Tsg Finishing LLC v. Bollinger

TSG Finishing LLC v. Bollinger, 2016 NCBC 65.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN THE GENERAL COURT OF JUSTICE
SUPERIOR COURT DIVISION
CATAWBA COUNTY 14 CVS 104
MASTER FILE
(related case 15 CVS 2058)

TSG FINISHING LLC, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. )
) ORDER AND OPINION ON DEFENDANT
KEITH BOLLINGER; AMERICAN ) KEITH BOLLINGER’S MOTION FOR
CUSTOM FINISHING, LLC; VERYL ) PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
ELSTON; GARY E. HARRIS; and )
UNICHEM INC., )
)
Defendants. )

1. THIS MATTER is before the Court upon Defendant Keith Bollinger’s

(“Bollinger”) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure (the “Motion”) in the above-captioned consolidated

cases. Having considered the Motion, the briefs in support of and in opposition to the

Motion, the appropriate evidence of record, and the arguments of counsel at a hearing

in this matter on July 13, 2016, the Court hereby DENIES the Motion.

Law Offices of Matthew K. Rogers, by Matthew K. Rogers, for Plaintiff TSG
Finishing LLC.

Patrick, Harper & Dixon, LLP, by Michael P. Thomas and Joshua R. Adams,
for Defendant Keith Bollinger.

Robinson, Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION

2. These consolidated lawsuits arise out of an employment dispute, initially

between Plaintiff TSG Finishing LLC (“TSG”), a commercial fabric finishing

company, and Bollinger, TSG’s former Quality Control Manager. TSG alleges that

Bollinger breached an employment agreement containing noncompetition and

nondisclosure covenants and misappropriated TSG’s trade secrets.

3. The Motion seeks dismissal of TSG’s claims for Bollinger’s alleged breach

of his employment agreement, which was originally entered into with TSG,

Incorporated (“TSG Inc.”), TSG’s parent company. Bollinger argues that TSG Inc.’s

transfer of its assets to TSG during TSG Inc.’s bankruptcy in 2011 did not successfully

assign the right to enforce the restrictive covenants contained in the employment

agreement because the agreement did not contain an express clause permitting

assignment. According to Bollinger, such a clause was required under applicable

Pennsylvania law to effect the assignment of the restrictive covenants from TSG Inc.

to TSG. Because there was no such clause in the employment agreement here,

Bollinger argues that TSG was never assigned the right to enforce the restrictive

covenants in Bollinger’s employment agreement against him.

4. On December 31, 2014, the North Carolina Court of Appeals reversed this

Court’s (Murphy, J.) denial of TSG’s motion for a preliminary injunction and

remanded the case with instructions that this Court enter a preliminary injunction.

In doing so, the Court of Appeals, with respect to TSG’s breach of contract claims,

rejected Judge Murphy’s conclusion that the noncompete provision in Bollinger’s
employment agreement was unenforceable because the agreement did not contain an

express assignability provision. The Court of Appeals specifically concluded that the

noncompete was validly assigned to TSG through the bankruptcy reorganization.

5. Nonetheless, Bollinger’s Motion seeks to have this Court now reach the

opposite conclusion from the Court of Appeals’ and hold that TSG’s breach of contract

claims should be dismissed because the employment agreement was not validly

assigned through the bankruptcy reorganization and thus is unenforceable by TSG.

The Court concludes, however, that under Pennsylvania law, a specific assignability

clause in the employment agreement was not necessary here to permit a valid

assignment of the employment agreement. Accordingly, the Court concludes that a

genuine issue of fact remains as to whether the restrictive covenants in Bollinger’s

employment agreement were enforceable by TSG, and that Bollinger’s Motion should

therefore be denied, at least at this stage of the proceedings.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

6. TSG filed its original Complaint on January 16, 2014. The only defendant

in the original lawsuit was Bollinger. The case was designated as a complex business

case on January 17, 2014, and assigned to the Honorable Calvin E. Murphy on

January 22, 2014. The case was reassigned to the Honorable Louis A. Bledsoe, III by

order dated July 2, 2014, and later reassigned to the undersigned by order dated July

5, 2016.

