Michael S. v. Angela S.

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
FILED
March 25, 2024
MICHAEL S.,
C. CASEY FORBES, CLERK
Respondent Below, Petitioner INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA

v.) No. 23-ICA-114 (Fam. Ct. of Putnam Cnty. No. FC-40-2006-D-137)

ANGELA S.,
Petitioner Below, Respondent

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Michael S.1 (“Father”) appeals the Family Court of Putnam County’s
January 30, 2023, order that denied his motion to terminate his child support obligation for
his disabled adult daughter, who is the recipient of Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”).
Respondent Angela S. (“Mother”) and the Bureau for Child Support Enforcement
(“BCSE”) filed responses.2 Father did not file a reply.

This Court has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to West Virginia Code § 51-
11-4 (2022). After considering the parties’ arguments, the record on appeal, and the
applicable law, this Court finds that there is error in the family court’s decision but no
substantial question of law. For the reasons set forth below, the family court’s decision is
vacated, and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

The parties were married in 1990 and on July 27, 2002, a set of triplets were born
of the marriage. The parties were divorced by a final divorce order entered on June 12,
2007. Father was initially ordered to pay monthly child support in the amount of $837.84,
effective July 1, 2014. By order entered on October 16, 2018, child support was modified
to $786.00 per month, effective October 1, 2018. That order stated that child support would
terminate once the children graduated high school.

1
Consistent with our practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials where
necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va.
254, 256 n.1, 773 S.E.2d 20, 22 n.1 (2015).
2
Michael S. is represented by Jon D. Hoover, Esq. Angela S. is represented by
Maggie J. Kuhl, Esq. The BCSE is represented by Allison C. Ojeda, Esq.

1
On June 25, 2020, approximately one month before the triplets’ eighteenth birthday
and high school graduation, Mother filed a petition for modification to extend child support
for one of the triplets, L.S., based upon the child’s disability. The triplets, including L.S.,
graduated high school in July 2020 and the BCSE terminated child support on July 31,
2020, as the obligation had ended and was paid in full.

On May 25, 2021, the family court held a hearing on Mother’s petition for
modification to extend child support for L.S. The court found that L.S. had a pending
application for SSI benefits. The court further found that L.S. was physically disabled and
incapable of supporting herself, and, as such, entered a temporary order on June 24, 2021,
setting child support at $456.07 per month, effective August 1, 2020. The order further
stated that child support would terminate on the first of the month following any SSI award.

On February 7, 2022, the family court held a hearing where it found that L.S.’s SSI
claim was denied, and an appeal of the decision was filed with the Social Security
Administration (“SSA”). Father moved the court to end his child support obligation due to
L.S. reaching the age of majority. Mother moved the court to continue Father’s child
support obligation since L.S. was found disabled. The family court entered its order from
the February 7, 2022, hearing on March 21, 2022, which modified Father’s child support
obligation from $456.07 to $1,141.00 per month, beginning October 26, 2021. The family
court further found that the SSI denial constituted a change in circumstances and required
an evidentiary hearing3 to determine whether the parties’ child required continuing support
by Father into adulthood.

By letter dated December 6, 2022, L.S. was granted SSI in the monthly amount of
$609.34 effective January 2023. She was also awarded backpay in the amount of
$14,085.45, but after a reduction of attorney fees, she received $10,564.09 for April 2021
through November 2022.

On December 19, 2022, the family court held a final hearing on Mother’s petition
for modification of child support and Father’s motion to end his child support obligation.
The BCSE did not attend the hearing but was consulted during a pre-hearing conference
with both parties’ counsel and the court. During the pre-hearing conference, counsel for
Mother proffered that the SSA had already considered the current child support obligation
received by Mother in the amount of $1,141.00 and that the SSA had reduced L.S.’s SSI

3
It does not appear, from the record, that the family court ever held the evidentiary
hearing due to L.S.’s subsequent SSI award. In other words, it appears that the court
determined L.S. needed continued support because she was subsequently awarded SSI due
to a disability.

