasted almost six months, the mother’s longest period of sobriety since she

began using controlled substances. It ended when the mother smoked marijuana

while on a pass from the facility three months after the child was placed with her.

The second attempt lasted only two months, with the mother using

methamphetamine two weeks after the child was placed with her. The mother was

without housing for two months while using methamphetamine and heroin. She

had no contact with the HHS for one month and no visits with the child for two

months. Her visits resumed only after she returned to treatment in late October.

The State petitioned to terminate the mother’s parental rights in

January 2024. At the termination hearing, the mother testified that she had not

used any controlled substances since returning to in-patient treatment in

October 2023. She also testified that she was near completing the first phase of

the three-phase program, the farthest she has gone in treatment, and asked the

court to grant her six more months to address her substance-use issues. But the

court determined that six months was not enough time and terminated the mother’s

parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (h) (2024).

II. Discussion.

A. Reasonable Efforts.

We begin with the mother’s claim that the HHS failed to make reasonable

efforts to return the child. See Iowa Code § 232.102(6) (requiring that the HHS

“make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home as quickly as
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possible consistent with the best interests of the child”). The mother bases her

argument on the HHS worker’s testimony at the termination hearing:

Q. So let me just ask you, when [the mother] went to treatment
in October of 2023, what could she have done differently since then
to not be at termination right now? A. Can you reword that?
Q. Well, what could she have done, right, to not be sitting here
today that she hasn’t done since October? A. I don’t believe I know
how to answer that.
Q. Okay. . . . Were we looking at termination back in
September? A. Based on the history of this case, yes.
Q. Okay. And you would agree with me that her going to
treatment in October didn’t change the mindset of that? A. It
probably relaxed it somewhat, the mindset.
Q. But nothing has moved forward since October, you would
agree with that? A. Correct.
Q. Even though she has actively engaged in mental health
since October, she has actively engaged in substance abuse since
October, and she’s actively engaged with [family centered services]
FCS since October, would you agree with all of that? A. I would
agree it’s a repeat.
Q. But she’s doing what you’re asking her to do, right?
A. Correct.
Q. So, again, what could she or should she have done to not
be sitting here at termination? A. I would say the answer to that
would be not to use with your child the first two times you were in
treatment since he was born.
Q. Okay. But you would agree with me that most substance
abuse providers will say relapse is a part of recovery, right? A. Yes.
Q. So it’s, frankly, to be expected that an addict would relapse
and leave multiple treatment programs, correct? A. I don’t know if I
agree with that.
Q. Okay. But she went back to treatment on her own in
October? A. She did.
Q. Okay. And she has been sober since then, correct? A. It’s
my understanding, yes.
Q. Okay. And if you can’t say what she could have done
differently to not be sitting at termination, how do we expect her to
know what she could have done differently? A. I have no answer for
that.

During cross-examination by the guardian ad litem, the worker clarified that the ten

times the mother has relapsed following treatment shows “she doesn’t have a very

good history of being able to maintain her sobriety.”
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Although the reasonable-efforts requirement continues until there is a final

written termination order, the supreme court has clarified that the “obligation to

provide reasonable efforts until a final written termination order does not

necessarily require [the State] to provide reasonable efforts toward reunification.”

In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d 521, 528 (Iowa 2019). “If returning the child to the family’s

home is not appropriate or not possible, reasonable efforts shall include the efforts

made in a timely manner to finalize a permanency plan for the child.” Iowa Code

§ 232.102A(1)(a). To determine whether reasonable efforts were made, the court

considers “[t]he type, duration, and intensity of services . . . provided to the child

and the child’s family” and “[t]he relative risk to the child of remaining in the child’s

home versus removal of the child.” Id. § 232A(1)(a)(1)–(2).

In the termination order, the juvenile court listed the services provided to the

family. It then found that returning the child to the mother’s custody at the time of

the termination hearing would subject the child to adjudicatory harm, noting the

mother has not shown she can care for the child outside of a residential treatment

facility or maintain her sobriety while in treatment and caring for the child. We

concur with the court’s assessment.

The mother claims the HHS failed to make reasonable efforts because “the

worker acknowledged that he had never been to her residence at House of Mercy,

and he had only met with her once during the life of the case.” But to preserve

error, a parent must inform the juvenile court of any complaints about the adequacy

of the services before the termination hearing. In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 148

(Iowa 2002). The mother failed to do so. Even so, the reasonable-efforts

requirement is not a strict substantive requirement for termination. L.T., 924
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N.W.2d at 527. The scope of the services provided impacts the State’s burden of

proving the children cannot be safely returned home. Id. We turn then to the

mother’s challenge to the grounds for termination.

B. Grounds for Termination.

The mother challenges the grounds for terminating her parental rights.

Because the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights under Iowa

Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (h), we may affirm if clear and convincing

evidence supports termination on either ground. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703,

707 (Iowa 2010).

The court may terminate under section 232.116(1)(h) when a child is three

or younger, has been adjudicated CINA, and has been removed from the parent’s

custody for six months. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(1)–(3). The mother

challenges the final element of section 232.116(1)(h): “the child cannot be returned

to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section 232.102 at the present

time.” Id. § 232.116(1)(h)(4). Under section 232.102(6), a child cannot be

returned to the parents if the child will suffer harm that would justify a CINA

adjudication. “[A]t the present time” means at the time of the termination hearing.

See In re A.B., 956 N.W.2d 162, 168 (Iowa 2021) (interpreting the phrase as used

in Iowa Code section 232.116(1)).

The mother argues that the child could be returned to her custody because

the evidence at the termination hearing shows she was in in-patient treatment

where she “has a family style room and everything needed to meet the child’s daily

needs.” But the mother has been in this position twice before during the CINA

proceedings and relapsed. Her inability to maintain sobriety during in-patient
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treatment does not bode well for her ability to remain sober without supervision or

the ongoing involvement of the HHS. See W.M., 957 N.W.2d at 313 (“A long

history of substance abuse, repeated relapses, and demonstrated inability to

maintain sobriety outside a supervised setting demonstrates the children could not

have been returned to [the mother’s] care at the time of the termination hearing.”);

In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 111 (Iowa 2014) (affirming termination of parental

rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) because “the record indicates that

after a year of services, the parents were still not in a position to care for A.M.

without ongoing [HSS] involvement”). This finding is strengthened by considering

the mother’s overall history, which includes eighteen years of substance use,

eleven attempts at treatment, and a period of sobriety no longer than six months

at best. One year after the CINA adjudication, the mother was in no better position

to resume custody of the child. Because clear and convincing evidence shows

that returning the child to the mother’s custody at the time of the termination

hearing would expose the child to the type of harm that would lead to a CINA

adjudication, the State proved the grounds for termination under

section 232.116(1)(h).

C. Request for More Time.

The mother asks for more time under Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b),

which allows the court to continue a child’s placement for six months if doing so

will eliminate the need for the child’s removal. She argues that her current stint in

treatment, which began on October 24, differs from her past attempts:

Q. How can you assure the Court this time is different and you
truly are ready to be sober? A. The first thing that comes to mind is
just the fact that when I lost [the child’s father] on November 3rd of
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2023, I was in House of Mercy, and I was able to cope and utilize
every person, group, just all—all of the people that I have in my
support group and everything that I have learned, my coping skills,
to not pick up an illegal substance to cope with that death and before
then when I’ve lost somebody, I had self-medicated and self-
sabotaged. This time I did not and just the fact that I keep trying,
like, because I want this, and that’s why I have continually been in
treatment trying, and I’m just trying to make sure every—everything
that I can do I am doing including taking care of my mental health
and diving into past traumas because that’s something I’ve never
done, but that’s very—the farther back you can go, the better—the
better and so just being involved in all those closed groups and
completing them. I brought all my certificates with me, and I have
ten. Last time I was there I only had two certificates of completion.
Q. And obviously after [the child’s father] died in early
November, you could have left— A. Easily.
Q. —correct? Certainly could have self- medicated, and is it
fair to say you’re pretty proud of yourself— A. Very proud.
Q. —that you didn’t do any of those things? A. Yes.

Before granting a parent additional time, the court must find “the need for

removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the

additional six-month period.” Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). The record before us

does not support such a finding. Although we commend the mother on her recent

progress, our outlook remains cautious. At the time of the termination hearing, the

mother was finishing the first and most restrictive phase of a three-phase program.1

The mother testified that the time it would take her to complete the second phase

is not predetermined: “I mean, it’s really up to me and how fast I get assignments

done. There’s closed groups that I have to complete before I can get to the next

phase so, I mean, it could be, you know, four months.” Assuming the mother is

1 The mother testified that during Phase 1, program participants can only leave the

facility on a recovery-based pass for four hours per week. In Phase 2, participants
can work or go to school. They can also get a daily four-hour pass to leave the
facility for reasons unrelated to their recovery. During Phase 3, participants do not
need a pass to leave the facility and “there’s just more freedom, a lot more
freedom.”
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successful, the record does not indicate how long it will take to complete the final

phase of the program.2 Based on how long the mother took to complete Phase 1

and her estimate of how long it will take to complete Phase 2, we doubt that the

mother could finish treatment in six months. Even so, the mother needs time to

show she can maintain sobriety outside of treatment before the child can be

returned to her care. Because the record does not show the need for the child’s

removal will no longer exist if permanency is delayed, we deny the mother’s

request for more time.

D. Best Interests.

Finally, the mother claims that termination is not in the child’s best interests.

In making the best-interests determination, we “give primary consideration to the

child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and

growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs

of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). In other words, “we look to the child’s long-

range as well as immediate interests, consider what the future holds for the child

if returned to the parents, and weigh the child’s safety and need for a permanent

home.” L.T., 924 N.W.at 529 (cleaned up).

The mother cites her love for and bond with the child as the primary reason

to find termination is not in the child’s best interests. Although we do not doubt her

claim about her love or their bond, we give it less weight than we give to the child’s

need for a safe and permanent home. Id. (“[T]he interests of the child take

precedence over family reunification.”). The child was removed from the mother’s

2 The mother testified that she could stay at House of Mercy for up to two years.
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custody at birth and has spent roughly four months total in the mother’s care during

two placements. After his removal in August 2023, the mother and the child did

not have contact for over two months. Visitation resumed when the mother

returned to in-patient treatment in October, but the visits remained fully supervised

and lasted only one to two hours per week. In contrast, the child had been in his

foster care placement for nine months at the time of the termination hearing. He

was integrated into the family, and they would like to adopt the child. The HHS

and guardian ad litem agreed termination was in the child’s best interests.

Considering the child’s age, the time he has spent out of the mother’s care, his

need for permanency, and the uncertainty of the mother’s sobriety based on past

performance, we agree termination is in the child’s best interests. See In re B.H.A.,

938 N.W.2d 227, 233 (Iowa 2020) (noting that the mother’s past performance

indicates the quality of care she can provide in the future); A.M., 843 N.W.2d at

112 (“[W]e cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a

ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will

learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.” (citation

omitted)); In re C.S., 776 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009) (recognizing that

“at some point, the rights and needs of the children rise above the rights and needs

of the parent”).

We affirm the termination of the mothers’ parental rights.

AFFIRMED.