In re Interest of Bosileo D. et al.

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
In re Interest of Bosileo D. et al.,
children under 18 years of age.
State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
Christopher J., appellant.
___ N.W.3d ___
Filed May 29, 2026. 	No. S-24-749.
1. Juvenile Courts: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews juve-
nile cases de novo on the record and reaches its conclusions indepen-
dently of the juvenile court’s findings.
2. Judgments: Statutes: Appeal and Error. When an appeal calls for
statutory interpretation or presents questions of law, an appellate court
must reach an independent, correct conclusion irrespective of the deter-
mination made by the court below.
3. Parental Rights. Any one of the bases for termination codified in
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292 (Reissue 2016) can serve as the basis for
termination.
4. Parental Rights: Proof. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292 (Reissue
2016), it is the State’s burden by clear and convincing evidence to show
that there not only exists a statutory basis for termination but that termi-
nation is in the best interests of the child.
5. Parental Rights. Whereas the statutory grounds for termination of
parental rights are based on a parent’s past conduct, the best interests
inquiry focuses on the future well-being of the child.
6. Constitutional Law: Due Process: Parental Rights: Proof. The Due
Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution would be offended if a state
were to attempt to force the breakup of a natural family, over the
objections of the parents and their children, without some showing
of unfitness.
7. Parental Rights: Presumptions: Proof. An appellate court applies a
rebuttable presumption that it is in the child’s best interests to maintain
a relationship with his or her parent. That presumption can only be
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www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
overcome by a showing that the parent is either unfit to perform the
duties imposed by the relationship or has forfeited that right.
8. Parental Rights: Words and Phrases. Parental unfitness means a
personal deficiency or incapacity that has prevented, or will probably
prevent, performance of a reasonable parental obligation in child rear-
ing and that has caused, or probably will result in, detriment to a child’s
well-being.
9. Parental Rights. The best interests and parental unfitness analyses
require separate, fact-intensive inquiries, but each examines essentially
the same underlying facts.
10. Juvenile Courts: Parental Rights. Parental visitation rights, as a
subject within the Nebraska Juvenile Code, are matters for judicial
determination.
11. Parental Rights. When a parent is unable or unwilling to rehabilitate
himself or herself within a reasonable period of time, the child’s best
interests require termination of parental rights.
12. ____. Children cannot, and should not, be suspended in foster care or be
made to await uncertain parental maturity.
Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
Riedmann, Chief Judge, and Moore and Arterburn, Judges,
on appeal thereto from the Separate Juvenile Court of Douglas
County, 	Vernon 	Daniels, 	Judge. 	Judgment 	of 	Court 	of
Appeals affirmed.
Brian J. Muench for appellant.
Shinelle Pattavina, Deputy Douglas County Attorney, and
Sarah Alsup, Senior Certified Law Student, for appellee.
Funke, 	C.J., 	Cassel, 	Stacy, 	Papik, 	Freudenberg,
Bergevin, and Vaughn, JJ.
Bergevin, J.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Nebraska Court of Appeals affirmed the juvenile court’s
termination of Christopher J.’s parental rights to his three chil-
dren. 1 On further review, Christopher assigns that the juvenile
court erred in determining that termination of his parental
1 See In re Interest of Bosileo D. et al., No. A-24-749, 2025 WL 1693128
(Neb. App. June 17, 2025) (selected for posting to court website).

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
rights to the children was in their best interests. Specifically, he
argues that the juvenile court improperly delegated its authority
to determine visitation between the children and himself, and
he argues that he made demonstrable progress toward rehabili-
tation. We affirm.
II. BACKGROUND
Christopher is the natural father of Bosilio D., Amelius J.,
and Kayol J. (collectively the children). The natural mother of
the children had her parental rights to each child terminated
and is not involved in this consolidated appeal.
The children were removed from Christopher’s care in
January 2021—5 months after being returned to his care fol-
lowing the resolution of a previous juvenile case. That case
started in 2016 and spanned just over 4 years. The 2021
removal was due to allegations made by the children that
Christopher physically abused them, engaged in domestic vio-
lence in their presence, and abused substances.
1. Adjudication Phase
In July 2021, the juvenile court adjudicated the children
within the meaning of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(3)(a) (Reissue
2016). Subsequently, Christopher appealed from that 2021
adjudication order. He assigned that the juvenile court erred
in finding the State had proved its allegations in the peti-
tion for adjudication by a preponderance of the evidence.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the juvenile court’s order in
March 2022. 2
While Christopher’s appeal of the 2021 adjudication order
was pending, the juvenile court ordered Christopher to partici-
pate in visitation with the children. Starting in February 2021,
visitation occurred through video.
2 See In re Interest of Bosileo D. et al., No. A-21-627, 2022 WL 774657
(Neb. App. Mar. 15, 2022) (selected for posting to court website).

