Zack Francoeur v. Meagan Berube

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2023 ME 27
Docket: And-22-274
On Briefs: February 22, 2023
Decided: April 18, 2023

Panel: MEAD, JABAR, HORTON, CONNORS, and LAWRENCE, JJ.

ZACK FRANCOEUR

v.

MEAGAN BERUBE

HORTON, J.

[¶1] Zack Francoeur appeals from a judgment entered in the District

Court (Lewiston, Faircloth, J.) establishing parental rights and responsibilities

concerning his child with Meagan Berube. In the judgment, rendered after a

contested hearing, the court awarded primary residence and final decision

making for the child to Berube, granted supervised contact for three hours per

week to Francoeur, and ordered Francoeur to pay weekly child support to

Berube. Francoeur’s appeal challenges the court’s findings regarding domestic

violence and its calculation of his income for purposes of child support. The

court’s calculation of Francoeur’s income is well-supported in the law and the

evidence. Because the court’s judgment includes a finding regarding domestic
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violence that is contrary to the evidence and that we cannot say is harmless

error, however, we vacate the judgment in part and remand.

I. BACKGROUND

[¶2] On May 21, 2021, Francoeur filed a complaint for the determination

of parental rights and responsibilities. Berube filed an answer and

counterclaim on May 25, 2021. In July 2021, the parties agreed to an interim

child support order, requiring Francoeur to pay Berube $110.88 per week. The

court held a final hearing on Francoeur’s complaint and Berube’s counterclaim

on July 19, 2022. The trial court found the following facts when it addressed all

issues in this parental rights matter, all but one of which (the finding regarding

domestic violence) are supported by competent evidence in the record.

See Low v. Low, 2021 ME 30, ¶ 2, 251 A.3d 735; Vibert v. Dimoulas, 2017 ME 62,

¶ 2, 159 A.3d 325.

[¶3] Francoeur and Berube started dating in 2014. They never married

but are the legal and biological parents of a child born in November 2015. Six

months after the child was born, Berube moved out of the home with the child

but consistently brought the child over to Francoeur’s home for visits during

the first few years of the child’s life.
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[¶4] Francoeur is the self-employed proprietor of a marijuana-growing

business operated from a structure connected to his residence. In 2021, he

spent $17,476 on what he testified was a rebuild and upgrade of his combined

residence and business premises, including “epoxy floors, glaze, painting,

insulation, plumbing work, pumps [and] watering tanks.” Francoeur admits to

having an extensive criminal record that includes theft, reckless conduct with a

firearm, driving without a license, and crimes related to drugs. Francoeur

served time in jail on multiple occasions during 2018 and 2019. At the time of

trial, he was facing charges of tampering with a witness and disorderly conduct

arising from an incident at a bar.

[¶5] Shortly after Francoeur’s release from jail in February 2019, Berube

brought the child to his house for a visit but thereafter prevented Francoeur

from seeing the child for about four months. During the summer of 2020,

Francoeur agreed to give Berube money if he could see the child. After a visit

with the child, Francoeur refused to return the child to Berube, so she sought

an order of protection from abuse. The parties agreed to a protection order on

October 2, 2020, that awarded Berube parental rights and responsibilities and

provided Francoeur with one three-hour supervised visit per month.
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[¶6] During her testimony at the hearing, Berube expressed concerns

regarding the safety of Francoeur’s home and his drug use and driving.

However, Berube’s contention that Francoeur’s parental rights should be

strictly limited also rested on her allegations of domestic violence. In her

opening statement, Berube said that Francoeur “is violent,” that he had not

shown proof of “domestic violence counseling,” and that “I don't think anyone

would want a small child to be with him unsupervised at this time.” Berube

testified that while they were together, Francoeur became “physical”—

meaning physically violent—with her at times, and pushed, grabbed, and

choked her. Later, Berube cross-examined Francoeur in depth about whether

he had engaged in domestic violence against Berube and others with whom he

had been in a relationship. In her closing argument, she reiterated that the case

involved “a serious issue with domestic violence.”

