* State v. Abrams

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*Justice Barbara Madsen is serving as a justice pro tempore of the Supreme Court pursuant to Washington
Constitution article IV, section 2(a).
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, 	)
)
Respondent, 	) 	No. 103058-4
)
v. 	)
)
DUSTIN GENE ABRAMS 	)
)
En Banc
Filed: April 30, 2026
Petitioner. 	)
)
)
MADSEN, J.P.T.*—At issue in this case is whether RCW 9.94A.640 allows a
trial court to grant vacatur applications from individuals seeking to vacate a conviction
while still incarcerated. We hold that subsection (2) of the statute does not permit
individuals to seek vacatur when they have never been released from confinement. We
also hold that applicants for vacatur must present evidence of rehabilitation pursuant to
our recent decision in State v. Hawkins, 200 Wn.2d 477, 497, 519 P.3d 182 (2022), which
requires courts to consider, among other things, “whether to clear the record of
conviction based on the level of rehabilitation.”
______________________
FILE
IN CLERK’S OFFICE
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
APRIL 30, 2026
THIS OPINION WAS FILED
FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
APRIL 30, 2026
SARAH R. PENDLETON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
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No. 103058-4
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Here, Dustin Abrams has spent no time “crime free” in the community, thus he is
ineligible for vacatur, nor did Abrams provide evidence of rehabilitation in his vacatur
application. We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals in part and reverse in part.
BACKGROUND
In 2004, Abrams pleaded guilty to multiple counts of theft of a firearm and theft in
the first and second degree. Abrams received a sentence of 30 months of confinement
and was required to pay legal financial obligations. The victim of these thefts was killed.
During Abrams’s sentence for the 2004 convictions, the State obtained evidence that
Abrams committed the murder, and he later pleaded guilty to the murder. Abrams
completed his sentence for the 2004 thefts but remains in prison for the murder charge.
In 2022, Abrams moved for vacatur of the 2004 convictions. Clerk’s Papers (CP)
at 90-91. The superior court denied the motion, reasoning that the requisite number of
years had not passed following Abrams’s release from confinement for all convictions.
CP at 100; RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e). Abrams sought review of the denial of his motion to
vacate. The Court of Appeals concluded that the trial court misread the statute, which
requires only that a certain number of years must pass for the offense(s) sought to be
vacated and not for all offenses for which an individual is incarcerated. State v. Abrams,
No. 39048-9-III, slip op. at 11-14 (Wash. Ct. App. Apr. 9, 2024) (unpublished),
https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/390489_unp.pdf. The Court of Appeals further
held that a court may vacate convictions after considering evidence of rehabilitation,
which Abrams did not provide. Id. at 15. The court affirmed the denial of the motion to
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No. 103058-4
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vacate but noted that it was without prejudice, thus, Abrams could refile with evidence of
rehabilitation. Id. at 15-16.
Abrams sought review in this court. He argued that the Court of Appeals correctly
interpreted the vacatur statute but erred by refusing to remand the case to the trial court to
rule on the merits of his vacatur motion based on the lack of rehabilitation evidence. Pet.
for Rev. at 3. The State agreed with the Court of Appeals that rehabilitation evidence is
required and urged this court to deny review, but it cross-petitioned on the issue of
whether the vacatur statute requires release from confinement on all convictions and not
just those for which vacatur is sought. Answer to Pet. for Rev./Cross Pet. for Rev. at 1,
5-10. We granted review of both petitions.
ANALYSIS
We first address the State’s petition challenging the Court of Appeals’
interpretation of RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e). Abrams and the State disagree about the
meaning of the vacatur statute, specifically whether RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e) requires an
applicant to be released from custody on all offenses or only for those sought to be
vacated. We begin by examining the mechanism of vacatur and its statutory context.
RCW 9.94A.640 authorizes individuals with certain convictions to “apply to the
sentencing court for a vacation of the . . . record of conviction.” Vacatur allows
individuals to state they were never convicted of the offense for purposes of employment
and releases them “from all penalties and disabilities resulting” therefrom. RCW
9.94A.640(4)(a). For example, once a record of conviction is vacated, the fact of the
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No. 103058-4
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offense is not included in the applicant’s criminal history for determining a sentence for
any subsequent conviction. Id.
