In THE INTEREST OF Z.N., a CHILD v. the State of Texas

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
══════════
No. 19-0590
══════════

IN THE INTEREST OF Z.N., A CHILD

══════════════════════════════════════════
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
══════════════════════════════════════════

PER CURIAM

Under section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code, a trial court may terminate a parent’s

rights to a child if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s

best interest and that one or more statutory predicate grounds have been satisfied. One of those

grounds is that the parent has been convicted “for being criminally responsible for the death or

serious injury of a child under” one of several sections of the Texas Penal Code, including

section 21.11 (indecency with a child). TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(L). We are asked to

determine whether a conviction for indecency with a child, by itself, can support an inference that

the child has suffered serious injury as a result of the offense and can thus constitute legally

sufficient evidence supporting a finding under predicate ground (L). The court of appeals

concluded that such a conviction could not do so. We disagree. Because we hold that a conviction

for indecency with a child can support a reasonable inference of serious injury to the child, we

reverse the court of appeals’ judgment in part and remand to that court for further proceedings.
Z.N. was born on March 8, 2008. Approximately five months before Z.N. was born, Z.N.’s

father, S.N. (Father), committed acts of indecency with three children. The victims were four-,

ten-, and eleven-years old on the date of the offenses. Father was indicted on three counts of

indecency with a child pursuant to section 21.11(a)(1) of the Texas Penal Code. All three

indictments accused Father of the same crime with each child, stating that the defendant:

did then and there, with intent to arouse and gratify the sexual desire of the
defendant, intentionally and knowingly engage in sexual contact with [Child], by
touching the genitals of [Child], a child younger than 17 years of age and not the
spouse of the defendant.

On December 19, 2008, Father was convicted of all three counts of indecency with a child. Each

offense constituted a second-degree felony, and Father was sentenced to ten years for each

conviction, to be served concurrently.

On July 10, 2017, while Father was still incarcerated, the Department of Family and

Protective Services filed a petition to terminate his parental rights to Z.N. 1 Father’s prison

sentence ended approximately two months before the termination trial.

Father did not personally appear at trial but was represented by counsel. During the trial,

the Department introduced into evidence the indictments and judgments from Father’s three

convictions. Additionally, the Department presented testimony from Z.N.’s caseworker, who

stated that the Department had “concerns with placing” Z.N. with Father because of Father’s

“previous convictions.” On cross-examination, Father’s counsel asked the caseworker, “Besides

what’s contained in the indictment, and in the judgment, do you know anything about

1
The Department also sought to terminate the parental rights of Z.N.’s mother, V.C. (Mother). The court of
appeals affirmed the trial court’s termination of Mother’s parental rights, 579 S.W.3d 140, 147 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
2019), and we denied Mother’s petition for review. Therefore, only Father’s rights are at issue here.

2
the . . . circumstances of [Father’s] offenses themselves?” The caseworker replied, “No.” Father’s

counsel then asked, “So you don’t know any of the details?” The caseworker replied, “No,

ma’am.” No other evidence was presented by either party at trial regarding Father’s convictions

or the actions underlying those convictions.

At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court terminated Father’s parental rights based on

section 161.001(b)(1)(L) of the Texas Family Code, finding specifically that Father committed

acts that would constitute a violation of section 21.11 of the Penal Code (indecency with a child). 2

The trial court also found that termination was in Z.N.’s best interest.

Father appealed, asserting that the trial court’s finding as to predicate ground (L) was not

supported by legally or factually sufficient evidence. The court of appeals reversed, holding that

the evidence “was legally insufficient to allow the factfinder to form a firm belief or conviction

that [Father] caused at least one of his victims to suffer serious injury as required by” section

161.001(b)(1)(L). 579 S.W.3d 140, 151 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2019). 3 The court emphasized

that, although the factfinder is permitted to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence, the

Department failed to prove “serious injury merely by proving a conviction for indecency with a

child.” Id. at 150. Because the Department relied only on those convictions, the court of appeals

concluded that “the Department here produced no evidence of injury, physical or emotional,

sustained by any of the three victims of [Father’s] criminally indecent acts.” Id.

2
The trial court also found section 161.001(b)(1)(O) as a ground for termination. The court of appeals held
that that legally insufficient evidence supported the (O) finding, id. at 152, and the Department does not challenge that
holding here.
3
In light of its holding that the evidence was legally insufficient, the court of appeals did not reach the factual-
sufficiency issue. Id. at 151.

3
The Department filed a petition for review. In its sole issue, the Department contends that

the court of appeals erred in its analysis regarding section 161.001(b)(1)(L).

Termination of a parent’s rights to a child requires proof by clear and convincing evidence.

TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b). Under the Family Code, “‘[c]lear and convincing evidence’ means

the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Id. § 101.007. “This

heightened standard of review is mandated not only by the Family Code . . . but also the Due

Process Clause of the United States Constitution.” In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex. 2012).

In accordance with this heightened standard, we “strictly construe involuntary termination statutes

in favor of the parent.” Id.; see also In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 563 (Tex. 2012); Holick v. Smith,

685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985).