2
award by one-third because of the child support.4 Mother’s counsel and the court agreed
that a child support award would not affect or make L.S. ineligible for SSI. Specifically,
the family court found that two-thirds of the child support award would be considered the
child’s unearned income for the purpose of SSI benefits. Father’s counsel disagreed and
objected to that conclusion. L.S.’s SSI award was included as Mother’s income in the child
support formula. Mother was attributed no other income. Child support was awarded to
Mother in the amount of $1,015.67 per month, effective January 1, 2023.5 The court entered
its final order on January 30, 2023, and this appeal followed.

When reviewing the order of a family court, we apply the following standard of
review:

“In reviewing . . . a final order of a family court judge, we review the
findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous
standard, and the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion
standard. We review questions of law de novo.” Syl. Pt., [in part,] Carr v.
Hancock, 216 W. Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004).

Amanda C. v. Christopher P., 248 W. Va. 130, 133, 887 S.E.2d 255, 258 (Ct. App. 2022);
accord W. Va. Code § 51-2A-14(c) (2005) (specifying standards for appellate review of a
family court order).

Father asserts a single assignment of error on appeal. He contends that the family
court erroneously awarded child support to Mother in direct violation of West Virginia
Code § 48-13-603(b) (2001) because the parties’ adult child is a recipient of SSI pursuant
to 42 U.S.C. § 1382. He asserts that because child support is considered unearned income,
and could render the child ineligible for disability payments, any amount of child support
awarded would terminate her eligibility. Although Father’s assertion is somewhat
misplaced, we find error in the family court’s order, nonetheless.

West Virginia permits disabled children to receive support past the age of majority.
See Syl. Pt. 10, James G. v. Caserta, 175 W. Va. 406, 332 S.E.2d 872 (1985). However, if
the disabled adult child is a recipient of SSI, courts must analyze whether a child support
award would cause the adult child to become ineligible for SSI. See W. Va. Code § 48-13-
603(b). Child support must either be terminated or reduced to an amount that would not

4
This pre-hearing conference was not preserved in the record, as it was not recorded
by the family court; however, all parties refer to it in their briefs.
5
Although paragraph two on page five of the family court’s order indicates that the
child support formula worksheet was attached and filed as “Exhibit A” to its order, the
record on appeal is devoid of such worksheet.

3
result in the child’s ineligibility. Id. West Virginia Code § 48-13-603(b) states, in part, the
following:

If a child is a recipient of disability payments as supplemental security
income for aged, blind and disabled, under the provisions of 42 U.S.C. §
1382, et seq., and if support furnished by an obligor would be considered
unearned income that renders the child ineligible for disability payments or
medical benefits, no child support order shall be entered for that child.

The SSI program is administered by the SSA and provides financial assistance to
certain aged, blind, and disabled persons. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.110. The law governing SSI
can be found in Title 42 of the United States Code, 20 C.F.R. § 416.110, and in the Social
Security Administration's Program Operations Manual System (“POMS”). The POMS
Manual offers guidance on how the SSA looks at different legal issues affecting SSI
recipients.

According to the SSA, the maximum award for an individual SSI recipient in 2023
is $914.00.6 To be eligible, the maximum income for an individual whose income is not
from wages is $934.00 per month. Id. If a person’s income falls below $934.00, he or she
is eligible for benefits and that benefit will be the difference between his or her income and
the maximum allowed. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1100. Here, the record indicates that L.S.’s
income would not be from wages and would only be from unearned income, making her
eligible for SSI only if her maximum unearned income is less than $934.00.

The amount of income an individual has is a major factor in determining the amount
of SSI the individual will receive. According to the SSA, “[o]nce an individual is found to
be eligible for SSI . . . [the] maximum amount is subject to a reduction, in the amount of
any available income not otherwise excludable.” Glasgold v. Sec’y of Health and Hum.
Serv., 558 F.Supp. 129, 132 (E.D. N.Y. 1982).