Individuals seeking vacatur must satisfy certain statutory preconditions. An
applicant must first obtain a certificate of discharge. RCW 9.94A.640(1); RCW
9.94A.637.1 Defendants who complete the requirements of their sentence are “entitled to
a discharge as a matter of statutory right.” D AVID BOERNER , SENTENCING IN
W ASHINGTON § 11.2(a) at 11-1 (1985). Prior to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981
(SRA), ch. 9.94A RCW, the discharge procedure was discretionary and required a
defendant to request it. Id. Discharge pursuant to RCW 9.94A.637 is now self-
executing. Id. Discharge is not “based on a finding of rehabilitation,” and a trial judge’s
decision to grant it is ministerial. RCW 9.94A.637(9).
In contrast to discharge, vacatur is “significantly different.” B OERNER , supra, §
11.4(a) at 11-4. Unlike discharge, vacatur has historically been interpreted as
discretionary with the sentencing judge. E.g., Hawkins, 200 Wn.2d at 491; B OERNER ,
supra, § 11.4, at 11-4. And, unlike discharge, the purpose of the vacatur statute is
rehabilitation. We have explained that the statute is “‘a legislative expression of public
policy’ that a ‘deserving offender’ should be restored to [their] ‘preconviction status as a
full-fledged citizen.’” Hawkins, 200 Wn.2d at 495 & n.12 (internal quotation marks
1 RCW 9.94A.637(1) provides, in part, “When an offender has completed all requirements of the
sentence, including any and all legal financial obligations, and while under the custody or
supervision of the department [of corrections], the secretary or the secretary’s designee shall
notify the sentencing court, which shall discharge the offender and provide the offender with a
certificate of discharge.”
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No. 103058-4
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omitted) (quoting State v. Breazeale, 144 Wn.2d 829, 837, 31 P.3d 1155 (2001)); see also
BOERNER , supra, § 11.6(a) at 11-8 (vacatur “was intended to be the equivalent of a
finding of rehabilitation”).
To that end, RCW 9.94A.640(2) lists disqualifications that “exclude would-be
applicants who have not rehabilitated.” Hawkins, 200 Wn.2d at 490. Subsection (2)
precludes vacation if any criminal charges are pending in any state or federal court, the
offense is one of the listed felonies, the applicant has committed a new crime since
discharge, or less than 5 or 10 years have passed depending on the class of felony. RCW
9.94A.640(2)(a)-(g).
In short, vacatur is a two-step process. A sentencing court determines (1) whether
applicants have satisfied the statutory preconditions and, if so, (2) whether to clear the
record of conviction. RCW 9.94A.640(1)-(2). With these considerations in mind, we
turn to the issues before us.
1. 	Abrams is not eligible to seek vacatur because he has not been released from
confinement
As noted, the State contends that Abrams cannot seek vacatur because he remains
in confinement; that is, he has never been released from custody since the conviction for
the offenses he seeks to vacate.
Abrams was convicted of theft as both class B and class C felonies more than a
decade ago. He sought to vacate those convictions while incarcerated on a murder
charge. A conviction cannot be vacated if “the offense” is a class B or C felony and less
than 5 or 10 years have passed, respectively, “since the later of: (i) The applicant’s
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No. 103058-4
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release from community custody; (ii) the applicant’s release from full and partial
confinement; or (iii) the applicant’s sentencing date.” RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e)-(f)
(emphasis added).
Central to this issue is the meaning of “full and partial confinement.” Id. This is a
question of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo. Dep’t of Ecology v.
Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). The primary objective of
statutory interpretation is to “ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent.” Id. If the
meaning of the statute is plain on its face, we give effect to that plain meaning as an
expression of legislative intent. Id. at 9-10. A statute’s plain meaning is derived from
inquiring into “all that the Legislature has said in the statute and related statutes.” Id. at
11.
“In undertaking this plain language analysis, the court must remain careful to
avoid ‘unlikely, absurd or strained’ results.” Burton v. Lehman, 153 Wn.2d 416, 423,
103 P.3d 1230 (2005) (quoting State v. Stannard, 109 Wn.2d 29, 36, 742 P.2d 1244
(1987)). We should interpret statutes “to further, not frustrate, their intended purpose.”
Burnside v. Simpson Paper Co., 123 Wn.2d 93, 99, 864 P.2d 937 (1994). We read
statutory provisions in relation to each other and in harmony where possible, under the
assumption that the legislature does not intend to create inconsistency. State ex rel.