We have further held that the heightened burden of proof in parental termination cases

gives rise to a concomitantly heightened standard of appellate review. In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d

230, 235 (Tex. 2019). Under the legal sufficiency standard of review for a finding based on clear

and convincing evidence, “a court should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the

finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or

conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). Although “the

trier of fact may draw inferences,” those inferences must be “reasonable and logical ones.” In re

E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 804. Under this standard of review, “looking at the evidence in the light

most favorable to the judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that the factfinder

resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” In re J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d at 266. To that end, a reviewing court “should disregard all evidence that a reasonable

4
factfinder could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible.” Id. Of course, that “does not

mean that a court must disregard all evidence that does not support the finding,” as doing so “could

skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence.” Id. If, after conducting this

review, an appellate court “determines that no reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or

conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, then that court must conclude that the

evidence is legally insufficient.” Id.

Under the Family Code, “[f]or a trial court to terminate a parent’s right to his [child], the

State must prove by clear and convincing evidence both that: (1) the parent committed an act

prohibited under [section 161.001(b)(1)], and (2) termination is in the [child’s] best interest.” In

re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803. Regarding the first element, section 161.001(b)(1) lists a number

of predicate grounds for termination. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1). Predicate ground (L)

requires a finding that the parent has “been convicted . . . for being criminally responsible for the

death or serious injury of a child under” one of numerous enumerated offenses. Id.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(L). Indecency with a child (pursuant to section 21.11 of the Penal Code) is one

of those enumerated offenses. Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(L)(iv).

Section 21.11 of the Penal Code provides in pertinent part that a person commits an offense

of indecency with a child “if, with a child younger than seventeen years of age,” the person

“engages in sexual contact with the child or causes the child to engage in sexual contact.” TEX.

PENAL CODE § 21.11(a)(1). For the purpose of section 21.11, “sexual contact” means one of the

following acts if the person commits the act with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire

of any person:

(1) any touching by a person, including touching through clothing, of the anus,
breast, or any part of the genitals of a child; or

5
(2) any touching of any part of the body of a child, including touching through
clothing, with the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a person.

Id. § 21.11(c).

The central issue in this case is whether, for the purpose of predicate ground (L), a

factfinder may reasonably infer from a conviction for indecency to a child that a serious injury to

the child occurred—such that the conviction itself constitutes legally sufficient evidence under a

clear-and-convincing standard to support a finding that the ground is satisfied—or whether

additional evidence beyond the conviction itself is required. The Department argues that such an

inference is permitted and is consistent with the sentiments expressed in our per curiam opinion

accompanying the denial of a petition for review in In re L.S.R., 92 S.W.3d 529 (Tex. 2002).

Further, the Department argues that other policy considerations support holding that a conviction

of indecency with a child can imply serious injury to the child, noting the potential logistical

challenges associated with unearthing evidence for offenses committed years before the

termination trial and concerns with retraumatizing victims of those offenses. By contrast, Mother

argues as amicus curiae that the plain language of section 161.001(b)(1)(L) indicates that a

conviction for indecency with a child, by itself, cannot imply serious injury for the purpose of

ground (L). 4 Because the statute requires “serious injury” and then enumerates qualifying

offenses, Mother argues that the Legislature has indicated that the Department must provide

particularized proof of both. Mother emphasizes that, while the Department notes some trauma-

sensitive concerns with this interpretation, the Legislature could have avoided those issues by

omitting the phrase “death or serious” injury from the statute, but it chose not to.

4
Father did not file a response to the Department’s petition or a response brief on the merits.

6
Our prior consideration of this issue is limited to In re L.S.R., which, as noted, was not a

decision on the merits but a per curiam opinion accompanying the denial of a petition for review.

Id. at 530. In that case, the trial court terminated the parents’ rights based on multiple predicate

grounds, including ground (L). See id. As here, the father had been convicted of sexual

misconduct with a child pursuant to section 21.11 of the Penal Code. Id. The court of appeals

affirmed the trial court’s judgment but held that no evidence supported the ground (L) finding

because there had been “no showing that [the child] suffered death or serious injury as a result of”

the conduct underlying the father’s conviction. In re L.S.R., 60 S.W.3d 376, 378, 381 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied). Rejecting the State’s argument that “serious injury to a child may

be inferred from proof of the conviction” of sexual misconduct with the child, the court of appeals

concluded:

While the conviction might be sufficient evidence of death or injury in those cases
where death or serious injury to the child is an element of the offense, we hold that
where death or serious injury is not an element of the offense, the conviction or
deferred adjudication is not by itself sufficient evidence to support termination
under [predicate ground (L)(iv)].

Id. at 378–79. In denying the parents’ petition for review, we “disavow[ed] any suggestion that

molestation of a four-year-old, or indecency with a child, generally, does not cause serious injury.”

In re L.S.R., 92 S.W.3d at 530.

