City of Houston v. Shamaka T. Barfield

Opinion issued May 28, 2026

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-25-00467-CV
———————————
CITY OF HOUSTON, Appellant
V.
SHAMAKA T. BARFIELD, Appellee

On Appeal from the 151st District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2024-57422

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Shamaka T. Barfield sued the City of Houston for negligence following an

accident involving a Metropolitan Transit Authority bus and a City of Houston

vehicle. The City filed a motion for summary judgment arguing it is immune from

suit because the City’s employee—a public works employee who was driving the
car that collided with the bus Barfield was traveling on—was not in the course and

scope of her employment when the accident occurred. The trial court denied the

City’s motion and this appeal ensued.

We reverse and render.

Background

Barfield was a passenger on a bus traveling in Harris County, Texas.

According to Barfield, the bus was traveling west on Washington Avenue.

Meanwhile, Kechi Hainsworth-Watson, a City of Houston (“City”) public works

environmental investigator, was traveling east on the same street on her way back

to her office after completing a site inspection. Before returning to work,

Hainsworth-Watson decided to stop at Sonic to buy a drink. She made a left turn in

front of the bus into the driveway of the Sonic. As she did so, she collided with the

bus. Barfield alleges both Hainsworth-Watson and the driver of the bus were

negligent and that their negligence in causing the collision resulted in her

sustaining “serious” injuries.1

Barfield sued the City under the Texas Tort Claims Act, alleging

Hainsworth-Watson was acting in the course and scope of her employment for the

City when the accident occurred. Barfield sought damages for past and future

1
Barfield also sued the employer of the bus driver but those claims are not part of
this appeal.

2
medical expenses, past and future physical pain and mental anguish, and past and

future physical impairment.

Summary Judgment Motion

The City filed a traditional motion for summary judgment based on

governmental immunity. In support of its motion, the City attached the affidavit of

Hainsworth-Watson and a certified copy of the police report from the accident. The

City argued that Hainsworth-Watson was not acting within the scope of her

employment when the accident occurred because at the time of the accident,

Hainsworth-Watson was “driving on a detour to get a drink at Sonic and thus

would have been on a break.” Barfield did not file a response to the summary

judgment motion or object to the summary judgment evidence.

The trial court denied summary judgment and this appeal ensued.2

Standard of Review

Subject matter jurisdiction is implicit in a court’s power to decide a case.

City of Houston v. Rhule, 417 S.W.3d 440, 442 (Tex. 2013). To establish subject

matter jurisdiction, a plaintiff must allege facts that demonstrate affirmatively the

court’s jurisdiction to hear her claims. Town of Shady Shores v. Swanson, 590

S.W.3d 544, 550 (Tex. 2019). “Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a

question of law.” Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226

2
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(8).

3
(Tex. 2004). Because the existence of subject matter jurisdiction is a question of

law, we review the trial court’s ruling on the City’s motion for summary judgment

de novo. See Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Tex. Pol. Subdivs.

Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. Fund, 212 S.W.3d 320, 323 (Tex. 2006).3

A governmental unit may raise the affirmative defense of governmental

immunity and challenge the trial court’s jurisdiction “through a plea to the

jurisdiction or other procedural vehicle, such as a motion for summary judgment.”

Alamo Heights Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Clark, 544 S.W.3d 755, 770 (Tex. 2018). To

obtain a traditional summary judgment based on lack of jurisdiction, “a movant

must produce evidence showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and

that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Town of Shady Shores, 590

S.W.3d at 551 (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c)). The nonmovant “may raise a

genuine issue of material fact by producing ‘more than a scintilla of evidence

establishing the existence of the challenged element.’” Id. (quoting Ford Motor

Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004)). In our review, “we view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovants by indulging every

3
We also review a trial court’s ruling on a summary judgment motion de novo. City
of Houston v. Carrizales, No. 01-20-00699-CV, 2021 WL 3556216, at *3 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 12, 2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Tex.
Mun. Power Agency v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Tex., 253 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex.
2007)).

4
reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in their favor.” City of Houston v.

Rodriguez, 704 S.W.3d 462, 470 (Tex. 2024).

Governmental Immunity

Governmental immunity protects political subdivisions of the state from

lawsuits and liability for monetary damages unless their immunity is waived. See

Schroeder v. Escalera Ranch Owners’ Ass’n, Inc., 646 S.W.3d 329, 332 (Tex.