Peninsula Neigh. Ass’n v. Dep’t of Transp., 142 Wn.2d 328, 342, 12 P.3d 134 (2000).
As noted above, subsection (2) states that a felony conviction cannot be vacated if
less than 5 or 10 years have passed since “the applicant’s release from full and partial
confinement.” RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e)(ii), (f)(ii). “Confinement” is a term of art defined
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No. 103058-4
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by the SRA to mean “total or partial confinement.” RCW 9.94A.030(8). “Partial
confinement” is defined as “confinement up to 18 months in a [state] facility or
institution . . . home detention, electronic monitoring, or work crew . . . [or] work
release.” RCW 9.94A.030(35). “Total confinement” is defined as “confinement inside
the physical boundaries of a [state] facility or institution . . . for 24 hours a day.” RCW
9.94A.030(52).
While “total confinement” is included in the SRA’s definition of “confinement,”
the vacatur statute uses the term “full” and not “total.” RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e)-(f)
(emphasis added). The SRA does not define “full,” thus, we may consult a dictionary to
determine its plain and ordinary meaning. Am. Cont’l Ins. Co. v. Steen, 151 Wn.2d 512,
519, 91 P.3d 864 (2004). Webster’s defines “full” as “ ENTIRELY , COMPLETELY ” and to
“the highest or fullest state, condition, or degree.” W EBSTER ’S T HIRD N EW
I NTERNATIONAL D ICTIONARY 919 (2002); see also M ERRIAM-W EBSTER ’ S ONLINE
D ICTIONARY (defining “full” as “complete especially in detail, number, or duration”).2
We presume the legislature says what it means and means what it says—the use of “full”
to modify “confinement” was intentional. See State v. Costich, 152 Wn.2d 463, 470, 98
P.3d 795 (2004).
A conviction cannot be vacated if the prescribed number of years have not passed
since an applicant was released from “full,” that is, complete confinement, which
includes partial and total confinement. The inclusion of the term “full” to describe
2 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/full (last visited Jan. 27, 2026).
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No. 103058-4
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confinement indicates the legislature intended release from all or complete confinement.
Therefore, RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e) and (f)’s requirement that an applicant be released from
full confinement must refer to all convictions for which the applicant is in confinement,
not just those sought to be vacated.
This reading of RCW 9.94A.640(2) aligns with the rule exhorting courts to
interpret statutes to further, and not frustrate, their intended purpose. Burnside, 123
Wn.2d at 99. The purpose of the vacatur statute is restoring “‘deserving offender[s]’” to
their preconviction status as citizens. Hawkins, 200 Wn.2d at 495 (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting Breazeale, 144 Wn.2d at 837). Inherent in that purpose is the
notion that prior to a conviction, citizens live in their community crime free. Restoration
to that status by vacatur implies that an applicant has lived in their community without
committing additional offenses. One of the goals of the SRA is protecting the public. Id.
Allowing individuals to apply for vacatur who have not lived crime free in society for
any length of time, let alone the required 10 years, does not further that goal. Interpreting
vacatur to require an applicant’s release from complete custody on all convictions before
seeking vacatur does further these purposes. See Burnside, 123 Wn.2d at 99.
Abrams urges us to come to the opposite conclusion by applying various
grammatical rules, such as the use of the term “the” in describing class B or C offenses,
the series-qualifier rule, and recognition that lawmakers could have but did not use the
term “any” when describing “the offense.” Suppl. Br. of Pet’r at 15-20.
While a plain meaning analysis includes scrutinizing the structure and terms of a
statute, parsing a single word in a single provision should not replace the goal of statutory
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9
No. 103058-4
interpretation—to discern legislative intent. Part of that process is harmonizing
conflicting statutes and avoiding strained results. Burton, 153 Wn.2d at 423; Millay v.
Cam, 135 Wn.2d 193, 199, 955 P.2d 791 (1998).
Abrams’s interpretation conflicts with related statutes rather than harmonizes
them, leading to anomalous results. See Peninsula Neigh. Ass’n, 142 Wn.2d at 342. As
the State points out, this interpretation of RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e) and (f) precludes
offenders with community custody conditions from applying for vacatur until they
complete those conditions after their release from confinement. Abrams’s approach
would treat crimes with community custody conditions less favorably than those without
such a requirement.
