March 23, 2009 – San Pedro Neighborhood Association v. Board of County Commissioners of Santa Fe County and Paul Parker, No. 27,907

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number:

Filing Date: March 23, 2009

NO. 27,907

SAN PEDRO NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION,
Appellant- Respondent,

V.

BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
OF SANTA FE COUNTY,

Appellee- Petitioner,
and
PAUL PARKER,
Interested Party- Petitioner.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY
James A. Hall, District Judge

The Graeser Law Firm, LLC
Christopher L. Graeser
Santa Fe, NM

for Respondent

Stephen C. Ross, County Attorney
Sue A. Herrmann, Assistant County Attorney
Santa Fe, NM
for Petitioner Board of County Commissioners
The Bregman Law Firm, P.C.
Sam Bregman
Eric Loman
Albuquerque, NM
for Petitioner Parker

OPINION
VIGIL, Judge.
{1} 	Paul Parker (Applicant) operates a sand and gravel mine on five acres of land
he leases from the United States that is managed by the Bureau of Land Management
(BLM). 	He also owns fifteen acres of land adjacent to the mine lease, and both
properties are located within the San Pedro Contemporary Community Zoning District
(San Pedro District) in Santa Fe County. 	The question presented in this case is
whether sand and gravel mined from the federal BLM land may be stockpiled on the
adjacent subject property. 	The issue arises because a Santa Fe County ordinance
prohibits both “mining” and “commercial districts” within the San Pedro District. The
Santa Fe Board of County Commissioners (Board) determined that stockpiling on the
subject 	property 	is 	allowed, 	and 	the 	San 	Pedro 	Neighborhood 	Association
(Association) appealed to the district court. 	The district court concluded that the
Board decision is not in accordance with law or supported by substantial evidence,
and reversed. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
{2} 	In 2001, the San Pedro District was established in Santa Fe County with the
passage of Santa Fe County Ordinance No. 2002-2 (the Ordinance). Section 5.6.1 of
the Ordinance directs: “No mining of any type shall be allowed, including but not

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limited to gravel mining and other types of mining.” In addition, Section 5.7.1 of the
Ordinance states, “No commercial districts shall be allowed in the Planning Area. All
commercial uses must meet the requirements for home occupations and home
businesses as stated in Section 5.9 of this Ordinance.”
{3} 	In 2003, Applicant acquired the BLM mining lease on five acres of land owned
by the United States. Applicant also owns fifteen acres of land immediately adjacent
to the BLM mining lease, and both properties are located within the San Pedro
District. 	In May 2003, the County issued to Applicant a notice of violation for
unpermitted development, namely, operating a sand and gravel company and
stockpiling material off-site without a permit. In response, Applicant applied to the
County for permission to stockpile on the fifteen-acre parcel (the subject property) for
four months and to locate a weigh station and guard trailer on the subject property.
In January 2004, the Board approved a temporary development permit for two years
which allowed the weigh station and guard trailer on the subject property with the
condition that the existing stockpiled material on the subject property be removed
within 120 days and that no new material be added to the stockpile.
{4} 	Before the temporary permit expired, Applicant applied for its renewal and also
asked the County to remove the condition that he not stockpile mined material on the
subject property. 	The application was first presented to the County Development

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Review Committee (CDRC), which recommended approval of the amendment after
hearing testimony for its approval on behalf of Applicant and against its approval by
the Association. The CDRC was presented with evidence from Applicant that “it has
proven difficult to store material within the current five acre BLM mining site.” This
evidence was included in the record, which was subsequently considered by the
Board. Evidence was also presented on behalf of Applicant to the CDRC that “it is
difficult to mine and stockpile within the same site.” The Board then held a public
hearing to consider the application, and members of the Association appeared and
testified in opposition to the proposed amendment.
{5} 	Applicant testified that the mining operation has many customers, including the
State Highway Department and the County, who prefer to have a stockpile ready when
they need material. Applicant stated that the amount of existing stockpile on the five
acres of BLM land was between 8,000 and 12,000 tons, and that he had previously
stockpiled 20,000 to 30,000 tons on the subject property. When questioned about the
size of the proposed stockpile, Applicant stated that the amount would depend on the
market and the demand. 	Applicant also testified that he was “really crowded for
room” on the five acres with the other mining operations in the same space, especially
if customers wanted the material stockpiled ahead of time.
{6} 	Evidence was also presented on Applicant’s behalf that the mine has provided