2022); see also Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 655

(Tex. 2008) (“Sovereign immunity and its counterpart, governmental immunity,

exist to protect the State and its political subdivisions from lawsuits and liability

for money damages.”) (citation omitted). As political subdivisions of the State,

cities are “immune from suit unless [their] immunity is waived by state law.” City

of Austin v. Powell, 704 S.W.3d 437, 448 (Tex. 2024) (quoting City of San Antonio

v. Maspero, 640 S.W.3d 523, 528 (Tex. 2022)).

The Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”)4 waives immunity from suit for

negligent acts in certain circumstances.5 City of Houston v. Gomez, 716 S.W.3d

161, 165 (Tex. 2025). Relevant to the issues here, the TTCA waives governmental

immunity for claims involving the negligent use or operation of a motor-driven

4
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.001, et seq.
5
The starting point for our analysis is “a presumption against any waiver until the
plaintiff establishes otherwise.” Rattray v. City of Brownsville, 662 S.W.3d 860,
866 (Tex. 2023).

5
vehicle. Section 101.021(1) provides that a governmental unit in the state is liable

for:

(1) property damage, personal injury, and death proximately caused by
the wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee acting
within his scope of employment if:

(A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arises from the
operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven
equipment; and

(B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant
according to Texas law[.]

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.021(1).

Scope of Employment

In its sole issue, the City argues that it retained its governmental immunity

from Barfield’s TTCA claim because Hainsworth-Watson was not acting in the

scope of employment when the accident occurred.

Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer such as the City may

be vicariously liable for its employee’s negligent acts “if the employee’s actions

are within the course and scope of his employment.” Goodyear Tire and Rubber

Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 757 (Tex. 2007) (citing Baptist Mem’l Hosp. Sys. v.

Sampson, 969 S.W.2d 945, 947 (Tex. 1998)). “[A]n employer is liable for its

employee’s tort only when the tortious act falls within the scope of the employee’s

general authority in furtherance of the employer’s business and for the

accomplishment of the object for which the employee was hired.” Id. (citing
6
Minyard Food Stores, Inc. v. Goodman, 80 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex. 2002)). To be

within the scope of employment, the employee’s acts must be “of the same general

nature as the conduct authorized or incidental to the conduct authorized[.]” Id.

(citing Minyard Food Stores, 80 S.W.3d at 577). If the employee “deviates from

the performance of his duties for his purposes, the employer is not responsible for

what occurs during that deviation.” Id. (citing Minyard Food Stores, 80 S.W.3d at

577); see Alief Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Velazquez, No. 01-22-00444-CV, 2023 WL

3555495, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 18, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(“Generally, evidence that an employee was on a ‘personal errand’ when an

accident occurred ‘refutes an allegation that [she] was acting in the course and

scope of [her] employment.”’) (quoting Molina v. City of Pasadena, No. 14-17-

00524-CV, 2018 WL 3977945, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 21,

2018, no pet.) (mem. op.)). “An employee who has turned aside, even briefly, for a

personal errand is no longer in the scope of employment until [she] returns to ‘the

path of duty.’” Id. (quoting Molina, 2018 WL 3977945, at *4).

There is a rebuttable presumption that an employee traveling in his

employer’s vehicle is operating under the course and scope of his employment

when involved in an accident. Molina, 2018 WL 3977945, at *4 (citing Robertson

Tank Lines, Inc. v. Van Cleave, 468 S.W.2d 354, 357–58 (Tex. 1971)); Lara v. City

of Hempstead, No. 01-15-00987-CV, 2016 WL 3964794, at *4 (Tex. App.—

7
Houston [1st Dist.] July 21, 2016, pet. denied) (explaining presumption is only

procedural tool and once rebutted, it disappears from case). If the employer

proffers evidence rebutting the presumption, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff

to produce other evidence that the driver was acting in the course and scope of her

employment at the time of the collision. City of Houston v. Carrizales, No. 01-20-

00699-CV, 2021 WL 3556216, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 12,

2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citations omitted).

It is undisputed that Hainsworth-Watson was an employee of the City and

was driving a City vehicle when the accident occurred. Thus, the evidence “raised

a presumption that [Hainsworth-Watson] was in the course and scope of [her]

employment at the time of the accident.” See Molina, 2018 WL 3977945, at *4.