The Court of Appeals acknowledged this “excellent point” raised by the State but
held that a literal application of grammar to RCW 9.94A.640(2) was the correct
approach. Abrams, No. 39048-9-III, slip op. at 14. The court reasoned that crimes
without community custody conditions are “typically” less harmful to the general public,
and so the legislature could legitimately distinguish them for vacatur. Id. The statutory
context does not support the court’s reasoning. For example, violent offenses like
second degree assault fall under RCW 9.94A.640(2). Second degree assault can cause
substantial bodily harm and carries community custody conditions. RCW
9A.36.021(1)(a) (“A person is guilty of assault in the second degree if [they] . . .
[i]ntentionally assault[] another and thereby recklessly inflict[] substantial bodily
harm.”); RCW 9.94A.701(2) (imposing 18 months of community custody for violent
offenses); RCW 9.94A.030(58)(a)(viii) (a “violent offense” includes “[a]ssault in the
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No. 103058-4
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second degree”). The inclusion of crimes that can cause significant harm and carry
custody conditions indicates the legislature did not intend to distinguish them for
purposes of vacatur.
Accepting Abrams’s interpretation also creates a conflict with the SRA’s washout
provision, RCW 9.94A.525. See Suppl. Br. of Resp’t/Cross Pet’r at 9-11. When a
conviction is vacated, the fact of an offender’s conviction “shall not be included in the
offender’s criminal history for purposes of determining a sentence in any subsequent
conviction.” RCW 9.94A.640(4)(a). Class B felony convictions, other than sex offenses,
are not included in an offender score if “the offender had spent 10 consecutive years in
the community without committing any crime that subsequently results in a conviction.”
RCW 9.94A.525(2)(b) (emphasis added).
Under Abrams’s interpretation, applicants who completed their sentence on one
charge but remain incarcerated could apply for vacatur but not washout. But vacatur
provides significantly more relief than washout, not only removing it from an offender’s
criminal history (washing out) but eliminating the record of the conviction for almost all
purposes. See RCW 9.94A.640(4). Thus, an offender can apply for the greater relief of
vacatur but not the lesser relief of washout. We do not believe that the legislature
intended such results. See Burton, 153 Wn.2d at 423.
Even if Abrams’s technical interpretation is reasonable, at best it shows only that
RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e) and (4) are ambiguous. Cerrillo v. Esparza, 158 Wn.2d 194, 203-
04, 142 P.3d 155 (2006) (holding that a statute is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two or
more reasonable interpretations). If a statute is ambiguous, we may look to legislative
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No. 103058-4
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history and the circumstances of its enactment to determine legislative intent. Five
Corners Fam. Farmers v. State, 173 Wn.2d 296, 306, 268 P.3d 892 (2011).
The legislative history reflects the understanding that applicants may apply for
vacatur after they have been released from confinement for all convictions. The language
at issue in RCW 9.94A.640(2)(e) and (f) was added in 2019’s new hope act. L AWS OF
2019, ch. 331, § 3. The house bill report on the enacting legislation states that “the
crime-free period should be calculated from when the person is released from custody and
supervision.” H.B. REP . ON H.B. 1041, at 5, 66th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2019)
(emphasis added). The testimony from Representative Irwin, one of the cosponsors of
the act, echoes the bill report in explaining that the measure “recognize[s] that folks that
stay out of the system for a decade plus have turned their life around, it gives them a
chance to start over.” Hr’g on H.B. 1041 Before the H. Pub. Safety Comm. (Hr’g on
H.B. 1041), 66th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. Jan. 24, 2019), at 28 min., 11 sec., video
recording by TVW, Washington State’s Public Affairs Network,
https://tvw.org/video/house-public-safety-committee-2019011221/?eventID=2019011221
(emphasis added). The bill report and cosponsor’s statement indicate that the crime-free
time periods for vacatur begin when the applicant is released from state custody and
remains out of the justice system. In short, the applicant has been released into the
community. The legislative history does not contemplate eligibility for vacatur for an
offender who has never been released from custody.3
3 Abrams claims that even if the language at issue is ambiguous, the rule of lenity requires
adopting his view. But the rule is not an automatic pass to interpret a statute in favor of a
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2. 	Rehabilitation Evidence is Required
Next we turn to Abrams’s petition. Abrams challenges the Court of Appeals
holding that evidence of rehabilitation is a prerequisite to vacatur, arguing that the plain
language of RCW 9.94A.640(1) does not require such evidence. Pet. for Rev. at 4-6;
Suppl. Br. of Pet’r at 33-36; Abrams, No. 39048-9-III, slip op. at 1, 15. But this court
stated in Hawkins that courts must consider, among other things, “whether to clear the
record of conviction based on the level of rehabilitation.” 200 Wn.2d at 495. Taken
together, Abrams’s view of RCW 9.94A.640(1) and Hawkins would require a trial court
to consider rehabilitation evidence even though it is unnecessary, while recognizing that
courts have full discretion when deciding a vacatur motion regardless of whether
rehabilitation evidence was presented.