7. On January 28, 2014, TSG filed its motion for preliminary injunction,

seeking to enjoin Bollinger from allegedly breaching the noncompete provision in his
employment agreement by working for a direct competitor, and from disclosing TSG’s

trade secrets. On February 20, 2014, Judge Murphy entered an order denying TSG’s

motion and declining to enter a preliminary injunction.

8. TSG appealed Judge Murphy’s February 20, 2014 order and, on December

31, 2014, the Court of Appeals reversed and instructed this Court to enter a

preliminary injunction consistent with the Court of Appeals’ opinion. Bollinger

thereafter filed a petition for discretionary review in the North Carolina Supreme

Court, which was denied on August 20, 2015.

9. On August 21, 2015, TSG filed a second lawsuit against American Custom

Finishing, LLC (“ACF”), the employer for whom Bollinger went to work when he left

TSG, as well as ACF’s member and manager, Gary E. Harris, and another member

of ACF, Veryl Elston. On November 20, 2015, all parties filed a joint motion to

consolidate, seeking to have both related actions consolidated for all further

proceedings. Thereafter, on November 24, 2015, the Court (Bledsoe, J.) consolidated

both actions and ordered TSG to file an amended consolidated complaint.

10. On December 14, 2015, Judge Bledsoe entered a Preliminary Injunction

Order in accordance with the Court of Appeals’ instructions. The Preliminary

Injunction Order enjoined Bollinger from misappropriating TSG’s trade secrets or

any proprietary or other confidential information of TSG. Judge Bledsoe declined,

however, to enjoin Bollinger from working for ACF or in the textile finishing industry

generally because Judge Bledsoe found that the restrictions in the noncompete had

expired by their own terms by the date the Preliminary Injunction Order was entered.
11. On December 24, 2015, TSG filed the current operative complaint, titled its

Consolidated and First Amended Complaint (the “Amended Complaint”), which

asserts, in relevant part, a claim against Bollinger for breach of the employment

agreement.

12. Bollinger filed the Motion on April 13, 2016. The parties completed

briefing, and the Court held a hearing on the Motion on July 13, 2016. The Motion is

now ripe for resolution.

III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

13. The Court does not make findings of fact on a motion for summary

judgment, but provides the following summary of the material facts, as viewed in the

light most favorable to TSG, in order to provide context for the Motion and the Court’s

ruling thereon. See Hyde Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Dixie Leasing Corp., 26 N.C. App. 138,

142, 215 S.E.2d 162, 165 (1975).

14. TSG is a Pennsylvania limited liability company that was organized on

April 14, 2011 and has a principal office in Hickory, North Carolina. TSG is one of

the largest commercial fabric finishers in the country.

15. Bollinger is a resident of Conover, North Carolina and was a former Quality

Control Manager for TSG at its Hickory location. As Quality Control Manager, he

was responsible for assessing a customer’s finishing needs and developing a finishing

protocol for that customer.

16. Bollinger initially began working in the fabric finishing field for Geltman

Corporation (“Geltman”) in 1986. Bollinger became an employee of TSG Inc. when
TSG Inc. acquired Geltman in 1992. He was promoted to Quality Control Manager

for TSG Inc. in the late 1990s and served in that role until 2011.

17. In 2007, TSG Inc. required its employees to sign an employment agreement

that included nondisclosure and noncompetition covenants, in exchange for receiving

their year-end bonus or any raise for the following year.

18. Bollinger signed an Employment Agreement Relating to Confidential

Business Information, Trade Secrets and Noncompetition (the “Employment

Agreement”) on January 14, 2008 in exchange for an annual increase in compensation

of $1,300.00 and a $3,500.00 signing bonus. (See Am. Compl. Ex. B, hereinafter,

“Empl. Agmt.”.)