However, “[e]vidence that the employee was on a personal errand to eat at the time

of the accident refutes an allegation that [s]he was acting in the course and scope of

h[er] employment.” Id. (citing J & C Drilling Co. v. Salaiz, 866 S.W.2d 632, 637

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1993, no writ)); see Morris v. JTM Materials, Inc., 78

S.W.3d 28, 47 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.) (“[W]here the evidence

shows that the driver turned aside, even briefly, for a personal errand, the

presumption is rebutted.”) (citing Robertson Tank Lines, 468 S.W.2d at 359); see

also Carrizales, 2021 WL 3556216, at *4 (concluding that if at time of accident,

“there is evidence that the driver was on a personal errand, or otherwise not in the

8
furtherance of her employer’s business, the presumption [of employment]

vanishes.”) (citing Mejia-Rosa v. John Moore Servs., No. 01-17-00955-CV, 2019

WL 3330972, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 25, 2019, no pet.) (mem.

op.)); Gant v. Dumas Glass & Mirror, Inc., 935 S.W.2d 202, 212 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 1996, no writ) (concluding course-and-scope presumption “vanished

when [employee] testified that at the time [of collision] he was returning from

attending [to] his personal business of eating lunch en route to work”). Once the

presumption vanishes, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to “produce other evidence

that the driver was acting in the scope of her employment at the time of the

collision.” City of Houston v. Rios, No. 01-23-00794-CV, 2024 WL 3571649, at *6

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 30, 2024, pet. denied) (citing Robertson Tank

Lines, 468 S.W.2d at 358).

In support of its summary judgment motion, the City attached the affidavit

of Hainsworth-Watson and a certified copy of the police report from the accident.

In her affidavit, Hainsworth-Watson stated that she works as an Environmental

Investigator Level IV for the Houston Public Works Department, and that she held

the same position, at a lower level, when the accident occurred. In her job,

Hainsworth-Watson inspects industrial facilities for enforcement of regulations

promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Texas Commission

on Environmental Quality. She “oversee[s] and perform[s] comprehensive

9
technical investigative work relative to the detection, analysis and elimination or

control of environmental pollutants and contaminants.” She explained that on a

typical day, she may conduct multiple inspections and then return to the office to

scan the reports into the computer system and finish paperwork related to the work

done throughout the day. According to Hainsworth-Watson, on the day of the

accident she was returning to her office on Washington Avenue when she “decided

to pull into Sonic to get a drink.” The accident occurred when she was turning into

Sonic. The police report confirms Hainsworth-Watson’s affidavit. The report states

that Hainsworth-Watson “turned when unsafe[,] causing the accident.”

Barfield did not file a response to the City’s motion for summary judgment

or otherwise produce evidence in support of course and scope. Thus, the only

evidence before the trial court when it ruled on the City’s motion was the evidence

presented by the City. Based on that evidence, the City argues it was entitled to

immunity and thus the trial court erred in denying its motion. 6 The City relies on

6
The City includes in its brief a chart of eleven scope-of-employment cases, ten of
them involving government entities. With two exceptions, the cases in which the
government employee was found not to be acting in the scope of employment
involved commuting to or from work, which is not the case here. Only two of the
cases in which the employees were found to not be in the course and scope of
employment involved accidents that occurred when the government employee
returned to duty after lunch. See Molina v. City of Pasadena, No. 14-17-00524-
CV, 2018 WL 3977945, at *1, 5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 21, 2018,
no pet.) (mem. op.); City of Houston v. Carrizales, No. 01-20-00699-CV, 2021
WL 3556216, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 12, 2021, pet. denied)
(mem. op.). And in one of the cases, a police officer who caused a collision while
returning to work after lunch was found to be acting within the course and scope
10
Cameron Int’l Corp. v. Martinez, a non-governmental entity case. 662 S.W.3d 373

(Tex. 2022). In Cameron, a Cameron employee (“Mueller”) traveled to another

town after work “on his own time to have dinner and to restock his personal

groceries and fuel.” Id. at 377. Mueller had traveled to the town at the invitation of

his supervisor, who asked him to “remain on voluntary standby for potential work

. . . the next day.” Id. at 375. After leaving a gas station, Mueller was involved in a

car accident that resulted in two deaths. Id. The survivors and decedents’ estates

sued Cameron and others, alleging Mueller was acting in the scope of employment

when the accident occurred. Id. at 376. The trial court granted Cameron’s summary