In our view, the root of this issue is the scope of discretion pursuant to RCW
9.94A.640(1). That provision reads, in part:
[T]he court may clear the record of conviction by: (a) Permitting the offender to
withdraw the offender’s plea of guilty and to enter a plea of not guilty; or (b) if the
offender has been convicted after a plea of not guilty, by the court setting aside the
verdict of guilty; and (c) by the court dismissing the information or indictment
against the offender.
(Emphasis added.) The language giving rise to a court’s discretion is “may.” Id.
criminal defendant. The rule of lenity does not require “‘a forced, narrow, and over-strict
construction should be applied to defeat the obvious intent of the legislature.’” State v. McGee,
122 Wn.2d 783, 796, 864 P.2d 912 (1993) (Brachtenbach, J., concurring) (quoting State v.
Rinkes, 49 Wn.2d 664, 667, 306 P.2d 205 (1957)). The language and purpose of the vacatur
statute and the SRA, as well as the legislative history, demonstrate the legislature’s intent to
begin calculating a vacatur applicant’s crime-free time from release from confinement for all
convictions.
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No. 103058-4
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The use of the word “may” in subsection (1) is reasonably subject to two
interpretations. First, if a court’s discretion is limited to the mechanism for clearing a
conviction as outlined in subsection (1)(a)-(c), then extrinsic evidence of rehabilitation is
not required. An applicant who satisfies the statutory requirements for vacatur
demonstrates rehabilitation and a judge’s final decision on that application is ministerial.
Under a second possible interpretation, if a court has full discretion to grant or deny a
motion, then we must provide guidance to courts in exercising that discretion. See
Hawkins, 200 Wn.2d at 494 (“[O]ur role is to provide guidance to courts in exercising
their discretion under the statute.”).
While both interpretations are plausible, this court has already decided that RCW
9.94A.640(1) provides for full discretion. Id. at 491 (“the statute states that ‘the court
may clear the record of conviction.’ The legislature’s use of the word ‘may’ constitutes a
clear grant of discretion to the trial court.” (citation omitted) (quoting RCW
9.94A.640(1)); see also BOERNER , supra, § 11.4(a) at 11-4 (“‘Vacation’ . . . is
discretionary with the sentencing judge.”). Additionally, related statutes and lawmakers’
commentary on the vacatur provision indicate that the legislature intended courts to have
full discretion on vacatur motions.
The provision on termination and vacation of a suspended sentence provides:
Upon termination of a suspended sentence . . . , the person may apply to the
sentencing court for a vacation of the person’s record of conviction under
RCW 9.94A.640. The court may, in its discretion, clear the record of
conviction if it finds the person has met the equivalent of the tests in RCW
9.94A.640(2).
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No. 103058-4
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RCW 9.92.066(2)(a) (emphasis added). Similarly, RCW 9.95.240(2)(a) states that after a
probation period has expired, the defendant may apply to the sentencing court to vacate
the “record of conviction under RCW 9.94A.640. The court may, in its discretion, clear
the record of conviction if it finds the defendant has met the equivalent of the tests in
RCW 9.94A.640(2).” (Emphasis added.)
Legislative statements on the new hope act also indicate that full discretion was
intended. Representative Hansen, the prime sponsor of the act, explained that vacatur is
“not automatic.” Hr’g on H.B. 1041, supra, at 21 min., 18 sec. Cosponsor
Representative Irwin noted that he did not “love giving jurisdiction to judges to make
decisions, but it’s not an automatic process. You still have to go in front of a magistrate
and say here’s my case.” Id. at 26 min., 43 sec.