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
In September 2021, Christopher began in-person visits with
the children once per week. According to one of the family
caseworkers, the visits went “pretty well.” These weekly in-
person visits continued until the end of January 2022, when
Christopher and Kayol had a “verbal disagreement” during a
visit. After that, the Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS) reinstated video visitation, but the visits were “spo-
radic.” Many times, the children did not attend the visits.
The record indicates that in August 2022, the juvenile court
suspended visitation until Christopher completed a psychologi-
cal evaluation with a parenting assessment. The record further
indicates that prior to this time, DHHS had struggled to engage
with Christopher because he was unwilling to accept DHHS’
services other than visitation.
When Christopher met with a provider for his psychologi-
cal evaluation in May 2023, the provider did not complete the
evaluation due to Christopher’s lack of trust in the provider
and Christopher’s refusal to sign a disclosure form for DHHS.
Christopher met with another provider in June 2023, completed
the evaluation, and signed the necessary disclosure form. The
evaluation resulted in a recommendation for family therapy to
be provided by one of the children’s therapists.
The record indicates that the children’s therapists provided
letters to DHHS with recommendations for Christopher to
follow before participating in family therapy with the chil-
dren. According to a guardian ad litem report that the juve-
nile court received, the therapists’ recommendations were that
Christopher: (1) engage in individual therapy regularly, (2)
sign a release of information with the children’s therapists so
that they may collaborate with Christopher’s therapist, and
(3) take responsibility for the abuse the children witnessed or
experienced while in Christopher’s care. The children’s thera-
pists noted that they would consider the children’s readiness to
meet with Christopher to determine if family therapy could be
utilized. Visitation never resumed after August 2022.

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
2. Termination of Parental Rights
In September 2023, the State filed a motion to terminate
Christopher’s parental rights to the children. The State alleged
that (1) Christopher had substantially and continuously or
repeatedly neglected and refused to give the children neces-
sary parental care and protection 3; (2) reasonable efforts to
preserve and reunify the family, under the direction of the
court, had failed to correct the conditions leading to the deter-
mination 4; (3) the children had been in an out-of-home place-
ment for 15 or more months of the most recent 22 months 5; (4)
Christopher had subjected the children to aggravated circum-
stances, including, but not limited to, abandonment, torture,
chronic abuse, or sexual abuse 6; and (5) termination was in the
children’s best interests.
We note that the parties provided a limited appellate record.
The record suggests that the proceedings held on the State’s
petition to terminate Christopher’s parental rights took place
over the course of 5 days in 2024: March 19 and 25, and July
22, 23, and 25. However, Christopher did not request the bill
of exceptions for the proceedings in March, and he errone-
ously requested the bill of exceptions for July 26 instead of
July 25.
Christopher filed an amended request to include the March
2024 hearing dates and the July 25, 2024, hearing date. The
Court of Appeals rejected Christopher’s request because of his
failure to contemporaneously file a motion for leave. 7
Neither is the State without blame. The State did not supple-
ment the record, yet it cited to evidence not included in the
record in its appellate briefing. 8 This situation leaves us with
3 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292(2) (Reissue 2016).
4 See § 43-292(6).
5 See § 43-292(7).
6 See § 43-292(9).
7 See Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-105(B)(2)(f) (rev. 2023).
8 See § 2-105(B)(2)(e).

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
various uncertainties about the timeline of events and without
several pieces of substantive evidence that would have been
helpful in our analysis.
We remind practitioners that, as authorized by statute, 9 the
various procedures for compiling, certifying, and amending a
bill of exceptions are detailed in § 2-105. 10
The limited record before us shows that on July 22 and
23, 2024, the juvenile court heard testimony related to the
State’s motion to terminate Christopher’s parental rights. The
State elicited testimony from the provider who unsuccessfully
attempted an evaluation of Christopher, the family’s initial
assessment worker, and a caseworker who worked with the
family from July 2021 to December 2023. The testimony of
the family’s initial assessment worker and caseworker con-
cerned Christopher’s progress toward rehabilitation during
the case.
The initial assessment worker testified that the children
reported Christopher had physically abused them and that
they were concerned about returning to his home. The case-
worker testified that the children refused to have in-person
visitation with Christopher because they were afraid of him.
She also testified that in the fall of 2023, the children’s thera-
pists still did not believe the children were ready to resume
visitation with Christopher. Both the assessment worker and
the caseworker testified that throughout the case, Christopher
refused to accept the validity of the underlying reasons for the
children’s removal.
The evidence surrounding Christopher’s cooperation with
the juvenile court and compliance with his case plan is con-
flicting. The caseworker testified that Christopher complied
with all court orders. However, her court reports indicate that
9 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1140 (Reissue 2016).
10 See State v. Malone, 308 Neb. 929, 957 N.W.2d 892 (2021), modified on
denial of rehearing 309 Neb. 399, 959 N.W.2d 818.