[¶7] However, Francoeur adamantly and repeatedly denied during his

testimony that he had ever been “physical” or engaged in domestic violence

with Berube or in any of his subsequent relationships. Francoeur testified that

he has “turned a corner” in his life and has been sober from drugs since

September 2018.
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[¶8] The court entered its judgment on August 10, 2022. The court’s

judgment awarded primary residence and final decision making to Berube and

supervised visits of three hours per week to Francoeur and “any other contact

as the parties agree.” In assessing the child’s best interest, the court expressly

considered multiple factors enumerated in 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(3) (2023). In

considering the factor of domestic violence, id § 1653(3)(L), the court found

that Francoeur had “grabbed . . . and pushed” Berube and had “choked her a bit”

and that Berube had ended the relationship because of a “little bit of physical

abuse.” The court also found that Francoeur “does not dispute” Berube’s

assertions of domestic violence.

[¶9] The court’s judgment ordered Francoeur to pay Berube $212 per

week in child support. The court calculated Francoeur’s income for the purpose

of child support at $55,938, using figures from his most recent federal income

tax return, which was for tax year 2021. In declaring his adjusted gross income

on his tax return, Francoeur excluded the $17,476 expenditure on his property

and a $2,717 payment of self-employment tax, but the court determined that
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both amounts should be included in Francoeur’s gross income for purposes of

child support.1

[¶10] Francoeur did not file a motion for further findings of fact and

conclusions of law, see M.R. Civ. P. 52(b), 120(c), but he filed a timely appeal

from the judgment. See 14 M.R.S. § 1901 (2023); 19-A M.R.S. § 104 (2023); M.R.

App. P. 2B(c)(1).

II. DISCUSSION

[¶11] Francoeur’s appeal challenges the court’s award of supervised

contact with the child for three hours per week, with additional contact by

agreement, and the court’s calculation of his income for purposes of child

support. Because Francoeur did not move for additional or amended findings,

in evaluating Francoeur’s appeal, we assume that the court implicitly made all

findings consistent with the evidence that are necessary to support the

judgment. See M.R. Civ. P. 52(b); Powell v. Powell, 645 A.2d 622, 624 (Me. 1994);

Dube v. Dube, 2016 ME 15, ¶ 5, 131 A.3d 381. We review for clear error the

1 The judgment states:

The [c]ourt finds that the deduction on line 21 of Schedule C of father’s tax return
is inappropriate to use in calculating child support. Those funds were used towards
the refurbishing/upgrading of the marijuana facility and father's residence. Further,
the [c]ourt finds that the adjustment on line 10 of the father’s 2021 Form 1040 (credit
for one-half the self-employment tax) is inappropriate to use in calculating child
support.
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court’s factual findings, including findings regarding a party’s gross income,

Ehret v. Ehret, 2016 ME 43, ¶ 14, 135 A.3d 101; Young v. Young, 2015 ME 89,

¶ 5, 120 A.3d 106; Powell, 645 A.2d at 624, and we review for an abuse of

discretion the court’s decisions on parental rights, including rights of contact.

Dube, 2016 ME 15, ¶ 5, 131 A.3d 381.

A. Income Calculation

[¶12] Contrary to Francoeur’s contentions, the court did not err in

calculating his gross income for purposes of child support. See Dostanko v.

Dostanko, 2013 ME 47, ¶ 14, 65 A.3d 1271. A parent’s child support obligation

is based on “gross income,” see 19-A M.R.S. § 2006(1) (2023), and “[g]ross

income includes gross receipts minus ordinary and necessary expenses when a

party is self-employed,” 19-A M.R.S. § 2001(5)(C) (2023). Based on Francoeur’s

self-employed status and his description of the $17,476 expenditure as being

for a “rebuil[d]” and “upgrad[e]” of his property, the court did not clearly err in

deciding that the $17,476 amount did not reflect an ordinary business expense

that could be subtracted from gross income in calculating Francoeur’s income

for child-support purposes. Similarly, the court correctly concluded that the

$2,717 in self-employment tax that Francoeur had paid could not be subtracted

from gross income in calculating his income for child-support purposes
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because the payment is not an “ordinary . . . expense” of the business. See, e.g.,

MacDougall v. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 2001 ME 64, ¶ 10, 769 A.2d 829; Pyle v. Pyle,

2017 ME 101, ¶¶ 11-12, 162 A.3d 814.

B. Finding Regarding Domestic Violence in Relation to the Best
Interest Factors

[¶13] Francoeur contends that the court clearly erred in finding that he

does not dispute Berube’s testimony that he grabbed, pushed, and choked her

and that the error is not harmless because it influenced the court’s decision to

award him very limited contact with the child. Berube responds by contending

that, if there was error in the finding, it was harmless.