We adhere to our decision in Hawkins and hold that RCW 9.94A.640(1) provides
full discretion to courts to decide motions to vacate. Nevertheless, as Professor Boerner’s
seminal treatise on the SRA cautions, “The existence of this discretionary power is
troublesome . . . because no criteria for its exercise are specified or readily apparent.”
BOERNER , supra, § 11.5, at 11-7 (emphasis added). All other SRA provisions include a
basis for judicial discretion that is specified or contextually discernable. Id.
In Hawkins, we held that RCW 9.94A.640(1) provides for full discretion, but we
also recognized that full discretion does not mean unlimited discretion, particularly in the
context of the SRA. 200 Wn.2d at 494. One of the mainsprings for enacting the SRA
was to combat the “virtually unfettered discretion” of sentencing courts that resulted in
“severe disparities in sentences received and served by defendants committing the same
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No. 103058-4
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offense and having similar criminal histories.” Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296,
315, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004) (O’Connor, J., dissenting). The SRA was
intended to put “meaningful constraints” on that discretion. Id. at 316. The vacatur
statute is part of the SRA. Thus, a court’s discretion on vacatur must reflect the SRA’s
broader concerns and goals to constrain unfettered discretion.
Hawkins put it succinctly: “our role is to provide guidance to courts in exercising
their discretion under the statute as written.” 200 Wn.2d at 494. RCW 9.94A.640
focuses on an applicant’s current demonstration of rehabilitation. Id. Together, Hawkins
and RCW 9.94A.640 make clear that vacatur is concerned with whether an individual has
rehabilitated postconviction such that they should be restored to full-fledged citizenship.
Therefore, we apply Hawkins and hold that vacatur applications must present
evidence of rehabilitation for a court to exercise its discretion.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the Court of Appeals in part. We hold that an applicant for vacatur
must present evidence of rehabilitation. We reverse the Court of Appeals in part. We
hold Abrams’s vacatur motion did not satisfy the statutory time period under RCW
9.94A.640(2)(e) and (f), specifically that the requisite number of years has not passed
since he was released from custody on all offenses. We remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
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No. 103058-4
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WE CONCUR:
_______________________________ 	________________________________
_______________________________ 	________________________________
_______________________________ 	________________________________
_______________________________ 	________________________________
_______________________________
Madsen, J.P.T.
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
JOHNSON, J. (concurrence)—While I agree with the majority’s conclusion
that evidence of rehabilitation is necessary, I write because I disagree with the
conclusion that a person is ineligible for vacation while incarcerated for a separate
conviction. I would affirm the Court of Appeals.
Johnson, J.
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
MUNGIA, J. (concurring/dissenting)—This case involves the requirements
that a person convicted of a class B or C felony must meet to have their conviction
vacated. RCW 9.94A.640(1) and (2) provide:
(1) Except as provided in subsection (5) of this section, every
offender who has been discharged under RCW 9.94A.637 may apply
to the sentencing court for a vacation of the offenderʼs record of
conviction. If the court finds the offender meets the tests prescribed
in subsection (2) of this section, the court may clear the record of
conviction by: (a) Permitting the offender to withdraw the offender’s
plea of guilty and to enter a plea of not guilty; or (b) if the offender
has been convicted after a plea of not guilty, by the court setting
aside the verdict of guilty; and (c) by the court dismissing the
information or indictment against the offender.
(2) An offender may not have the record of conviction cleared
if:
(a) There are any criminal charges against the offender
pending in any court of this state or another state, or in any federal
court;
(b) The offense was a violent offense as defined in RCW
9.94A.030 or crime against persons as defined in RCW 43.43.830,
except the following offenses may be vacated if the conviction did
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State v. Abrams, No. 103058-4
(Mungia, J., concurring/dissenting)
2
not include a firearm, deadly weapon, or sexual motivation
enhancement: (i) Assault in the second degree under RCW
9A.36.021; (ii) assault in the third degree under RCW
9A.36.031 when not committed against a law enforcement officer or
peace officer; and (iii) robbery in the second degree under RCW
9A.56.210;
(c) The offense is a class B felony and the offender has been
convicted of a new crime in this state, another state, or federal court
in the ten years prior to the application for vacation;
(d) The offense is a class C felony and the offender has been
convicted of a new crime in this state, another state, or federal court
in the five years prior to the application for vacation;
(e) The offense is a class B felony and less than ten years
have passed since the later of: (i) The applicant’s release from
community custody; (ii) the applicant’s release from full and partial
confinement; or (iii) the applicant’s sentencing date;
(f) The offense was a class C felony, other than a class C
felony described in RCW 46.61.502(6) or 46.61.504(6), and less
than five years have passed since the later of: (i) The applicant’s
release from community custody; (ii) the applicant’s release from
full and partial confinement; or (iii) the applicant’s sentencing date;
or
(g) The offense was a felony described in RCW
46.61.502 or 46.61.504.