Under the SSI program, income is divided into two types: earned and unearned. See
42 U.S.C. § 1382a. Both earned and unearned income may be in cash or in-kind. See 20
C.F.R. § 416.1102. In-kind income is noncash income such as food, clothing, or shelter.
Id. Child support is considered unearned income, but it is generally countable when
determining whether or not someone qualifies for SSI benefits. See id. If an adult disabled
child has too much unearned income, SSI benefits will be terminated.7 “Clearly, there

6
Soc. Sec. Admin. Update. Pub. No. 05-10003 (2023) (The update provides
information about Social Security taxes, benefits, and costs for 2023),
https://www.ssa.gov/pubs/EN-05-10003.pdf
7
Adults with disabilities are usually eligible for government benefits, such as SSI
and Medicaid/Medicare, due to their limited abilities to obtain employment and subsequent

4
would seem to be a moral duty for any responsible parent with the ability to assist in the
support of his or her disabled child to do so. The legal issue, however, is more difficult.”
Casdorph v. Casdorph, 194 W. Va. 490, 494, 460 S.E.2d 736, 740 (1995).

The SSA defines child support as in-kind or cash payments to a child or a child’s
legal representative or custodian to meet the child’s needs for food and shelter. See 42
U.S.C. § 1382a. Importantly, the SSA considers an individual a child if they are under
eighteen years old or under twenty-two years old and a student regularly attending school
or college or training that is designed to prepare for a paying job, unmarried, and not the
head of a household. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1856. When the individual is considered a child
pursuant to the SSA, one-third of monthly child support payments are excluded from the
countable income in determining the SSI. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1124(c)(11). However, for
an adult child eighteen or older, 100% of a child support payment (minus $20.00 as an
exemption)8 counts as a reduction against SSI. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1124. Child support is
considered unearned income to a disabled adult child even if it is paid directly to the
custodial parent.9

Here, L.S. is considered an adult child by the SSA because she is over eighteen years
old and not in school, thus, any child support award is defined as unearned cash income
which reduces her SSI award dollar for dollar. According to the proffer by Mother’s

health insurance. However, post-majority child support “often creates a conflict with the
SSI program... as SSI can be lost or reduced if the adult disabled child receives ‘too much’
child support income.” Richard D. Chatwin, Adult Disabled Children, Mandatory Child
Support and SSI Benefits: What Every Divorce Attorney Should Know, 24 Nev Law. 12
(2016).
8
“The first $20 of any unearned income in a month” is excluded from the
calculation. 20 C.F.R. § 416.1124(c)(12).
9
Current SSA policy states:

When a parent or other person receives current child support payments for
an adult child after the adult child stops meeting the definition of a child, the
income belongs to the adult child. The support payments are income to the
adult child even if he or she does not live with or receive any of the child
support payment from the parent or other person. Such support payments are
not subject to the SSI one-third child support exclusion.

POMS Manual SI 00830.420(C)(1) Child Support Payments.

5
counsel,10 child support was $1,141.00 when the SSI award was determined.11 According
to the SSA, L.S. should not be eligible for SSI since her unearned income of $1,141.00 was
over the maximum amount allowable.12 Additionally, an adult child’s Medicaid and all
benefits that come along with an SSI award could be lost if the child support amount
exceeds the SSI income limit.

In addition to child support, there are other ways in which an individual’s SSI
benefit amount could be reduced. SSI is intended to pay and provide for that disabled
individual’s food, shelter, and necessities. If an individual is getting money from another
source to pay for their food, shelter, and necessities, the SSA may find that the individual
does not need as much SSI support and will reduce the SSI by one-third. See 20 C.F.R. §
416.1130(c). “The one-third reduction rule applies if you are living in the household of a
person who provides you with both food and shelter.” Id.