19. Bollinger’s Employment Agreement contained restrictive covenants,

including a nondisclosure provision prohibiting Bollinger from disclosing TSG’s

confidential and trade secret information, (Empl. Agmt. § 2), and a noncompetition

provision prohibiting Bollinger from engaging in employment in textile finishing

within a certain prohibited territory for a period of two years following the

termination of Bollinger’s employment, (Empl. Agmt. § 3).

20. TSG Inc. filed for bankruptcy in 2009. Pursuant to a plan of reorganization

approved on April 19, 2011 by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern

District of Pennsylvania, TSG Inc. transferred its assets to TSG, a wholly-owned

operating subsidiary of TSG Inc., which remained in operation. Accordingly,

Bollinger’s employment with TSG Inc. ceased, and he became employed by TSG.

Bollinger did not sign a new employment agreement with TSG. According to
Bollinger, every aspect of his day-to-day job remained the same after the bankruptcy

reorganization.

21. Bollinger eventually grew frustrated with a lack of promised financial

success. In 2013, Defendant Veryl Elston, a principal of ACF, with whom Bollinger

worked at Geltman, approached Bollinger about a potential position with ACF in

North Carolina. On November 13, 2013, ACF offered Bollinger the position of

Operations Manager.

22. On November 21, 2013, Bollinger informed TSG that he would be resigning,

effective December 6, 2013, to take the offered position at ACF at a plant five miles

away from TSG’s Hickory location. TSG initially accepted Bollinger’s notice, but

subsequently directed that he be terminated immediately and escorted from TSG’s

premises.

23. Bollinger thus began work for ACF on November 25, 2013. He worked for

ACF until early January 2015, shortly after the Court of Appeals instructed this

Court to enjoin Bollinger from working for ACF.

IV. ANALYSIS

24. To prevail on a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, “the moving party must show that, viewed in the

light most favorable to the nonmovant, no genuine issue exists ‘as to any material

fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’” Beverage Sys.

of the Carolinas, LLC v. Associated Bev. Repair, LLC, 784 S.E.2d 457, 460 (N.C. 2016)

(internal citation omitted) (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c)).
25. The Motion seeks dismissal of “any and all claims against [Bollinger] which

are based on the [Employment Agreement].” (Def.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. 1.)

Bollinger asserts that the Employment Agreement is not an enforceable contract

between TSG and Bollinger, and that he is therefore entitled to judgment as a matter

of law on any claims based on the Employment Agreement.

26. Due to a choice of law provision in the Employment Agreement,

Pennsylvania law governs enforcement of the Agreement. (See Empl. Agmt. § 7);

Tanglewood Land Co. v. Byrd, 299 N.C. 260, 262, 261 S.E.2d 655, 656 (1980)

(“[W]here parties to a contract have agreed that a given jurisdiction’s substantive law

shall govern the interpretation of the contract, such a contractual provision will be

given effect.”).

27. “[A] restrictive covenant not to compete, contained in an employment

agreement, is not assignable to the purchasing business entity, in the absence of a

specific assignability provision, where the covenant is included in a sale of assets.”

Hess v. Gebhard & Co., 808 A.2d 912, 922 (Pa. 2002). In explaining its rationale for

this holding, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Hess stressed that employment

agreements are “personal to the performance of both the employer and employee” and

that the “personal characteristics of the employment contract permeate the entire

transaction.” Id. “The fact that an individual may have confidence in the character

and personality of one employer does not mean that the employee would be willing to

suffer a restraint on his employment for the benefit of a stranger to the original

undertaking.” Id. Moreover, “covenants should be construed narrowly and . . . courts
should hesitate ‘to read [an assignability provision] into the contract.’” Id. (quoting

All-Pak, Inc. v. Johnston, 694 A.2d 347, 351 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1997)).