I agree with the majority that in order to seek vacation of a conviction
under this statute, the person seeking the vacation must have been released from
custody for the statutory time period. I agree with the dissent that the statute does
not require the applicant to submit proof of rehabilitation.
I would reverse the Court of Appeals.
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State v. Abrams, No. 103058-4
(Mungia, J., concurring/dissenting)
3
______________________________________
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
1
No. 103058-4
MONTOYA-LEWIS, J.1 (dissenting)—Criminal convictions leave lingering
collateral 	consequences 	on 	people 	after 	they 	have 	served 	their 	sentence.
Those 	consequences—such 	as 	obstacles 	to 	secure 	employment, 	ineligibility
to receive government and public assistance, and restrictions on housing that
can 	lead 	to 	being 	unhoused—impose 	daunting 	impediments 	to 	successfully
reentering the community after incarceration. Under Washington law, the record of
certain convictions may be vacated, allowing people to rejoin society free “from all
penalties 	and 	disabilities 	resulting 	from 	the 	offense.” 	RCW 9.94A.640(4)(a).
Washington’s vacatur statute is a powerful mechanism to help remove these
impediments and provide postconviction relief.
I cannot join the majority opinion because it creates additional burdens
that exceed what the legislature has required for vacatur. I dissent as to both issues.
I 	write 	separately 	to 	emphasize 	that 	RCW 9.94A.640 	does 	not 	include
any requirement that a person must present evidence of rehabilitation in addition
to 	satisfying 	the 	eligibility 	criteria 	specifically 	enumerated 	in 	the 	statute.
1 Justice Montoya-Lewis thanks law clerk Justin Lo for the research and drafting support in the development of this
opinion, as well as the entirety of her chambers’ staff.
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
2
We “must not add words where the legislature has chosen not to include them.”
Rest. Dev., Inc. v. Cananwill, Inc., 150 Wn.2d 674, 682, 80 P.3d 598 (2003).
The 	majority’s 	decision 	to 	add 	words 	here 	undermines 	legislative 	intent,
circumvents our canons of interpretation, and violates separation of powers.
While I appreciate the critical importance of the trial court’s judicial discretion
to decide whether or not to vacate a conviction, I do not agree that the use of
the word “may” in this statute allows us to add additional requirements not specified
in the statute for vacatur (including a requirement that the person seeking vacatur
be in the community rather than incarcerated in order for the statutory time period
for vacatur to commence).
The vacatur statute permits a court to clear the record of conviction after
discharge 	if 	the 	applicant 	satisfies 	specified 	conditions. 	RCW 9.94A.640(1).
The conditions for vacatur require that (1) a person must not have “any criminal
charges against [them] pending in any court of this state or another state, or in any
federal court,” (2) the offense for which they seek vacatur is a qualifying type of
offense, and (3) the person has been crime free for a required number of years, based
on the class of the crime for which they were convicted. RCW 9.94A.640(2)(a)-(g).
The statute does not express any further criteria to apply for vacatur.
This case requires careful application of our canons of interpretation for
legislative enactments. We have long recognized that those canons require us to
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
3
begin with the plain text of the statute. E.g., Ass’n of Wash. Spirits & Wine Distribs.
v. Wash. State Liquor Control Bd., 182 Wn.2d 342, 350, 340 P.3d 849 (2015) (citing
Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC 146 Wn.2d 1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002)).
The legislature has enumerated the criteria for a person to apply for vacatur
in RCW 9.94A.640. Contrary to the majority, once a person seeking vacatur shows
they have satisfied the statutory criteria, no provision of the statute requires that
person to produce additional evidence of rehabilitation 	in order for a court
to consider their petition. I cannot join the majority’s decision to add requirements
that effectively rewrite this statute, 	which both violates separation of powers
principles and our own case law regarding canons of statutory interpretation.