[¶14] In its discussion of the child’s best interest,2 the court found that

[i]n the past the parties argued. Father has grabbed mother and
pushed her to move her out of the way. One time he pushed her up
against a wall and “choked her a bit” according to mother. Mother
left father because of the arguing and a “little bit of physical abuse.”
Father does not dispute mother’s statements. Mother is fearful of
father and for that reason does not communicate with him
frequently. There has been no protection from abuse matter

2“According to 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(3), in making an award of parental rights and responsibilities
and determining a child’s residence and parent-child contact, a divorce court ‘shall apply the
standard of the best interest of the child’ and ‘shall consider’ a list of factors set forth in the statute.”
Whitmore v. Whitmore, 2023 ME 3, ¶ 8, 288 A.3d 799; see Nadeau v. Nadeau, 2008 ME 147, ¶ 35, 957
A.2d 108. “In making factual findings, the court must consider all properly admitted evidence and
then apply its independent judgment to that evidence in [making] its findings and [reaching its]
conclusions.” Sulikowski v. Sulikowski, 2019 ME 143, ¶ 10, 216 A.3d 893. “A court’s discretion in
determining rights of contact is constrained by the principle that except when a court determines
that the best interest of a child would not be served, it is the public policy of this State to assure minor
children of frequent and continuing contact with both parents.” Dube v. Dube, 2016 ME 15, ¶ 6, 131
A.3d 381 (quotation marks omitted).
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between the parties arising out of physical abuse between the
parties.

(Emphasis added).

[¶15] We agree with Francoeur that the finding that he does not dispute

Berube’s testimony was clearly erroneous because Francoeur specifically

denied on rebuttal direct examination that he had ever grabbed, pushed, or

choked Berube,

Q [Francoeur’s counsel]: [D]o you admit grabbing, pushing, or
choking [Berube], either a little bit or a lot?

A [Francoeur]: No, I haven’t.

He further testified that he was not violent either with Berube or during any of

his other relationships.

[¶16] Because the court found that there was no conflict in the parties’

testimony concerning domestic violence, we cannot assume that the court

made an implicit finding that Berube’s testimony was more credible than

Francoeur’s contrary testimony. See Sulikowski v. Sulikowski, 2019 ME 143,

¶ 11, 216 A.3d 893. The court may have accepted Berube’s testimony because

the court believed that Francoeur “[did] not dispute” it. See id. We will treat a

court’s erroneous characterization of the evidence as harmless error “if it does

not affect the substantial rights of the parties.” Gordon v. Cheskin, 2013 ME 113,
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¶ 12, 82 A.3d 1221; see Remick v. Martin, 2014 ME 120, ¶ 10, 103 A.3d 552.

Here, however, we are unable to determine affirmatively that the court’s

erroneous characterization of Francoeur’s testimony did not affect its decision

to limit Francoeur’s contact with his child to a few hours of supervised contact

per week. Although Francoeur raises other objections to the court’s award of

limited, supervised contact with the child,3 we leave it for the court to

determine on remand whether increased contact with Francoeur, presently or

over time and with or without specified conditions, is consistent with the child’s

best interest. See, e.g., Dube, 2016 ME 15, ¶¶ 6-7, 131 A.3d 381. We must

therefore vacate the judgment and remand for the trial court to issue an

amended judgment.

The entry is:

Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and
remanded for the court to issue an amended
judgment consistent with this opinion.

3 For instance, Francoeur objects to the court’s award of three hours of supervised contact per

week, arguing that it “erects a structural barricade” to his relationship with the child that could last
until the child reaches adulthood rather than “outlin[ing] a path for [Francoeur] to improve his
parental visitation rights” over time.
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Carl E. Woock, Esq., and Stephen C. Smith, Esq., Steve Smith Trial Lawyers,
Augusta, for appellant Zack Francoeur

Rebecca V. Brochu, Esq., Robinson, Kriger & McCallum, Portland, for appellee
Meagan Berube

Lewiston District Court docket number FM-2021-308
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY