State v. Troy J. Hoffman

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
January 29, 2025
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and
RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2023AP1968-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2019CF1724

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT II

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

TROY J. HOFFMAN,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for Racine
County: ROBERT S. REPISCHAK, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Gundrum, P.J., Neubauer and Lazar, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2023AP1968-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. Troy J. Hoffman appeals a judgment of conviction,
entered on his no-contest plea, for first-degree intentional homicide. He also
appeals an order denying postconviction relief. On appeal, Hoffman argues he has
no memory of the events underlying the conviction and he should be permitted to
withdraw his plea because trial counsel was ineffective for failing to advise him of
a McIntosh1 defense. We conclude Hoffman is not entitled to plea withdrawal
because he failed to establish trial counsel was ineffective. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 According to a criminal complaint, Hoffman found out that his
girlfriend, S.R., was romantically involved with Chad Bickler. While S.R. was
en route to Bickler’s residence, S.R. received a text from Hoffman stating he would
kill Bicker if S.R. was going to see him. As S.R. approached Bickler’s residence,
she saw headlights in her rearview mirror and said that her car was struck from
behind. S.R. exited her car and argued with Hoffman, who was holding a handgun.
S.R. saw Hoffman walk towards the house and heard several gunshots. Hoffman
then walked back to where he and S.R. argued and began firing at S.R., who ran.
Bickler was shot multiple times and died. A dog at Bickler’s residence was also
shot and killed. The State charged Hoffman with first-degree intentional homicide,

1
State v. McIntosh, 137 Wis. 2d 339, 404 N.W.2d 557 (Ct. App. 1987). In McIntosh, we
determined that “amnesia does not by itself either render a defendant incompetent to stand trial or,
if tried, unable to be tried fairly.” Id. at 347. We noted “[t]here will be cases, however, where the
fact of amnesia will deny an otherwise competent defendant a fair trial.” Id. at 348. “Where …
permanent amnesia has been medically established, and competency in the sense of understanding
the charges and procedures and assisting in the defense is not at issue, the question must be
considered from the objective standpoint of whether, despite the amnesia, the defendant can receive
a fair trial.” Id. at 348-49. Courts consider a multifactor analysis to determine the effect of the
defendant’s amnesia on the fairness of trial. Id. at 349-50.

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attempted first-degree intentional homicide, and felony mistreatment of an animal—
all with use of a dangerous weapon.

¶3 After Hoffman was evaluated and deemed competent by the circuit
court, Hoffman pled no contest to first-degree intentional homicide, use of a
dangerous weapon. The other charges were dismissed and read-in. Hoffman
maintained he had no memory of the events relating to the charges. The court
sentenced Hoffman to life in prison without eligibility for release to extended
supervision.

¶4 Hoffman moved to withdraw his plea on the basis of ineffective
assistance of counsel. Hoffman claimed, in part, that trial counsel failed to inform
him that under State v. McIntosh, 137 Wis. 2d 339, 404 N.W.2d 557 (Ct. App.
1987), his amnesia allowed him to contest his ability to be fairly tried, and if he had
known of the availability of this defense, he would not have pled no contest and
would have instead taken his case to trial.

¶5 Following a Machner2 hearing, the circuit court denied Hoffman’s
motion. It found that the “contemporary evidence,” including the psychologists’
reports, provided no medical support for his due process claim. The court
determined that although counsel did not consider the McIntosh defense or discuss
the defense with Hoffman, counsel’s reliance on the psychologists’ reports and the
lack of a medical condition that explained Hoffman’s memory loss was not
unreasonable and that it supported “the strategic decision to cut his losses and enter
into a plea.” Further, based on the information available and counsel’s discussions

2
State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979).

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No. 2023AP1968-CR

with Hoffman, “the court [could not] find that … trial counsel’s performance fell
below reasonable professional standards.”

¶6 As for prejudice, the circuit court applied the relevant McIntosh
factors to Hoffman’s case and determined that Hoffman’s due process claim would
not have succeeded at trial. The court also found that Hoffman had “not presented
any evidence that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he
would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” It
determined that Hoffman’s statement that he would not have accepted the plea and
gone to trial was insufficient to support his claim. The court found the
contemporaneous evidence showed Hoffman was “without any medical support for
his amnesia claim” and “he was facing ‘bad facts,’ as testified to by trial counsel.”
By entering into a plea agreement, Hoffman reduced his exposure and agreed with
the strategy to “cut our losses and beg for mercy.” The court determined counsel
was not ineffective and denied Hoffman’s motion for plea withdrawal.