judgment motion, which argued that Mueller was not an employee or acting within

the scope of employment when the accident occurred. Id. The court of appeals

reversed, holding the summary judgment evidence “raised fact issues” as to

of his employment when the accident occurred. See City of Houston v. Fisher, No.
14-21-00573-CV, 2023 WL 2322971, at *1, 5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
Mar. 2, 2023, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Because the inquiry into whether an act was
committed in the course and scope of employment is “unavoidably fact-specific,”
we do not find the chart persuasive. We focus instead on the facts of this case and
the specific cases discussed by the parties. See City of Houston v. Holmes, No. 01-
25-00359-CV, 2026 WL 803986, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 24,
2026, pet. filed) (mem. op.) (citing Tex. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Jerrols, 385 S.W.3d 619,
627 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. dism’d)); see also generally
Jerrols, 385 S.W.3d at 627 (“In part, the absence of a bright-line rule reflects the
unavoidably fact-specific nature of the inquiry into course and scope.”); SeaBright
Ins. Co. v. Lopez, 465 S.W.3d 637, 642–43 (Tex. 2015) (observing course-and-
scope analysis is generally “fact-intensive . . . focusing on the nature of the
employee’s job, the circumstances of the travel, and any other relevant facts”);
N.H. Ins. Co. v. Dominguez, 661 F. App’x 267, 270 (5th Cir. 2016) (“There is no
bright line rule in the fact-intensive ‘course and scope’ inquiry.”) (interpreting
Texas law).

11
whether Mueller was acting in the scope of his employment when the collision

occurred, adding there was evidence in support of the plaintiffs’ claim “that

Mueller’s purchases of food and water during his trip constituted ‘a necessary

service in furtherance of Cameron’s business[.]’” Id. The Supreme Court reversed

and rendered judgment for Cameron, stating:

Nearly early every task that supports a worker’s personal needs,
including travel to and from work, indirectly benefits the employer.
By traveling to the workplace, a worker makes his services available,
“and in that sense he furthers the affairs or business of his employer
by making the journey.” Shelton v. Standard Ins. Co., 389 S.W.2d
290, 292 (Tex. 1965). Not every journey, however, falls within the
course and scope of an employment relationship. Id. To except from
the general rule Mueller’s travel to obtain personal groceries and fuel
at his choice—and not at Camero’s direction—would turn nearly any
personal grocery errand into a special mission on an employer’s
behalf, a concept that we rejected in Painter. See 561 S.W.3d at 138
(explaining that an employee’s decision to “conduct a personal
errand” while otherwise engaged in his employer’s business does not
give rise to vicarious liability for travel in connection with that
errand). Workers often travel for personal necessities during the
workday or leave for a meal before returning to work, but these
activities do not arise from the business of the employer. Rather, they
are daily tasks in which workers and nonworkers alike engage,
carrying the same attendant risks. See Smith v. Tex. Emps.’ Ins. Ass’n,
129 Tex. 573, 105 S.W.2d 192, 193 (Tex. [Comm’n Op.] 1937)
(discussing the limits of vicarious liability, which does not extend to
prosaic risks). In determining that purchases of personal food and
water raise some evidence that the special-mission exception applies,
the court of appeals did not recognize the well-settled limits of the
doctrine and its underlying rationale.

Id. at 377.

12
The City also relies on City of Houston v. Carrizales in support of its

argument that Hainsworth-Watson was not in the scope of her employment when

the collision with Barfield occurred. 2021 WL 3556216. Carrizales was involved in

an accident with a City of Houston sewer jet truck. Id. at *1. When the accident

occurred, the truck’s driver (“Griffin”) was driving the truck back to her place of

work after stopping by her home for lunch. Id. at *2. Griffin “was alone in the

truck when the collision occurred. She explained that if she had been investigating

a stoppage or answering a request for service or investigating or inspecting a sewer

complaint, someone else would have been in the truck with her because ‘[i]t takes

two people to perform the job.’” Id. Carrizales sued the City under the TTCA and

the City moved for summary judgment based on governmental immunity. Id. at *1.

Carrizales argued there was a genuine issue of material fact over whether Griffin

was acting in the course and scope of her employment “because Griffin stated in

her deposition that she ‘was on the clock’ when the collision occurred but also

stated that she was not required to ‘clock out’ during the day, and she explained

that ‘even while we are on our break, we are on the clock.’” Id. at *2. The trial

court denied the summary judgment motion. Id. at *3.