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material for numerous projects, including Sandia Labs, Albuquerque Airport, Kirtland
Air Force Base, and assorted roadways, and that it is “very difficult” for Applicant to
stockpile within the five-acre BLM mining lease. A miner and customer of Applicant
added that five acres is a “very restricted” space in which to conduct the various
activities involved with gravel mining, and that other mining operators have stockpiles
located away from the mining sites, which makes for a “much cleaner, safer
operation.”
{7} 	The Board approved the application in a formal order. Pertinent to this appeal,
the Board made the following findings and conclusions:
[1]. 	Both the mine lease and the subject property are within the
San Pedro Contemporary Community Zoning District. 	The subject
property is governed by the Santa Fe County Land Development Code
(1996, as amended) and County Ordinance No. 2002-2, the San Pedro
Contemporary Community Zoning District (“the Ordinance”), enacted
on April 10, 2001.
[2]. 	The Ordinance prohibits “mining operations”, but does not
define the phrase.
[3]. 	The Ordinance prohibits “commercial uses” of property
within the District (except those that meet the requirements for home
occupations and home businesses). The Ordinance does not define the
phrase.
[4]. 	The Applicant testified that he has no intention of mining
outside of the mine site. 	He also testified that his use of the subject
property for stockpiling could more than triple the size of his stockpile,
thus rendering financially feasible an otherwise marginal mining

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operation. (Emphasis added.)
[5]. 	To the extent that a county ordinance such as the San Pedro
Contemporary Community Ordinance conflicts with, or frustrates the
purpose of, the Federal Mining Act of 1872 (“the Mining Act”), 30
U.S.C.A. § 22 et seq., it is preempted by the Supremacy Clause of the
United States Constitution. 	Where a Federal mining lease is granted
pursuant to the Mining Act, Santa Fe County may limit the right of the
lessee to mine if there are sound environmental reasons for the
limitations, but only to such an extent that the limitations do not serve as
an obstacle to the accomplishment of the mining lease. 	California
Coastal Commission et al., v. Granite Rock Co., 480 U.S. 572, 592, 107
S.Ct. 1419, 1425 (1987). 	State and local regulations which render a
mine commercially impracticable cannot be enforced. 	Id. at 595, 107
S.Ct. at 1428.
[6]. 	The Ordinance must be construed in such a way as to avoid
conflicts with the Mining Act. Therefore, the apparent prohibition on
mining in the Ordinance cannot encompass stockpiling of mined
materials under the circumstances described herein. 	Similarly, the
language in the Ordinance that prohibits commercial uses does not
expressly apply to the proposed stockpiling, nor should it be read to do
so, for the reasons described. Moreover, stockpiling of mined materials
is more properly categorized as an industrial use rather than as a
commercial use.
[7]. 	To the extent the Ordinance does prohibit the stockpiling of
mining materials on land adjacent to the mine, the [Board] finds that the
prohibition 	would 	interfere 	with 	Applicant’s 	ability 	to 	run 	a
commercially feasible mining operation.
WHEREFORE, the [Board] concludes that the temporary permit
to place a weigh station and guard trailer on the subject property should
be re-issued for a four[-]year period of time, and the prohibition on
stockpiling of mined materials on the approximately fifteen acres of the
subject property behind the berm should be lifted during that four[-]year
period.

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{8} 	The Association appealed the Board decision to the district court. The district
court reversed on the basis that the Board decision “to allow stockpiling of mined
materials on private land adjacent to a BLM mining lease is not in accordance with
law” and not supported by substantial evidence. The final order of the district court
does not contain any other findings of fact or conclusions of law. 	However, the
district court made an oral ruling, stating that the Board decision was deficient in three
respects: (1) there was insufficient evidence that the Ordinance rendered Applicant’s
mining activity commercially unfeasible; (2) there was insufficient evidence that an
industrial use was permitted on Applicant’s property; and (3) there was no legal
authority for a temporary permit. We do not consider the oral ruling as a final order,
but simply as “instructive in determining the court’s intent where an ambiguity exists
in the court’s decision.” 	In re Adoption of J.J.B., 117 N.M. 31, 37, 868 P.2d 1256,
1262 (Ct. App. 1993).
{9} 	Both Applicant and the Board petitioned this Court for writ of certiorari. See
NMSA 1978, § 39-3-1.1(E) (1999) (providing that a party to an appeal of a final
administrative decision in the district court may seek review of the district court
decision by filing for a writ of certiorari in the Court of Appeals which may exercise
its discretion whether to grant review); Rule 12-505 NMRA (stating the procedure to
seek certiorari in the Court of Appeals from a decision of the district court in

