K.C. v. F.A.C.

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

24-P-969

K.C.

vs.

F.A.C.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

The defendant appeals from an order entered by a District

Court judge extending an abuse prevention order issued pursuant

to G. L. c. 209A (209A order). Because we are satisfied that

the testimony credited by the judge was sufficient to support a

five year extension of the 209A order, we affirm.

Background. The parties were previously married and are

the parents of two children. In 2020, the plaintiff sought a

209A order after the defendant came home and placed her in

"intense fear of harm." The plaintiff alleged that the

defendant had yelled and cursed at her and followed her when she

attempted to get away from him, screaming and pounding on the

door of a room in which she had barricaded herself. The
plaintiff also alleged that the defendant had elbowed their five

year old son and that the defendant insisted that he was

entitled to use physical force with the child to show dominance.

The plaintiff further alleged that the defendant was the subject

of a "supported" investigation conducted by the Department of

Children and Families (DCF), had a history of alcohol misuse and

"alcohol-related arrests," and physically blocked her in rooms

of their home despite the plaintiff's requests to leave.

A judge issued a temporary 209A order, including a

provision granting the plaintiff custody of the two children.1

The 209A order was extended after a two-party hearing on

December 4, 2020, for a period of six months. Thereafter, the

209A order was extended on four additional occasions2 and was

modified on four other occasions.3 The December 2020

modification order "deleted" paragraph twelve of the 209A order,

by agreement of the parties, which had ordered the defendant to

surrender all "guns, ammunition, gun licenses[,] and FID cards."

1 The docket reflects a finding at the time of the issuance
of the temporary 209A order "that there is a substantial
likelihood of immediate danger of abuse."

2 The 209A order was extended on June 4, 2021, June 3, 2022,
June 5, 2023, and June 5, 2024. The defendant did not appear at
the June 2023 extension hearing.

3 The 209A order was modified on December 23, 2020,
September 21, 2021, April 13, 2022, and April 24, 2024.

2
The April 2022 modification order (issued by a judge of the

Probate and Family Court) reinstated the firearm surrender, and

the District Court judge continued the firearm surrender in the

June 2022 and June 2023 extension orders.4

Both parties appeared, and were self-represented, at the

2024 extension hearing. The plaintiff testified that she still

feared the defendant. The plaintiff further testified that she

believed the defendant's alcohol issues were ongoing based on

her observations of the defendant during video calls to their

children, that the parties' divorce was not yet finalized, and

that she continued to live in the marital home, which the

parties still co-owned.

The plaintiff also testified that the defendant had not

adhered to the conditions of prior restraining orders: he sent

her text messages, called her outside of the permitted time

frame for communication, and contacted her mother. The

plaintiff testified that she feared that without the 209A order,

the defendant would pick up their two children from school or

come near the house.

4 The defendant did not appeal from the initial 209A order
or any extension or modification, including the firearm
surrender reinstatement, prior to the extension granted on June
5, 2024.

3
The judge asked the plaintiff about prior physical

violence, and the plaintiff testified that the defendant grabbed

her, restricted her movements, blocked and barricaded her with

his body, and threw things at her, including in the presence of

their children and the plaintiff's mother. The defendant

testified in response to this testimony that he had "no idea

what she's referring to whatsoever."

The defendant testified that he resides outside of

Massachusetts, is only able to see the parties' children once

per month, and believes the 209A order is an impediment to

coparenting the children. The defendant also testified that he

had not threatened or been violent toward the plaintiff since

the 209A order had issued, and that he was in the Navy Reserve,

anticipated to deploy in the next year.

As we have noted, the judge extended the 209A order for a

period of five years.5 The present appeal followed.

Discussion. The defendant argues that the 209A order

should not have been extended because the plaintiff did not meet

her burden of proof. The defendant further argues that the

firearm restriction is improper because it could bar him from

"deploying and serving [his] country." We are not persuaded.

5 The plaintiff had requested a permanent order.

4
We review the extension of a 209A order for an abuse of

discretion or other error of law. E.C.O. v. Compton, 464 Mass.