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
in February 2023, Christopher was difficult to engage with,
unwilling to accept DHHS’ services, and failed to provide
documentation verifying his employment status.
Following the termination hearing, the juvenile court entered
an order terminating Christopher’s parental rights to the chil-
dren. The court found that the State had established by clear
and convincing evidence a statutory basis for termination under
§ 43-292(2), (6), (7), and (9) and that it was in the best inter-
ests of the children to have Christopher’s parental rights termi-
nated. Christopher timely appealed.
3. Court of Appeals
On appeal, Christopher assigned that the juvenile court
erred in finding that termination of his parental rights was
in the children’s best interests. The Court of Appeals found
that the record clearly and convincingly established a statu-
tory basis for termination of Christopher’s parental rights to
the children and that termination of his parental rights was in
the children’s best interests. 11
First, as a statutory basis for terminating Christopher’s
parental rights, the Court of Appeals determined the State
met its burden of proof in showing that the children were in
an out-of-home placement for 15 or more months of the most
recent 22 months. 12 The Court of Appeals went on to find that
termination of Christopher’s parental rights was in the best
interests of the children for three reasons: (1) The children
had reported physical abuse, were afraid of Christopher, and
were still unready to resume visitations; (2) Christopher con-
tinued to refuse to take any accountability for the children’s
displacement, which evidenced an unwillingness or inability
to rehabilitate within a reasonable amount of time 13; and (3)
11 See In re Interest of Bosileo D. et al., supra note 1.
12 See § 43-292(7).
13 See, e.g., In re Interest of Zanaya W. et al., 291 Neb. 20, 863 N.W.2d 803
(2015).

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
the children had been in out-of-home placements for over
4 years. 14
Christopher timely petitioned for further review.
III. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
On further review, Christopher assigns that the Court of
Appeals erred by concluding that termination of Christopher’s
parental rights was in the children’s best interests.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo on
the record and reaches its conclusions independently of the
juvenile court’s findings. 15 When an appeal calls for statutory
interpretation or presents questions of law, an appellate court
must reach an independent, correct conclusion irrespective of
the determination made by the court below. 16
V. ANALYSIS
1. Statutory Basis
[3] We first consider whether there is a statutory basis for
termination of Christopher’s parental rights to the children.
Christopher does not dispute that a statutory basis exists. He
concedes that the children have been in an out-of-home place-
ment for 15 or more months of the most recent 22 months. 17
We agree and find that the State proved the same by clear and
convincing evidence. Since any one of the bases for termina-
tion codified in § 43-292 can serve as the basis for termination,
we need not consider the sufficiency of the evidence concern-
ing the State’s other statutory bases for termination. 18
14 See, e.g., In re Interest of Octavio B. et al., 290 Neb. 589, 861 N.W.2d 415
(2015).
15 In re Interest of Joel T. et al., ante p. 106, 32 N.W.3d 640 (2026).
16 Id.
17 See § 43-292(7).
18 See In re Interest of Mateo L. et al., 309 Neb. 565, 961 N.W.2d 516
(2021).

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
We next consider whether termination of Christopher’s
parental rights is in the children’s best interests.
2. Best Interests
[4-6] Under § 43-292, it is the State’s burden by clear and
convincing evidence to show that there not only exists a statu-
tory basis for termination but that termination is in the best
interests of the child. 19 Whereas the statutory grounds for
termination of parental rights are based on a parent’s past con-
duct, the best interests inquiry focuses on the future well-being
of the child. 20 In this regard, we have emphasized that the Due
Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution would be offended
“‘“[i]f a [s]tate were to attempt to force the breakup of a natu-
ral family, over the objections of the parents and their children,
without some showing of unfitness.”’” 21
[7-9] We apply a rebuttable presumption that it is in the
child’s best interests to maintain a relationship with his or her
parent. 22 That presumption can only be overcome by a show-
ing that the parent is either unfit to perform the duties imposed
by the relationship or has forfeited that right. 23 In this context,
parental unfitness means a personal deficiency or incapac-
ity that has prevented, or will probably prevent, performance
of a reasonable parental obligation in child rearing and that
has caused, or probably will result in, detriment to a child’s
well-being. 24 The best interests and parental unfitness analyses
require separate, fact-intensive inquiries, but each examines
essentially the same underlying facts. 25
19 In re Interest of Joel T. et al., supra note 15.
20 Id.
21 Id. at 115, 32 N.W.3d at 647 (quoting Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246,
98 S. Ct. 549, 54 L. Ed. 2d 511 (1978)).
22 Id.
23 Id.
24 Id.
25 Id.

