April Noelle Lawrence Bahen v. City of Hampton

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: 	Judges Benton, Humphreys and Senior Judge Coleman
APRIL NOELLE LAWRENCE BAHEN
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. 	Record No. 0436-03-1 	JUDGE SAM W. COLEMAN III
OCTOBER 26, 2004
CITY OF HAMPTON
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON
Wilford Taylor, Jr., Judge
(April N. L. Bahen, pro se, on brief). Appellant submitting on
brief.
(Lesa J. Yeatts, Deputy City Attorney, on brief), for appellee.
Appellee submitting on brief.
On appeal from an order finding her guilty of speeding, April Noelle Lawrence Bahen
(appellant) contends the trial court erred in excluding evidence that the speed limit at the location
where she was stopped had not been lawfully established. Finding the trial court erred in excluding
appellant’s proffered evidence, we reverse and remand appellant’s case for further proceedings.
FACTS
At appellant’s trial for speeding, the City of Hampton presented evidence that a police
officer, using a radar device, detected appellant driving a motor vehicle at forty-one miles per hour
on West County Street on September 22, 2002. The posted speed limit in the area was thirty miles
per hour. The officer issued appellant a summons for speeding, citing Code § 46.2-878 and
Hampton City Code § 21.1. The appellant, in her defense, attempted to offer evidence to prove that
the speed limit on West County Street had not been lawfully established. Appellant proffered that
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

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the testimony of Lynn Allsbrook, a traffic engineer for the City of Hampton, would have been
that Allsbrook searched the City’s records from January 1980 to September 2002, and the search
revealed no traffic engineering investigations for the portion of County Street where appellant
was stopped. 1 The trial court ruled that the appellant could not challenge in this manner the city
ordinance establishing the speed limit and held that the testimony of Allsbrook was irrelevant and
inadmissible. The trial court found appellant guilty of speeding.
ANALYSIS
Section 21-1 of the Code of the City of Hampton adopts and incorporates by reference
Title 46.2 of the Code of Virginia, which contains the provisions applicable to motor vehicles.2
1 On appeal, appellant asserts numerous other facts in support of her contention that the
speed limit had not been lawfully established. However, she neither proved, nor proffered, that
evidence at trial. The other evidence she alludes to was the erection date of the traffic sign
governing the speed limit at the location and the absence of an applicable and contemporaneous
engineering study. Appellant also contends on brief the trial court erred in refusing to consider
the testimony of her father-in-law, an engineer. However, appellant’s limited proffer at trial was
the Allsbrook letter stating he found no relevant engineering study in his search of city records
from 1984 to 2002, the date of the speeding violation, in support of the established speed limit.
Therefore, this Court will consider on appeal only the trial court’s ruling excluding Allsbrook’s
testimony. We do not address whether the foregoing evidence would have been relevant and
admissible. See Rule 5A:18; Zelenak v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 295, 302, 487 S.E.2d 873,
876 (1997) (en banc).
2 Hampton City Code § 21-1 provides:
(a) Pursuant to the authority of section 46.2-1313 of the Code of
Virginia, 1950, as amended, all of the provisions and requirements
of the laws of the state contained in Title 46.2 of the Code of
Virginia, as amended, and as amended in the future, except those
provisions and requirements the violation of which constitutes a
felony, and except those provisions and requirements which, by
their very nature, can not have application to or within the city, are
hereby adopted and incorporated in this chapter by reference and
made applicable within the city. Reference to “highways of the
state” contained in such provisions and requirements hereby
adopted shall be deemed to refer to the streets, highways and other
public ways within the city. Such provisions and requirements are
hereby adopted and made a part of this chapter as fully as though
set forth at length herein, and it shall be unlawful for any person

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Significantly, Section 21-1 provides that reference to “highways of the state” contained in the
Title 46.2 of the Code of Virginia “shall be deemed to refer to the streets, highways and other
public ways within the city.”
Generally,
the maximum speed limit shall be 55 miles per hour on interstate
highways or other limited access highways with divided roadways,
nonlimited access highways having four or more lanes, and all
state primary highways.
The maximum speed limit on all other highways shall be 55
miles per hour if the vehicle is a passenger motor vehicle . . . .
Code § 46.2-870. However, “[t]hat general rule is subject to many statutory exceptions.” Bahen
v. County of Henrico, 30 Va. App. 227, 229, 516 S.E.2d 250, 251 (1999). One such exception is
in Code § 46.2-1300, which provides in pertinent part:
The governing body of any county, city, or town may by
ordinance, or may by ordinance authorize its chief administrative
officer to:
Increase or decrease the speed limit within its boundaries,
provided such increase or decrease in speed shall be based upon an
engineering and traffic investigation by such county, city or town
and provided such speed area or zone is clearly indicated by
markers or signs . . . .
Code § 46.2-1300(A)(1). Hampton City Code § 21-108 authorizes the Hampton city manager
“to increase or decrease the speed of all streets maintained by the city; provided, that such areas
or points are clearly indicated by markers or signs and such speed shall be based on an
within the city to violate or fail, neglect or refuse to comply with
any provision of Title 46.2 of the Code of Virginia, which is
adopted by this section; provided, that in no event shall the penalty
imposed for the violation of any provision or requirement hereby
adopted exceed the penalty imposed for a similar offense under
Title 46.2 of the Code of Virginia.
(b) All definitions of words and phrases contained in the state law
hereby adopted shall apply to such words and phrases, when used
in this chapter, unless clearly indicated to the contrary.

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engineering or traffic investigation pursuant to section 46.2-1300 of the Code of Virginia.”
However, “[w]henever the speed limit on any highway has been increased or decreased . . . and
such speed limit is properly posted, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that the change in
speed was properly established . . . .” Code § 46.2-878 (emphasis added).
Appellant contends the trial court erred by excluding Allsbrook’s testimony because it
was relevant in that it tended to rebut the presumption provided by Code § 46.2-878 that the
speed limit properly had been decreased on West County Street from fifty-five to thirty miles per
hour. Evidence “is relevant if it has any logical tendency to prove an issue in a case. Relevant
evidence may be excluded only if the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighs its probative
value.” Goins v. Commonwealth, 251 Va. 442, 461, 470 S.E.2d 114, 127 (1996) (citation
omitted).
Allsbrook’s proffered testimony tended to prove, although not conclusively establish, that
no traffic or engineering study had been performed as required by Code § 46.2-1300 in order to
establish a thirty-mile-per-hour speed limit on West County Street. Thus, the evidence was
relevant and admissible, and the trial court erred by ruling that appellant could not challenge the
speed limit and by refusing to admit or consider Allsbrook’s evidence in order to rebut the
presumption.
Moreover, we cannot say that, had the trial judge ruled appellant could present evidence
to rebut the legality of the posted speed limit, the trial judge would have found Allsbrook’s
testimony insufficient to rebut the statutory presumption of Code § 46.2-878. Accordingly, the
trial judge’s error in excluding the evidence was not harmless error. See Scott v.
Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 692, 695, 446 S.E.2d 619, 620 (1994) (nonconstitutional error is
harmless if “‘it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at trial that the error did

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not affect the verdict’” (quoting Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005, 407
S.E.2d 910, 911 (1991) (en banc))).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand appellant’s speeding citation for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion, if the City be so advised.
Reversed and remanded.