28. Another line of cases under Pennsylvania law holds, however, that “a stock

sale, unlike a sale of assets, does not alter the corporate entity” and that, accordingly,

“the transfer of . . . stock of a corporation has no effect on its ability to enforce a non-

compete agreement.” Zambelli Fireworks Mfg. Co. v. Wood, 592 F.3d 412, 423 (3d

Cir. 2010) (applying Pennsylvania law). Therefore, in the case of a stock sale, as

opposed to an asset purchase, there is no need for a specific assignability clause in an

employment agreement to allow the acquirer of stock to enforce restrictive covenants

in that agreement because there is no change in the identity of the employer. Id.

29. Here, both Bollinger and TSG agree that the transaction that occurred

during the bankruptcy reorganization was a transfer of assets, rather than a stock

sale. Bollinger therefore argues that, because there is no express assignability clause

in the Employment Agreement, the Employment Agreement was not validly

assigned, and the restrictive covenants therein were unenforceable by TSG.

30. Bollinger raised the same argument in TSG’s appeal of Judge Murphy’s

order, and the Court of Appeals rejected it, concluding:

The situation in this case is not one where [TSG] was a ‘stranger to the
original undertaking.’ Unlike the sale of assets between two companies
at arms’ length, like the transaction that took place in Hess, the
assignment in this case took place in the context of a bankruptcy
reorganization, where the same company policies and management were
retained. [TSG] is a wholly owned subsidiary of [TSG Inc.], with whom
[Bollinger] entered into the non-compete. As [TSG’s CEO Jack
Rosenstein (“Rosenstein”)] testified at the hearing, ‘[i]t’s not a new
entity. . . . it’s basically the same company it was.’ According to
[Bollinger], every aspect of his job remained unchanged after the
assignment. Therefore, the facts here are more analogous to those cases
where Pennsylvania courts have declined to make assignability
provisions a requirement, such as with a stock sale or merger, because
the contract rights are not given to a completely new entity. See J.C.
Ehrlich Co., Inc. v. Martin, 2009 PA Super 127, 979 A.2d 862, 865–66
(Pa. 2009) (holding that where an employee’s obligations and duties did
not change in any material way after a stock purchase, a non-compete
agreement was enforceable by the company with whom the agreement
was made without an explicit assignability clause). Accordingly, we
reject the trial court’s conclusion that the non-compete is unenforceable
because it did not contain a specific assignability provision.

TSG Finishing, LLC v. Bollinger, 767 S.E.2d 870, 879 (N.C. Ct. App. 2014).

31. Bollinger argues that the Court of Appeals’ decision in this regard was

incorrect. He contends that the Court of Appeals misinterpreted Hess and J.C.

Ehrlich and argues that these cases do not turn on whether there is any material

change to the terms and conditions of employment or the identity of the employee’s

individual supervisors and coworkers, but on the formal legal structure of the

transaction at issue. Thus, according to Bollinger, because TSG is not the same legal

entity that entered into the Employment Agreement with Bollinger, Pennsylvania

law makes clear that TSG cannot enforce the restrictive covenants therein without a

specific assignability clause.

32. First, the Court must determine whether the Court of Appeals’ holding is

now the law of the case in this proceeding, such that the Court is required to follow

the holding without variation. See Couch v. Private Diagnostic Clinic, 146 N.C. App.

658, 667, 554 S.E.2d 356, 363 (2001) (“On the remand of a case after appeal, the

mandate of the reviewing court is binding on the lower court, and must be strictly

followed, without variation and departure.”) (citations omitted). Bollinger argues
that this Court is not so required because the Court of Appeals’ conclusion was made

at the preliminary injunction stage, and such a conclusion is not binding in

subsequent proceedings. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Kirkhart, 148 N.C. App. 572,

578, 561 S.E.2d 276, 282 (2002) (“[T]he findings of fact and other proceedings of the

trial court which hears the application for a preliminary injunction are not binding

at a trial on the merits. The same is true of our decision upon this appeal and our

statement of the facts upon which our conclusion rests.”) (internal citation omitted).