DISCUSSION

¶7 On appeal, we review a circuit court’s denial of a plea withdrawal
motion under the erroneous exercise of discretion standard. State v. Savage, 2020
WI 93, ¶24, 395 Wis. 2d 1, 951 N.W.2d 838. A plea withdrawal motion predicated
on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim raises a mixed question of fact and law.
Id., ¶25. To establish a claim of ineffective assistance, a defendant must prove both:
(1) deficient performance by counsel; and (2) prejudice resulting from that deficient
performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). We need not
address both elements of the ineffective assistance test if the defendant fails to make
a sufficient showing on one of them. State v. Dalton, 2018 WI 85, ¶32, 383 Wis. 2d
147, 914 N.W.2d 120.

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No. 2023AP1968-CR

¶8 “To demonstrate deficient performance, a defendant must show that
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
considering all the circumstances.” Id., ¶34. “In evaluating counsel’s performance,
this court is highly deferential to counsel’s strategic decisions.” Id., ¶35. We must
make “every effort ... to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct
the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from
counsel’s perspective at the time.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.

¶9 To establish prejudice in the plea context, a defendant has two options.
“First, the defendant can demonstrate based on ‘contemporaneous evidence’ that
counsel’s deficient performance so offended ‘expressed preferences’ such that the
defendant would have not pleaded guilty.” Savage, 395 Wis. 2d 1, ¶35 (citation
omitted). “Second, the defendant can demonstrate that the defense would have
likely succeeded at trial.” Id.

¶10 Under McIntosh, courts consider a multifactor analysis to determine
whether an amnestic defendant can receive a fair trial:

(1) The extent to which the amnesia affected the defendant’s
ability to consult with and assist his lawyer.

(2) The extent to which the amnesia affected the defendant’s
ability to testify in his own behalf.

(3) The extent to which the evidence in suit could be
extrinsically reconstructed in view of the defendant’s
amnesia. Such evidence would include evidence relating to
the crime itself as well as any reasonably possible alibi.

(4) The extent to which the Government assisted the
defendant and his counsel in that reconstruction.

(5) The strength of the prosecution’s case. Most important
here will be whether the Government’s case is such as to
negate all reasonable hypotheses of innocence. If there is
any substantial possibility that the accused could, but for his

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No. 2023AP1968-CR

amnesia, establish an alibi or other defense, it should be
presumed that he would have been able to do so.

(6) Any other facts and circumstances which would indicate
whether or not the defendant had a fair trial.

McIntosh, 137 Wis. 2d at 349-50.

¶11 However, before the McIntosh framework applies, a defendant must
show that “permanent amnesia has been medically established.” Id. at 348. A
defendant bears the burden of establishing his or her amnesia by a “clear
preponderance of the credible evidence.” Muench v. State, 60 Wis. 2d 386, 392-
93, 210 N.W.2d 716 (1973), overruled on other grounds by Schimmel v. State, 84
Wis. 2d 287, 267 N.W.2d 271 (1978), overruled by Steele v. State, 97 Wis. 2d 72,
294 N.W.2d 2 (1980).

¶12 Here, at the Machner hearing, trial counsel testified he had no
information that there was a medical condition that explained Hoffman’s lack of
memory. The court-appointed psychologist only acknowledged Hoffman’s amnesia
claims, but stated she had no way to verify them. Further, Hoffman’s psychologist
opined that his “report of problems with his memory, both historically and with
regard to his actions on the evening of 12/26/2019, are not consistent with any
known amnestic phenomena of which this writer is aware.” Based on this evidence,
the circuit court found “trial counsel’s reliance on the two reports available to him
and the lack of any medical condition explaining the memory loss was not
unreasonable under the circumstances.”