This Court reversed, holding that Griffin’s testimony that she was returning

to her workplace “alone after lunch when the accident occurred” rebutted the

presumption that she was acting in the course and scope of her employment when

13
the accident occurred. Id. at *5. And we relied in part on Griffin’s deposition

testimony “that if she had been performing her job duties, such as investigating a

stoppage, answering a request for service, or investigating or inspecting a sewer

complaint, someone else would have been in the truck with her because ‘it takes

two employees to perform the job.’” Id.7

Barfield argues that notwithstanding those authorities, the trial court

properly denied summary judgment because Hainsworth-Watson was on a “special

mission” for the City when the accident occurred. She relies on City of Houston v.

Mejia, 606 S.W.3d 901 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied) and

City of Houston v. Love, 612 S.W.2d 211 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1980,

writ ref’d n.r.e.), but neither carries the day here.

In Mejia, a police officer (“Gallagher”) was involved in a traffic accident

while driving a city-owned vehicle. Gallagher finished her shift at 4 p.m. on the

day of the accident. 606 S.W.3d at 906. Gallagher’s husband, a Houston Police

Department (“HPD”) lieutenant, asked her to pick up his city-issued vehicle from

the city garage and to drive it to their home so he would have his car available at

7
Carrizales is useful to the extent it stands for the proposition that the government
employee was not in course and scope when returning from a lunch break. 2021
WL 3556216, at *4. But there was additional evidence in Carrizales that was not
available here—that the government employee could not have been in the course
and scope of employment when the accident occurred because she was alone in
her vehicle and it took two people to engage in her job duties. Id. at *5. Carrizales
is thus inapposite.

14
the start of his next shift. Id. After picking up the police car and on her regular

commute home, Gallagher was involved in an accident with the plaintiffs’ vehicle.

Id. at 904. Gallagher testified that at the time of the accident, she had no official

duties and, other than still being on call, was not being paid for her time. Id. The

City of Houston moved for summary judgment arguing that Gallagher was not

acting in the scope of her job as a police officer but was, rather, “just another

commuter on a Friday evening heading home to enjoy time off on the weekend.”

Id. at 906. The plaintiffs responded that Gallagher was driving a city-owned

vehicle, carrying out instructions issued by an HPD officer who outranked her, and

that HPD “would derive benefit from her actions.” Id.

The trial court denied the City’s summary judgment motion and the court of

appeals affirmed. Id. The appellate court observed that Gallagher’s affidavit

reflected that “her husband (a superior officer employed by Gallagher’s employer)

asked her to pick up his City-issued vehicle from the City garage so her superior

officer would have the vehicle available at the beginning of his shift (a benefit to

Gallagher’s employer, HPD).” Id. Therefore, Gallagher was not a mere commuter

on the way home from work. Id.

Love also involved an accident involving a police officer (“Foulis”). 612

S.W.2d at 212. Foulis was authorized to keep his police car at his home and to

drive the car to and from work and use it while he was on duty. Id. One day when

15
Foulis was not required to report to the police station, he drove the police car to

play golf. Id. After his golf game, Foulis drove to the city garage “to get gasoline

and have the oil changed.” Id. Afterward, on the way home, Foulis struck another

car. Id. The occupants of the car sued Foulis and the City of Houston. Id. A jury

found in favor of the car’s occupants and the trial court entered judgment against

the City. Id. On appeal, the City argued there was no evidence to support the jury’s

affirmative answer to the question of whether “at the time of the occurrence in

question, [Foulis was] engaged in the service of the City of Houston and in

furtherance of its business, whether on its premises or elsewhere[.]” Id. Concluding

there was evidence to support the jury’s finding, our sister court noted that Foulis

“was required to have only the City Garage service his police vehicle” and that it

was “Foulis’ responsibility to keep track of his mileage and to maintain the vehicle

in good operating condition.” Id. at 213. As noted, the accident occurred as Foulis

drove home from having his police car serviced at the city garage. Id. Foulis

testified that he was “clocking a speeder immediately prior to the collision.” Id. In

affirming the trial court’s judgment, the court of appeals explained:

An employee’s arrangement of the performance of his duties in a
manner consistent with his personal convenience does not take him
out of the scope of his employment. Dictaphone Corp. v. Torrealba,
520 S.W.2d 869, 872 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston (14th) 1975, writ
ref’d n. r. e.). Foulis was still engaged in the service of the City of
Houston when the accident occurred. He had carried out his
responsibility to keep the police vehicle in good operating condition
by having it serviced at the City Garage. It was his further duty to
16
return the vehicle to his home. It was necessary to the functioning of
the accident division of the Police Department that Foulis have the
police car at his disposal twenty-four hours a day since he could be
called upon at any time to investigate a hit and run accident.

Id.