Our 	system 	of 	separation 	of 	powers 	requires 	courts 	to 	adhere 	to
the 	words 	chosen 	by 	the 	legislature. 	Five 	Corners 	Fam. 	Farmers 	v. 	State,
173 Wn.2d 296, 311, 268 P.3d 892 (2011). The majority argues additional evidence
of 	rehabilitation 	should 	be 	required 	because 	the 	word 	“may” 	bestows
discretion 	on 	the 	court, 	but 	it 	disregards 	the 	remaining 	text 	of 	the 	statute.
While the statute uses a permissive word to describe the court’s power, “[t]he readily
apparent reasons for a refusal appear to have been considered by the Legislature
when 	it 	defined 	the 	circumstances 	that 	exclude 	offenders 	from 	eligibility.”
DAVID BOERNER, SENTENCING IN WASHINGTON § 11.5, at 11-7 (1985). For example,
“evidence of the reformation of the offender appears to be the reason for requiring
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
4
prescribed crime-free periods to pass before eligibility. Reliance on these factors
to deny the petitions of eligible offenders would negate the legislative intent.” Id.
The 	majority’s 	new, 	additional 	requirement 	contradicts 	the 	legislature’s
determination 	that 	a 	person’s 	ability 	to 	remain 	crime 	free 	is 	measured
by a time period specific to the class of offense. RCW 9.94A.640(2)(c)-(f).
The 	majority 	further 	justifies 	its 	revision 	of 	the 	vacatur 	statute
by overreading our decision in State v. Hawkins, 200 Wn.2d 477, 519 P.3d 182
(2022), to suggest that it imposed a new burden on the applicant seeking vacatur.
It 	did 	not. 	There, 	the 	trial 	court 	denied 	vacatur 	to 	a 	person 	who 	met 	the
statutory eligibility criteria. Id. at 498. We held that the court erred in treating
the seriousness of the crime as disqualifying when the statute requires the court
to “treat the qualifying felony as a prerequisite to vacatur, not as a bar to vacatur.”
Id. at 494. We went on to hold the court also erred in “failing to meaningfully
consider the extensive uncontradicted evidence of rehabilitation and mitigation that
Hawkins presented.” Id. at 498-99.
What 	we 	did 	not 	hold 	was 	that 	the 	applicant 	is 	required 	to 	present
such evidence. To the contrary, Hawkins involved unique procedural circumstances
where 	the 	court 	denied 	vacatur 	twice, despite 	the 	prosecutor’s 	confirmation
that Hawkins was statutorily eligible. Id. at 485-87. To bolster her second request
for vacatur, Hawkins gathered extensive mitigation evidence, which the court
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
5
ignored. Id. We held that a court considering an application for vacatur cannot
disregard such evidence—when presented. Id. at 498-99. Hawkins did not impose
a new requirement for the applicant to produce evidence of rehabilitation, nor
could it have, given the facts of that case.
Today, the court writes a new element into the statute beyond its text or
what Hawkins compels. Those authorities require the applicant to show they meet
the statutory eligibility criteria and require the court to consider any evidence
of rehabilitation that is presented. But under the majority’s decision, not only must
the court consider that evidence if presented but the applicant is now obligated to
produce such evidence to have a conviction vacated. In order to make sense of its
misreading of Hawkins, the majority adds a whole new set of considerations not
required by the statute. See State v. Costich, 152 Wn.2d 463, 470, 98 P.3d 795 (2004)
(“[W]e presume the legislature says what it means and means what it says.”).
To achieve that result, the majority adds language and an element that is not present
in the statute.
I would decline to depart from our canons of statutory interpretation. See, e.g.,
Brown v. Old Navy, LLC, 4 Wn.3d 580, 589, 567 P.3d 38 (2025) (following
our 	statutory canon, 	not 	adding 	words 	where 	the 	legislature 	has 	chosen
not 	to 	include 	them); 	Branson 	v. 	Wash. 	Fine 	Wine 	& 	Spirits, 	LLC,
5 Wn.3d 289, 298, 574 P.3d 1031 (2025) (same). I would affirm in part, reverse
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State v. Abrams
No. 103058-4
6
in part, and remand for the trial court to reconsider Abrams’ petition for vacatur.
______________________________
______________________________
Yu, J.P.T.
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