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administrative appeals); Alba v. Peoples Energy Res. Corp., 2004-NMCA-084, ¶ 2,
136 N.M. 79, 94 P.3d 822. 	The petitions were granted and the appeals were
consolidated.
DISCUSSION
{10} 	In reviewing the decision of an administrative agency, the district court may set
aside, reverse, or remand if it finds that the agency’s action was fraudulent, arbitrary,
or capricious; not supported by substantial evidence; or not in accordance with law.
See § 39-3-1.1(D) (providing that in a proceeding for judicial review of a final
decision by an agency, the district court may set aside, reverse or remand the final
decision if it determines that: 	“(1) the agency acted fraudulently, arbitrarily or
capriciously; (2) the final decision was not supported by substantial evidence; or (3)
the agency did not act in accordance with law”); Rule 1-074(Q) NMRA (stating that
the district court may reverse the decision of the agency if: 	“(1) the agency acted
fraudulently, arbitrarily or capriciously; (2) based upon the whole record on appeal,
the decision of the agency is not supported by substantial evidence; (3) the action of
the agency was outside the scope of authority of the agency; or (4) the action of the
agency was otherwise not in accordance with law”).
{11} 	Upon a grant of a petition for writ of certiorari, the Court of Appeals utilizes the
same standard of review to review the decision of the district court. See Rio Grande

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Chapter of the Sierra Club v. N.M. Mining Comm’n, 2003-NMSC-005, ¶¶ 16-17, 133
N.M. 97, 61 P.3d 806 (“[W]e will conduct the same review of an administrative order
as the district court sitting in its appellate capacity, while at the same time determining
whether the district court erred in the first appeal.”). We therefore review whether the
Board acted fraudulently, arbitrarily, or capriciously; whether, based upon the whole
record on appeal, the order of the Board is supported by substantial evidence; whether
the Board acted outside the scope of its authority; and whether the action of the Board
was otherwise not in accordance with law. In our review of the evidence, we review
the whole record, viewing both the favorable and unfavorable evidence in the light
most favorable to the administrative decision. See Romero v. Bd. of County Comm’rs,
2007-NMCA-004, 	¶ 	12, 	140 	N.M. 	848, 	149 	P.3d 	945, 	cert. 	quashed,
2007-NMCERT-009, 142 N.M. 716, 169 P.3d 409. 	We do not substitute our
judgment for that of the agency, and “we only evaluate whether the record supports
the result reached, not whether a different result could have been reached.” 	Id.
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Stated another way, we review the
entire record to determine if the agency decision is supported by substantial evidence.
Paule v. Santa Fe County Bd. of County Comm’rs, 2005-NMSC-021, ¶ 32, 138 N.M.
82, 117 P.3d 240. “Substantial evidence means relevant evidence that a reasonable
mind would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. (internal quotation marks

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and citation omitted).
{12} 	On the other hand, the interpretation of a zoning ordinance is a question of law
that we review de novo, using the same rules of construction that apply to statutes.
Smith v. Bd. of County Comm’rs, 2005-NMSC-012, ¶ 18, 137 N.M. 280, 110 P.3d
496; Alba, 2004-NMCA-084, ¶ 14. 	High Ridge Hinkle Joint Venture v. City of
Albuquerque, 1998-NMSC-050, ¶ 5, 126 N.M. 413, 970 P.2d 599, teaches that in our
de novo review we are to follow three rules of statutory construction:
The first rule is that the plain language of a statute is the primary
indicator of legislative intent. Courts are to give the words used in the
statute their ordinary meaning unless the legislature indicates a different
intent. The court will not read into a statute or ordinance language which
is not there, particularly if it makes sense as written. The second rule is
to give persuasive weight to long-standing administrative constructions
of statutes by the agency charged with administering them. The third
rule dictates that where several sections of a statute are involved, they
must be read together so that all parts are given effect.
Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
(A) “Mining”
{13} 	We first determine whether the prohibition on mining operates to prohibit
stockpiling of mined material. Section 5.6.1 of the Ordinance directs: “No mining
of any type shall be allowed, including but not limited to gravel mining and other
types of mining.” The term “mining” is not defined in the Ordinance. Therefore we
will follow the guidance of Hinkle in our interpretation of the Ordinance.