We are not persuaded by Mejia or Love. In Mejia, the city employee was not

merely commuting on the way home from work after running a personal errand.

Rather, at the time of the accident, the police officer was acting at her supervisor’s

express direction to pick up his city-issued car from the city garage and drive it to

their home so he could use the car for work. And in Love, the accident occurred

when the police officer was attending to his duties to maintain his patrol car by

having it serviced at the city’s garage. In both cases, the police officers involved in

the accident were driving city-owned cars and performing work-related duties at

the direction of their supervisors.

Unlike the officers in Mejia and Love, Hainsworth-Watson had deviated

from her job duties and was on her way to Sonic to buy a drink when the accident

occurred. In that respect, this case is more like Molina, where the plaintiff was

injured in an automobile accident with Rendon, an inspector for the city’s

engineering department. 2018 WL 3977945, at *1. Rendon, a full-time city

employee, was driving a city-owned vehicle when the collision occurred. Id. Like

Hainsworth-Watson, Rendon’s job comprised several site inspections each day,

and he drove from site to site in his city-owned vehicle. Id. Rendon was allowed a
17
one-hour lunch break, and he was allowed to use his city-owned vehicle to drive to

lunch. Id. On the day of the accident, Rendon had just left lunch and exited the

restaurant’s parking lot, headed to a site inspection. Id. As he pulled into the street,

he struck Molina’s vehicle. Id.

Molina sued the city under the TTCA and the city averred in a plea to the

jurisdiction that Rendon was not in the course or scope of his employment when

the accident occurred. Id. at *2. Molina argued that Rendon was in the course and

scope of his employment when the accident occurred “because, at the time of the

accident, he was driving to a location where his employer had instructed him to go

in furtherance of his employer’s interests,” and there was no evidence Rendon was

“off the clock” when the accident occurred. Id. The court concluded that because

the officer was traveling in his employer’s vehicle at the time of the accident, there

was a rebuttable presumption that Rendon was acting within the scope of his

employment when the accident occurred, but that the presumption was rebutted

because evidence showed that Rendon (1) was not conducting his employer’s

business at the time of the accident; (2) “had deviated from the performance of his

duties (i.e., to inspect concrete pours, paving of streets, drainage, water lines, sewer

lines, pump stations, and water tanks, etc.) to eat lunch, albeit with the City’s

permission”; (3) “had not resumed those duties” when the accident occurred; and

(4) “was in the process of returning to work” at his next inspection site when he

18
struck Molina’s vehicle. Id. at *4–5. The court noted that even if the accident

occurs “while an employee is ‘returning to the zone of his employment,’” liability

is not fixed against the employer. Id. (citing Sw. Dairy Prods. Co. v. De Frates,

132 Tex. 556, 560, 125 S.W.2d 282, 284 (1939)). The court held that the trial court

had properly granted the City’s plea to the jurisdiction because the evidence

established that Rendon was not in the course and scope of his employment when

Molina was struck. Id. at *6.

As in Molina, we similarly conclude that summary judgment should have

been granted in favor of the City. Barfield established that Hainsworth-Watson was

traveling in a City vehicle at the time of the accident. There was therefore a

rebuttable presumption that Hainsworth-Watson was acting within the scope of her

employment when the accident occurred, but that the presumption was rebutted by

the City when it presented evidence that Hainsworth-Watson had deviated from her

job duties and was on her way to Sonic to buy a drink when the accident occurred.

Hainsworth-Watson was not working at the direction of the City or carrying out the

City’s business when the collision occurred. Once the presumption vanishes, the

burden shifts to the plaintiff to “produce other evidence that the driver was acting

in the scope of her employment at the time of the collision.” City of Houston v.

Sanchez, No. 14-23-00152-CV, 2024 WL 3713206, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston

19
[14th Dist.] Aug. 8, 2024, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Robertson Tank Lines, 468

S.W.2d at 358).

Barfield did not file a response to the City’s motion or present any evidence

raising a fact issue on course and scope. Thus, taking as true all evidence favorable

to Barfield and indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in

her favor, as we must, we hold that the evidence failed to raise a genuine issue of

material fact as to whether Hainsworth-Watson was acting within the course and

scope of her employment at the time of the accident.

Conclusion

We reverse and render judgment granting the City’s motion for summary

judgment and dismissing Barfield’s claims against the City for lack of jurisdiction.

Veronica Rivas-Molloy
Justice

Panel consists of Justices Rivas-Molloy, Johnson, and Dokupil.

20