Since L.S.R., we have not addressed ground (L)(iv), and the courts of appeals have diverged

on whether a finding of “serious injury” under that ground requires evidence beyond a conviction

of indecency with a child. Under one approach, a conviction for indecency with a child can imply

serious injury to the child and, therefore, can support a finding under ground (L) by itself. See In

re M.A.S., No. 06-16-00059-CV, 2016 WL 7405849, at *3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Dec. 22, 2016,

7
no pet.) (mem. op.). Under the other approach, a conviction of indecency with a child, by itself,

is insufficient to show serious injury to the child for the purpose of ground (L), but a factfinder

may infer serious injury from other evidence in the record related to the facts underlying the

conviction. 579 S.W.3d at 150; see also In re J.K., No. 09-19-00110-CV, 2019 WL 4865670, at

*4–5 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Oct. 3, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (explaining that the record

contained evidence of serious injury to a child beyond the fact of Father’s sexual-assault

convictions and that the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court’s serious-injury finding);

R.F. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 390 S.W.3d 63, 75 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012,

no pet.) (deeming it significant that “the record contains expert testimony from the child’s

therapist” that, among other things, the child “suffered from severe anxiety issues”).

Section 161.001’s plain language requires that the Department demonstrate that “death or

serious injury of a child” resulted from one of the offenses enumerated in ground (L). TEX. FAM.

CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(L). We hold that, under section 161.001(b)(1)(L)(iv), a parent’s conviction

for indecency with a child can constitute legally sufficient evidence that the parent was “criminally

responsible” for the “serious injury of a child.” 5 Id. We reach this conclusion based on the plain

language of section 161.001(b)(1)(L) of the Family Code and section 21.11 of the Penal Code.

As an initial matter, we note that the simple illegality of the act does not in itself indicate

that a trial court may infer serious injury. We “presume the Legislature selected language in a

statute with care and that every word or phrase was used with a purpose in mind.” Tex. Lottery

Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010). As such, the phrase

5
Because this case involves only the offense of indecency with a child, we need not and do not address
whether a conviction for other offenses enumerated in ground (L) can imply serious injury to a child.

8
“convicted . . . for being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under the

following sections of the Penal Code” requires not only that an offense be committed but also that

death or serious injury result from that offense. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(L).

Still, for the purpose of ground (L), a conviction for an enumerated offense can imply that

a serious injury has occurred based on the nature of the offense and the injury that will likely result.

Here, the plain language of section 21.11 provides the necessary reasonable basis for a factfinder

to infer that serious injury resulted from the commission of the offense of indecency with a child.

Section 21.11(a) of the Penal Code provides:

(a) A person commits an offense if, with a child younger than 17 years of age,
whether the child is of the same or opposite sex and regardless of whether
the person knows the age of the child at the time of the offense, the person:

(1) engages in sexual contact with the child or causes the child to
engage in sexual contact; or

(2) with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person:

(A) exposes the person’s anus or any part of the person’s
genitals, knowing the child is present; or

(B) causes the child to expose the child’s anus or any part of
the child’s genitals.

TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.11(a). Indecency with a child, as defined in the Penal Code, necessarily

entails an action by a person against a child in a manner that is sexual in nature. See id. As one

court of appeals has noted, “[s]exual activity” with a child “is always accompanied by a possibility

of important or dangerous consequences, including emotional or psychological hurt.” In re S.G.,

No. 01-18-00728-CV, 2019 WL 1448870, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 2, 2019,

pet. denied) (mem. op.). The offense can involve physical contact that is sexual in nature that the

child likely perceives and remembers after the offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.11(a)(1). Even

9
when it does not involve physical contact, the offense still risks causing the child to experience

serious emotional or psychological trauma. See id. § 21.11(a)(2). Given the physical, emotional,

and psychological harm that can (and often does) result from the actions that constitute indecency

with a child, a trier of fact may draw the “reasonable and logical” inference that a conviction for

indecency with a child, standing alone, resulted in serious injury to the child for the purpose of

predicate ground (L). In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 804. Thus, consistent with our statement in In

re L.S.R., we hold that such a conviction can constitute legally sufficient evidence supporting a

finding that ground (L) has been satisfied. 92 S.W.3d at 530.

That said, a parent may certainly refute any inference of serious injury to a child resulting

from a conviction. Thus, a parent may argue that the conviction at issue does not imply serious

injury and may present evidence controverting the existence of serious injury in a particular case.

Again, while the factfinder “may draw inferences” from the conviction, those inferences must be

“reasonable and logical ones” in light of the underlying conviction and any other evidence

presented. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 804.

Here, the record shows that Father was convicted of indecency with a child with three

children ages four, ten, and eleven. Specifically, he was charged with and convicted of

intentionally and knowingly engaging in sexual contact with the children by touching their

genitals. From those convictions, a trier of fact could reasonably infer that those children suffered

serious injury for the purpose of ground (L), and no evidence was introduced to refute that

inference. Because a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its

finding was true, we hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the trial court’s finding

as to ground (L). See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The court of appeals therefore erred in

10
reversing the trial court’s order terminating Father’s parental rights. We grant the Department’s

petition for review, and, without hearing oral argument, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment

as to Father and remand the case to that court to consider Father’s unaddressed factual-sufficiency

issue. TEX. R. APP. P. 59.1.

OPINION DELIVERED: May 15, 2020

11