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{14} 	The first Hinkle rule requires us to examine the plain language of the Ordinance
and give the word its ordinary meaning. In this case, the parties agree on the plain
meaning of the word. The parties agree that “mining” is “the process or business of
extracting ore or minerals from the ground.” We accept the parties’ agreement that
this is the common meaning of the word. See Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary
1438 (unabridged) (2002) (defining mining as “the process or business of making or
of working mines”).
{15} 	It is undisputed that Applicant is not extracting ore or minerals from the subject
property. We therefore agree with Applicant that simply keeping a pile of rock and
gravel upon the earth does not constitute “mining” as it is commonly defined. While
we can agree that stockpiling is an activity associated with mining, the Ordinance
does not prohibit all activities associated with mining. It simply prohibits “mining of
any type.”
{16} 	We conclude that the Ordinance prohibition on mining does not include a
prohibition on stockpiling.
(B) “Commercial Use”
{17} 	We therefore proceed to consider whether Section 5.7.1 of the Ordinance
prohibits Applicant’s proposed stockpiling activity. Section 5.7.1 of the Ordinance
states, “No commercial districts shall be allowed in the Planning Area. 	All

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commercial uses must meet the requirements for home occupations and home
businesses as stated in Section 5.9 of this Ordinance.”
{18} 	The record before us does not disclose what constitutes a “commercial district.”
We are therefore required to discern what the Ordinance means when it refers to
“commercial uses.” Again, we look to the ordinary meaning of what “commercial”
means. 	See High Ridge Hinkle Joint Venture, 1998-NMSC-050, ¶ 5. 	Applicant
argues that “commercial” means “of or relating to commerce.” 	We agree. 	See
Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary, supra, at 456 (defining “commercial” as “of,
in, or relating to commerce”). Applicant then refers us to a definition of “commerce”
in Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) as “[t]he exchange of goods and services,
[especially] on a large scale involving transportation between cities, states, and
nations.” 	Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, supra, at 456 defines
“commerce” as “the exchange or buying and selling of commodities [especially] on
a large scale and involving transportation from place to place.” From these definitions
we conclude that the common meaning of the word “commerce” relates to exchanging
goods.
{19} 	Applicant asserts that because he is not exchanging goods on the subject
property itself, but simply storing rock and gravel, his proposed use is not
“commercial.” 	On the other hand, the Association asserts that stockpiling mined

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materials pending removal for sale manifestly constitutes a “commercial” use under
its ordinary meaning. 	We are more persuaded by the Association’s argument.
Applicant testified that he was seeking to stockpile on the subject property so that he
could have more material “ready to go whenever [his customers] want it.” 	This
testimony demonstrates Applicant’s acknowledgment that stockpiling the mined sand
and gravel for future sale is “related to” the “buying and selling” of the mined
materials.
{20} 	Applicant and the Board both argue that under the second Hinkle rule, we
should defer to the Board’s interpretation of its own ordinance although there is no
longstanding interpretation of the Ordinance. 	See Alba, 2004-NMCA-084, ¶ 22.
While Alba recognizes that case law permits a court to give deference to reasonable
agency interpretations of agency-authored ordinances even when the agency’s
construction is not longstanding, deference was appropriate in Alba because there
were indications that the county had previously interpreted the ordinance in a way that
was consistent with the challenged decision. See id. ¶ 23. In contrast, in the present
case, not only is this the first time the Ordinance has been definitively construed by
the Board, but to the extent that the Board previously construed the Ordinance when
it considered Applicant’s initial application for the temporary permit, it required that
the stockpiles be removed at that time. Finally, we decline to defer to the Board’s

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interpretation 	because 	whether 	stockpiling 	of 	mined 	materials 	constitutes 	a
“commercial use” presents a question of law which is subject to our de novo review.
{21} 	We therefore conclude that the plain meaning of the prohibition on “commercial
uses” in Section 5.7.1 of the Ordinance includes a prohibition of the stockpiling
activity proposed by Applicant. Furthermore, neither Applicant nor the Board argues
that the proposed stockpiling activity satisfies “the requirements for home occupations
and home businesses as stated in Section 5.9 of this Ordinance.”
(C) “Industrial Use”
{22} 	The Board decision states that stockpiling is neither a mining nor a commercial
use, and is more properly categorized as an “industrial use.” 	We agree with the
district court that the record is devoid of any evidence regarding “industrial use.” The
evidence presented to the Board contains no reference to “industrial use,” no
definition of the term, and no information regarding whether the subject property is
zoned for such use. 	Because the Board finding that stockpiling constitutes a
permissible “industrial use” of the subject property is not supported by substantial
evidence, we affirm the order of the district court which reversed the Board finding
on this point.
(D) “Commercial Impracticability”
{23} 	In our analysis to this point, we have concluded that the Ordinance prohibition