33. The Court is not convinced that it is free to disregard the Court of Appeals’

explicit legal conclusion in these circumstances, where the relevant record evidence

currently before the Court has not materially changed from that considered by the

Court of Appeals at the preliminary injunction stage. Nonetheless, it is unnecessary

to decide that issue because, as will be explained, the Court believes that the Court

of Appeals reached the correct result.

34. It is true that whether an express assignability clause is required to permit

assignment of restrictive covenants in an employment agreement has generally

turned on whether such assignment occurred in the context of an asset acquisition on

the one hand, or a merger or stock sale on the other. However, the Court concludes

that it is not the mere legal structure of the transaction at issue that is relevant under

Pennsylvania law, but rather the changes, or lack thereof, in the nature of the

employment relationship that are typical in each transaction.

35. For example, in concluding that an assignability clause was necessary to

effect valid assignment in the context of an asset sale, the Hess court stressed that
its conclusion was based on the “personal characteristics of the employment contract”

and the fact that, when the identity of the employer changes, the nature of the

employment relationship typically changes, such that the employee is forced to “suffer

a restraint on his employment for the benefit of a stranger to the original

undertaking.” Hess, 808 A.2d at 922. The court specifically found significant the fact

that the purported assignment of the employment agreement there constituted a

material change in the defendant-employee’s employment obligations. Id.

36. Similarly, in J.C. Ehrlich, in concluding that an assignability clause was

not necessary to effect valid assignment in the context of a stock purchase, the court

stressed the fact that the defendant’s “obligations and duties [did not] change[] in any

material respect” after the stock purchase. J.C. Ehrlich, 979 A.2d at 866.

37. This case law points to the conclusion that, under Pennsylvania law, a

restrictive covenant contained in an employment agreement is not assignable to a

successor business entity, in the absence of a specific assignability provision, where

the employee would be forced to suffer a restraint on his employment for the benefit

of a stranger to the original agreement. Where the successor entity is essentially the

same, however, such that the nature of the employment relationship does not change

following the transaction, a specific assignability provision is not required to

effectuate assignment of a restrictive covenant, regardless of the transaction’s formal

legal structure.

38. Here, TSG is “basically the same company” as TSG Inc.; the owners and

officers of TSG did not change, and Bollinger himself testified that every aspect of his
job remained unchanged after the bankruptcy reorganization. As the Court of

Appeals pointed out, this is not a case where TSG was a stranger to the Employment

Agreement originally entered into between TSG Inc. and Bollinger. Rather, as is

typically the case in a stock sale, TSG, as a result of the bankruptcy reorganization,

is essentially the same entity as the original party to the Employment Agreement.

The Court does not believe that Pennsylvania law requires an explicit assignability

provision in the circumstances presented here.

39. Accordingly, the Court rejects Bollinger’s argument that the Employment

Agreement is unenforceable because it did not contain a specific assignability clause,

and concludes that the Employment Agreement was assignable without such a

clause. Nonetheless, Bollinger argues, albeit briefly, that TSG has presented no

evidence that the Employment Agreement was actually assigned to it by TSG Inc.

The Court disagrees.

40. Indeed, the Court of Appeals noted in its decision that Rosenstein

specifically testified that the Employment Agreement, and the restrictive covenants

contained therein, were assigned by TSG Inc. to TSG. Moreover, the Bankruptcy

Court’s order approving TSG Inc.’s bankruptcy plan specifically approved assumption

by TSG of all of TSG Inc.’s executory contracts. The Court concludes that such

evidence at least presents a genuine issue of fact as to assignment that is improper

to resolve at the summary judgment stage.

41. Because Bollinger asserts no other basis for concluding that the

Employment Agreement was unenforceable by TSG, the Court concludes that
judgment as a matter of law in Bollinger’s favor is inappropriate on this record, and

that the Motion should be denied.

V. CONCLUSION

42. For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby DENIES Bollinger’s Motion for

Partial Summary Judgment.

SO ORDERED, this the 26th day of August, 2016.

/s/ Michael L. Robinson
Michael L. Robinson
Special Superior Court Judge
for Complex Business Cases