David Smith, Jr. v. Commonwealth of Virginia

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: 	Judges Elder, Felton and Senior Judge Willis
DAVID SMITH, JR.
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. 	Record No. 1947-03-1 	JUDGE JERE M.H. WILLIS, JR.
MAY 25, 2004
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY
Glen A. Tyler, Judge
(A. Theresa Bliss, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on
brief.
(Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney General; Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on
brief.
The trial court convicted David Smith, Jr. of possession of
methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a Schedule I drug, in violation of Code § 18.2-250, and
possession of marijuana, in violation of Code § 18.2-250.1. On appeal, he contends the trial
court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of an illegal
seizure and subsequent search of his person. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
“In reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, ‘[t]he burden is upon [the
defendant] to show that th[e] ruling, when the evidence is considered most favorably to the
Commonwealth, constituted reversible error.’” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193,
197, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc) (citation omitted). While we are bound to review de
novo the ultimate questions of reasonable suspicion and probable cause, we “review findings of
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

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historical fact only for clear error1 and . . . give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts
by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690,
699 (1996) (footnote added).
The Fourth Amendment prohibits only unreasonable searches and
seizures. “Reasonableness is judged from the perspective of a
reasonable officer on the scene allowing for the need of
split-second decisions and without regard to the officer’s intent or
motivation.” An officer is entitled to view the circumstances
confronting him in light of his training and experience, and he may
consider any suspicious conduct of the suspected person.
James v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 740, 745, 473 S.E.2d 90, 92 (1996) (citations omitted).
On November 1, 2002, Smith was riding in the backseat of a car stopped for a traffic
infraction. Police discovered that the driver possessed marijuana, packaged in ten smaller units.
The driver and the front seat passenger, who was the owner, were then outside the car. Smith
and Ronald Paschal remained in the backseat. The owner gave permission for a search of the
car.
Officer Hickman, who made the stop, began talking with Paschal and noticed him trying
to hide several white pills in his hand. Hickman tried to take the pills, and Paschal tried to give
them to Smith. Hickman struggled with Paschal and ultimately sprayed Paschal with pepper
spray. Hickman called for Officer Kinney to help. Kinney opened the left rear car door just after
Hickman used the pepper spray. Kinney saw Hickman struggling with Paschal. He told Smith
three times to show his hands. Smith failed to comply. Kinney grabbed Smith’s left wrist and
put him in a wristlock. He forcibly removed Smith from the car, put him on the ground, and
handcuffed him. Kinney later recovered a baggie containing drugs from the area where Smith
had lain. The ground had been clear before Kinney placed Smith there.
1 “In Virginia, questions of fact are binding on appeal unless ‘plainly wrong.’” McGee, 25
Va. App. at 198 n.1, 487 S.E.2d at 261 n.1 (citations omitted).

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“The Fourth Amendment does not proscribe all seizures, only those that are
unreasonable. Whether a seizure is unreasonable is determined by balancing the individual’s
right to be free from arbitrary government intrusions against society’s countervailing interest in
preventing or detecting crime and in protecting its law enforcement officers.” Welshman v.
Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 20, 30, 502 S.E.2d 122, 126-27 (1998) (emphasis added). See also
Harrell v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 398, 403, 517 S.E.2d 256, 258 (1999) (citing Sattler v.
Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 366, 368, 457 S.E.2d 398, 399-400 (1995)). “The validity of a
seizure ‘turns on an objective assessment of the officer’s actions in light of the facts and
circumstances confronting him at the time.’” Hamlin v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 494, 499,
534 S.E.2d 363, 365 (2000) (quoting Maryland v. Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 470-71 (1985))
(emphasis added).
“[A]n officer making a traffic stop may order passengers to get out of the car pending
completion of the stop.” Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 415 (1997). See also Alston v.
Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 728, 742, 581 S.E.2d 245, 252 (2003). Simply put, “[t]he law does
not expect that a police officer must gamble on turning away from a possible danger and chance
taking a bullet in the back merely because of the status of a vehicle’s occupants.” Peguese v.
Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 349, 352, 451 S.E.2d 412, 413-14 (1994) (citations omitted). See
also Wilson, 519 U.S. at 413 (“the same weighty interest in officer safety is present regardless of
whether the occupant of the car stopped is a driver or passenger”); United States v. Sakyi,
160 F.3d 164, 169 (4th Cir. 1998) (after a lawful traffic stop, in the absence of factors allaying
officer’s safety concerns he may order occupants out of vehicle and conduct a pat-down search
for weapons). Moreover, “an officer is entitled to rely upon the totality of the circumstances –
the whole picture.” Peguese, 19 Va. App. at 351, 451 S.E.2d at 413.

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Kinney faced a situation in which drugs had been discovered, and in which the other
backseat passenger was struggling with Hickman. When Smith refused to show his hands,
Kinney reasonably concluded that Smith was a risk to his and Hickman’s safety. He acted
appropriately in removing Smith from the car and restraining him. The discovery of the
contraband on Smith’s person resulted from that removal and restraint. Accordingly, the trial
court did not err in denying the motion to suppress.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.