Although counsel for Mother proffered that the SSA reduced L.S.’s SSI by one-
third because of her child support award, it appears that the one-third reduction in L.S.’s
total SSI amount reflects the fact that she derives a benefit in the form of in-kind assistance
by living in her Mother and stepfather’s home. See Moreland v. Sullivan, 765 F.Supp. 970,
972 (C.D. Ill. 1991) (SSI beneficiary’s benefits were reduced by one-third because the
beneficiary lived in another’s household.) Because the SSA views food or shelter one
receives as equal to one-third of the SSI benefit, an adult child’s maximum SSI benefit of
$914.00 would be reduced to $609.34.13 Therefore, the family court’s monthly child
support award in the amount of $1,015.67 is barred by law because it makes L.S. ineligible

10
We remind the family court on remand that pursuant to Rule 20 of the Rules of
Practice and Procedure for Family Court, final hearings shall not be conducted exclusively
by the presentation of evidence by proffer.
11
We note that the record indicates that the child support in effect at the time of
L.S.’s SSI appeal was $456.07.
12
In its brief, counsel for the BCSE asserted that despite the important relationship
between child support and SSI, there are currently no connected databases between the
BCSE and SSA. For most other forms of income, such as wages, SSA has a centralized
system for verification. Because no such system exists for child support, the SSA relies
heavily on the applicant to disclose whether child support is being received for the benefit
of the recipient.
13
The SSA provides a simple two-part calculation formula to determine if an
individual’s unearned income affects their SSI benefit. See Soc. Sec. Admin.
Understanding Supplemental Sec. Income (2023), https://www.ssa.gov/ssi/text-income-
ussi.htm.

6
for SSI benefits due to the dollar-for-dollar reduction.14 Thus, we find, pursuant to the SSA,
L.S.’s status as an “adult child” requires any child support amount awarded on her behalf
to be considered as her unearned cash income that reduces her SSI dollar for dollar.

Turning to Father’s assignment of error, his assertion that any child support award
automatically renders L.S. ineligible for SSI benefits is incorrect. Rather, we find that a
child support award that reduces an SSI recipient’s benefits does not affect the recipient’s
eligibility. Put another way, so long as the SSI recipient receives any amount of SSI
benefits after child support is awarded, eligibility remains intact. However, family courts
must adhere to the laws governing the SSA when determining if a certain child support
amount would render the SSI recipient ineligible for benefits. We further urge courts to
refer to the POMS manual when additional guidance is needed.

Based on the foregoing, because L.S. is not considered a child pursuant to the SSA,
but rather is considered an adult child and is thus, not permitted to benefit from the one-
third child support exclusion, the family court clearly erred in finding that “two-thirds of
the child support award would be considered unearned income to the child.” We further
find that the family court abused its discretion by awarding a child support amount,
beginning on January 1, 2023, that rendered L.S. ineligible for SSI benefits, pursuant to
the SSA.

Accordingly, we vacate the Family Court of Putnam County’s January 30, 2023,
order, and remand this case for the court to develop a full evidentiary record by allowing
Mother the opportunity to produce evidence of the income the SSA considered when
determining L.S.’s SSI benefit so the amount of child support awarded will not render L.S.
ineligible for SSI, pursuant to West Virginia Code § 48-13-603(b).15

Vacated and Remanded.

ISSUED: March 25, 2024

14
Also, according to the POMS manual, child support arrearage is considered
unearned income to adult disabled children as well. Notably, arrearages are only counted
and considered by the SSA as income once they are paid but could cause an adult disabled
child to become ineligible for SSI nonetheless. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1123.
15
The SSA provides applicants with an SSI application receipt summary and
recipients of an SSI award with a notice of award. Both documents detail the income the
SSA considered in determining the SSI benefit amount. These documents could prove
beneficial to the family court when making its determination.

7
CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Judge Thomas E. Scarr
Judge Charles O. Lorensen
Judge Daniel W. Greear

8