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
Christopher argues that it was error for the Court of Appeals
to find that termination of his parental rights to the children
was in their best interests. Specifically, he argues that the
juvenile court deprived him of any opportunity to rehabilitate
his relationship with his children because it delegated its duty
of determining visitation to the children and their therapists.
He also argues that he made demonstrable progress in his
court-ordered plan for rehabilitation. We address his argu-
ments in turn.
(a) No Improper Delegation to
Determine Visitation
[10] 	Parental 	visitation 	rights, 	as 	a 	subject 	within 	the
Nebraska Juvenile Code, are matters for judicial determina-
tion. 26 In a case governed by the Nebraska Juvenile Code, In
re Interest of C.A., 27 we considered whether a juvenile court
improperly delegated its authority to determine parental visita-
tion. In that case, we found no improper delegation, and we
reach the same conclusion here.
Visitation between Christopher and the children was sus-
pended by the juvenile court in August 2022. Although the
caseworker’s testimony established that the therapists did not
recommend resuming visitation, the record is devoid of a court
order authorizing the therapists to determine whether visitation
would occur. 28 Christoper’s argument that the court improperly
delegated decisionmaking about visitation to the therapists is
refuted by the record.
26 In re Interest of C.A., 235 Neb. 893, 457 N.W.2d 822 (1990).
27 Id.
28 See Deacon v. Deacon, 207 Neb. 193, 297 N.W.2d 757 (1980) (unlawful
delegation when court order authorized psychologist to effectively
determine visitation), disapproved on other grounds, Gibilisco v. Gibilisco,
263 Neb. 27, 637 N.W.2d 898 (2002).

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
(b) No Demonstrable Progress
[11] As the Court of Appeals noted, from the beginning
of the family’s previous case in 2016 to the termination pro-
ceedings in 2024, the children have been under the juvenile
court’s jurisdiction for all but 5 months. 29 During this time,
Christopher has refused to recognize the circumstances that
led to the children’s removal from his care or their continued
concerns about interacting with him. When a parent is unable
or unwilling to rehabilitate himself or herself within a reason-
able period of time, the child’s best interests require termina-
tion of parental rights. 30
We recognize that Christopher has cooperated with court
orders and certain aspects of his case plan. However, his
refusal to acknowledge the children’s reports of physical abuse
in the past and their concerns about returning to his home
demonstrates parental unfitness and a lack of amenability to
rehabilitation. 31 According to the caseworker, over a year after
the court suspended visitation in August 2022, the children’s
therapists still did not believe the children were ready to
resume visitation with Christopher.
[12] The 	circumstances 	behind 	the 	children’s 	adjudica-
tion, and the children’s continued concerns about interacting
with Christopher highlighted a problem in their relationship.
Christopher has had several years to improve his relation-
ship with his children, and he has seemingly refused or been
unable to do so. We will not continue to suspend the children in
foster care to await Christopher’s uncertain parental maturity. 32
29 See In re Interest of Bosileo D. et al., supra note 1.
30 In re Interest of Joel T. et al., supra note 15.
31 See In re Interest of M., 235 Neb. 61, 453 N.W.2d 589 (1990) (finding
termination of parental rights appropriate when mother disregarded
allegations of father’s child molestation during juvenile case spanning
over 2 years).
32 See In re Interest of Octavio B. et al., supra note 14.

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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
321 Nebraska Reports
IN RE INTEREST OF BOSILEO D. ET AL.
Cite as 321 Neb. 490
Based on the record, we find that termination of Christopher’s
parental rights is in the children’s best interests.
VI. CONCLUSION
The Court of Appeals did not err in finding a statutory basis
for termination of Christopher’s parental rights or in find-
ing that termination was in the best interests of the children.
Additionally, we find no improper delegation by the juvenile
court of its authority to determine Christopher’s visitation
rights with the children. Therefore, we affirm the Court of
Appeals’ affirmance of the juvenile court’s order.
Affirmed.