¶13 We conclude Hoffman did not demonstrate that his “amnesia ha[d]
been medically established.” See McIntosh, 137 Wis. 2d at 348. Without medically
establishing his amnesia, Hoffman cannot raise a due process defense based on
amnesia and his McIntosh defense lacks merit. Counsel’s “failure to pursue a

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No. 2023AP1968-CR

meritless argument does not constitute deficient performance.” State v. Sandoval,
2009 WI App 61, ¶34, 318 Wis. 2d 126, 767 N.W.2d 291. Counsel was not
ineffective.

¶14 In his reply brief, Hoffman argues “McIntosh imposes no categorical
requirement that the defendant’s amnesia be ‘medically established.’” We disagree.
In McIntosh, the defendant’s amnesia was medically established and not disputed,
which was why we engaged in the multifactor analysis outlined above to determine
whether McIntosh received a fair trial. McIntosh, 137 Wis. 2d at 348. In McIntosh,
we specifically noted “the concern expressed by some courts that the amnesia might
be feigned is not present here.” Id. at 346 n.1.

¶15 In contrast, the defendant in Muench failed to establish the fact of his
amnesia. Muench, 60 Wis. 2d at 392-93. Our supreme court concluded that the
defendant was not deprived of due process because “[t]here [was] no medical
evidence of anything else in the record, except the subjective statements of the
defendant and the observations and hearsay testimony of his associate ... to indicate
any loss of memory.” Id. at 392 (emphasis added). The court explained that “[t]he
claim of amnesia is one easily fabricated after the event by one seeking to avoid
responsibility for his [or her] acts. For this reason alone it is an affirmative defense
that must be established by the defendant by a clear preponderance of the credible
evidence.” Id. at 392-93. The court concluded that, in Muench, it did not need to
determine whether the defendant’s amnesia prevented him from receiving a fair trial
“because of our opinion that the defendant has not met his burden to establish that
he suffered from amnesia.” Id. at 393 n.2.

¶16 In any event, even if Hoffman’s own testimony and the postconviction
affidavits from his friends medically established his amnesia, we conclude trial

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No. 2023AP1968-CR

counsel was not ineffective. We first agree with the circuit court that Hoffman did
not demonstrate “based on ‘contemporaneous evidence’” that he would not have
pled to the charge. At the Machner hearing, when asked if he would have gone to
trial had counsel told him about a due process claim based on amnesia, Hoffman
stated simply, “I definitely would have asked to go to trial. I would not have
accepted that plea.” The court characterized this statement as “because I say so”
testimony.

¶17 In its written decision, the circuit court then contrasted Hoffman’s
statement against the contemporaneous evidence—“the history of conversations and
events leading up to his plea.” The court found that trial counsel and Hoffman
reviewed discovery together and specifically discussed the evidence against
Hoffman, “such as the 911 calls made contemporaneously to the shooting, the
witnesses across the street, the photographic evidence, etc.” They also discussed
the psychologists’ opinions, including that Hoffman was “without any medical
support for his amnesia claim” and that neither opinion supported a NGI plea. Trial
counsel testified he discussed with Hoffman the “pros and cons” of the case and
explained that, “in the context of those discussions,” Hoffman “came to a conclusion
that it would be best to cut our losses and beg for mercy.” The contemporaneous
evidence does not establish that Hoffman, had he known about a McIntosh defense,
would have taken the case to trial instead of entering a plea.

¶18 Second, we agree with the circuit court that there was no reasonable
likelihood that a McIntosh defense would have succeeded at trial. Using the
multifactor McIntosh analysis, the court first found that Hoffman had the ability to
consult with and assist his attorney. It noted that nothing suggested Hoffman was
unable to provide information leading up to the criminal events, review discovery,
assist in the reconstruction of the case, and communicate effectively with his

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No. 2023AP1968-CR

attorney. The court also found the evidence against Hoffman was “considerably
strong, both in quality and in quantity of the evidence.” The State had eye witness
testimony from S.R., multiple independent eye witnesses who observed the events
from across the street; the text messages from Hoffman to S.R. stating he would kill
Bickler; the contemporaneous 911 calls; and the fact that Bickler was shot multiple
times in his own house along with his dog. Considering the McIntosh factors,
nothing suggests that Hoffman’s claims of amnesia would have prevented him from
receiving a fair trial.

¶19 In the end, we conclude counsel was not ineffective, and the court did
not err by denying Hoffman’s plea withdrawal motion.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

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