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on commercial uses in the San Pedro District prohibits the stockpiling of mined
material which Applicant proposes. 	Perhaps anticipating this result, the Board
concluded that to the extent the Ordinance prohibits stockpiling, it violates Granite
Rock because the prohibition renders Applicant’s mining operation on the adjacent
federal mining lease commercially impracticable.
{24} 	In Granite Rock, the United States Supreme Court held that it is permissible for
a state agency to impose a permit requirement enforcing state environmental
regulations on a mining operation located on federal land, and that various federal
laws did not preempt the state requirement because its conditions did not conflict with
federal law. 480 U.S. at 593. In its analysis, the Supreme Court described various
ways in which a state law may be preempted by federal law, including “where the
state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the full purposes and
objectives of Congress.” Id. at 581 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The Supreme Court also hypothesized in dictum that a “severe” state environmental
regulation could possibly render a land use “commercially impracticable.” Id. at 587.
The Board presumably relied upon these concepts in concluding that if a prohibition
on stockpiling on the subject property rendered Applicant’s mining operation on the
federal BLM mine lease commercially impracticable, the federal use would preempt
the prohibition. We assume without deciding that the Federal Mining Act impliedly

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preempts state regulations of private land which render mining operations on federal
land commercially impracticable.
{25} 	We look to United States Supreme Court decisions to determine what it meant
when 	it 	used 	the 	term 	“commercially 	impracticable” 	in 	Granite 	Rock. 	In
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922), the Supreme Court held that
a Pennsylvania statute which impeded the ability of a mining company to mine coal
constituted a regulatory taking and stated, “To make it commercially impracticable to
mine certain coal has very nearly the same effect for constitutional purposes as
appropriating or destroying it.” 260 U.S. at 414-15. Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass’n
v. DeBenedictis, 480 U.S. 470 (1987), was another case involving the impact of a
Pennsylvania statute on mining operations. 	In that case, the Supreme Court
determined that mine operators failed to show that the statute in question rendered
their operations commercially impracticable. Id. at 493, 495-96. The Supreme Court
stated that the Pennsylvania Coal “commercially impracticable” language related to
the impact of a state regulatory statute on the profitability of a mine. 	See Keystone
Bituminous Coal Ass’n, 480 U.S. at 498-99. 	In Keystone, the petitioners did “not
come close to satisfying their burden of proving that they have been denied the
economically viable use of that property.” Id. at 499. Furthermore, the petitioners in
Keystone had not shown that the statute made it “impossible for [them] to profitably

16
engage in their business, or that there [had] been undue interference with their
investment-backed expectations.” Id. at 485.
{26} 	From these decisions we conclude that in order to demonstrate that the
Ordinance impermissibly conflicts with federal law, Applicant was required to present
substantial evidence in the record that the application of the Ordinance to the subject
property rendered the mining operation on the BLM mining lease commercially
impracticable. 	To 	satisfy this burden Applicant was required to show that
enforcement of the Ordinance would deprive him of the economically viable use of
the BLM mine lease, that its enforcement would make it impossible for Applicant to
profitably engage in his mining operation, or that its enforcement would unduly
interfere with his investment-backed expectations.
{27} 	Applicant’s testimony did not demonstrate that the mining operation was
functioning at only a marginal level or that it would only be commercially feasible if
he was allowed to stockpile on the subject property. We therefore conclude that the
finding of the Board that allowing Applicant to stockpile on the subject property
would render “financially feasible an otherwise marginal mining operation” is not
supported by substantial evidence. 	In fact, the evidence seems to show that
Applicant’s business was healthy and that the demand for his product was such that
he wished to expand his operation by stockpiling on the subject property. While the

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Board heard testimony that Applicant experienced difficulty in limiting his mining and
storage of the sand and gravel to the five acres of BLM land, this evidence does not
meet the high standard of “commercial impracticability” that is required.
{28} 	The district court reversed the Board decision in part because of a lack of
substantial evidence to establish that the prohibition of commercial uses on the subject
property rendered Applicant’s mining operation commercially infeasible. We agree
with the district court.
(E) “Temporary Permits”
{29} 	The Board asserts that the district court erred in finding, in its oral decision, that
the Board decision is not in accordance with law because the Ordinance does not
contain authority for temporary permits. Ru1e 12-505(D)(3) provides that a petition
for a writ or certiorari “shall contain a concise statement showing . . . the questions
presented for review by the Court of Appeals; only the questions set forth in the
petition will be considered by the Court.” The issue now raised was not set forth by
either the Board or Applicant in their petitions for certiorari. 	We therefore do not
consider it.
CONCLUSION
{30} 	For the above reasons, we the affirm the final order of the district court.
{31} 	IT IS SO ORDERED.

MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
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WE CONCUR:

JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge

RODERICK T. KENNEDY, J udge

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