558, 561-562 (2013). An abuse of discretion occurs where a

reviewing court "conclude[s] the judge made a clear error of

judgment in weighing the factors relevant to the decision, such

that the decision falls outside the range of reasonable

alternatives" (quotation and citation omitted). L.L. v.

Commonwealth, 470 Mass. 169, 185 n.27 (2014). "We accord the

credibility determinations of the judge who 'heard the testimony

of the parties . . . [and] observed their demeanor' the utmost

deference." Ginsberg v. Blacker, 67 Mass. App. Ct. 139, 140 n.3

(2006), quoting Pike v. Maguire, 47 Mass. App. Ct. 929, 929

(1999).

A plaintiff seeking to extend a 209A order based on

evidence that the defendant caused physical harm to the

plaintiff, G. L. c. 209A, § 1 (a), need not prove a reasonable

fear of imminent future physical abuse. When the plaintiff has

suffered physical abuse, "a judge may reasonably conclude that a

c. 209A order is necessary 'because the damage resulting from

that physical harm affects the victim even when further physical

attack is not reasonably imminent.'" Yahna Y. v. Sylvester S.,

97 Mass. App. Ct. 184, 187 (2020), quoting Callahan v. Callahan,

85 Mass. App. Ct. 369, 374 (2014). A judge should consider "the

totality of the conditions that exist at the time that the

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plaintiff seeks the extension, viewed in the light of the

initial abuse prevention order." Iamele v. Asselin, 444 Mass.

734, 741 (2005).

In June 2021, in extending the 209A order for a year, the

same judge made written findings that the plaintiff testified to

prior physical abuse, that both parties were in the Navy, that

the Navy had supported allegations of child abuse, and that the

parties were in divorce proceedings. At the June 2024 hearing,

the judge referenced these prior findings and credited the

plaintiff's testimony about the abuse, the defendant's

assaultive behavior of the plaintiff and the children, and the

plaintiff's ongoing fear. The judge was familiar with the

parties from prior hearings and properly considered the totality

of the circumstances of the parties' relationship, including the

past incidents of abuse, the ongoing custody and divorce

litigation between the parties, the defendant's criminal history

for resisting arrest and alcohol-related offenses, and the

investigation of DCF and the Navy which supported a finding

against the defendant.

The judge credited the plaintiff's testimony relative to

"prior physical harm" and found that her demeanor evinced

continuing fear of the defendant. The evidence credited by the

judge supported her conclusion that further extension of the

209A order was necessary to protect the plaintiff from the

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effects of the past physical harm. See G.B. v. C.A., 94 Mass.

App. Ct. 389, 396 (2018) (where reasonable basis for judge's

rulings and order is discernible, no specific findings

required); Callahan, 85 Mass. App. Ct. at 375 (judge properly

considered totality of circumstances of relationship including

ongoing Probate and Family Court litigation and "hostility

likely engendered thereby").

The defendant argues that the judge failed to consider

that, since entry of the 209A order, he has not violated the

order, has not acted violently toward the plaintiff, and has not

harassed the plaintiff using any communication. In addition,

the defendant contends that he has traveled to Massachusetts for

parenting time with his children and has interacted with the

plaintiff during exchanges of the children without any issue.

The defendant's reliance on his conduct since the issuance

of the 209A order is misplaced; the plaintiff is not required to

show that additional abuse has occurred. See G. L. c. 209A, § 3

("The fact that abuse has not occurred during the pendency of an

order shall not, in itself, constitute sufficient ground for

denying or failing to extend the order, of allowing an order to

expire or be vacated, or for refusing to issue a new order").

In light of the judge's consideration of the circumstances, we

discern no abuse of discretion or other error of law in the

judge's decision to extend the 209A order for five years.

7
To the extent that the defendant seeks relief from the

firearm surrender order, the judge was constrained by G. L.

c. 209A, § 3C, which requires that when an extension of an abuse

prevention order is issued, the firearm "suspension and

surrender order . . . shall continue so long as the restraining

order to which it relates is in effect." There was no error.

Order dated June 5, 2024,
extending abuse prevention
order, affirmed.

By the Court (Vuono,
Massing & Allen, JJ.6),

Clerk

Entered: October 3, 2025.

6 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.

8