Circular 38A: International Copyright Relations of the United States

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# International Copyright Relations of the United States

This circular provides a brief overview
of the international conventions,
treaties, and other bilateral
instruments that the United States
has concluded with other countries,
and it details the participation of other
countries in these same instruments.

There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that
will automatically protect an author's writings throughout
the world. Protection against unauthorized use in a particular
country depends on the national laws of that country.

Many countries offer protection to foreign works under
certain conditions that have been greatly simplified by
international copyright treaties and conventions.

The United States is a member of many treaties and
conventions affecting copyright. The World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO) administers the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works;
the WIPO Copyright Treaty; the WIPO Performances
and Phonograms Treaty; the Geneva Convention for the
Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized
Duplication of Their Phonograms; the Brussels Convention
Relating to the Distribution of Program-Carrying Signals
Transmitted by Satellite; and the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate
Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind,
Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled. The United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
administers the Universal Copyright Convention.

The World Trade Organization administers the Agreement
on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS), which sets forth obligations related to intellectual
property rights, including copyright and enforcement
measures, in the context of a multilateral trade agreement.

The treaties and conventions noted above include
substantive obligations. Many also define "points of
attachment," the factors that connect an eligible work to
be protected among treaty member countries. An author's
nationality or the place a work was first published are
examples of points of attachment. Sections 104 and 104A of
the U.S. Copyright Act specify the scope of protection for
unpublished and published foreign works.

In addition to international treaties and conventions,
other instruments, such as free trade agreements, require
member countries to comply with specific obligations.

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Building on TRIPS, the free trade agreements concluded by the United States require the parties to
have robust copyright laws and enforcement measures. A bilateral free trade agreement between the
United States and another country does not usually create a first point of attachment for a U.S. work in
that other country, or vice versa (the two parties are usually already members of international treaties).
Specific facts, circumstances, and national laws are important in any international copyright analysis.

Recent international developments have resulted in two new WIPO copyright treaties: the
Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually
Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled (which has entered into force) and the Beijing Treaty on
Audiovisual Performances (which has entered into force).

If you seek copyright protection for your U.S. work in another country, it is important to determine
the points of attachment under that country's copyright system. If possible, do this before your
work is published anywhere, because protection may depend on the facts existing at the time of
first publication. The scope of protection available in that country will then turn on the substantive
provisions available under that country's law and practice. Keep in mind, however, that some
countries offer little or no copyright protection to foreign works.

For more information on the scope of copyright protection provided by other countries, you may
want to consult a legal expert familiar with foreign and U.S. copyright laws. The U.S. Copyright Office
is not permitted to recommend attorneys or agents to give legal advice on foreign or domestic laws.

## Relations as of October 2026

This publication documents the countries that are parties to specific multilateral copyright
conventions or agreements, as well as those that have specific bilateral relationships with the United
States.2 The relevant agreements and their abbreviations are listed below. A list of countries follows,
indicating which agreements each country has signed and the date each agreement took effect.

### Agreements and treaties

BAC · Buenos Aires Convention of 1910. U.S. ratification deposited with the government of Argentina,
May 1, 1911; proclaimed by the president of the United States, July 13, 1914.

Berne · Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The Berne Convention,
which was first accepted in 1886, has been revised numerous times. Notable revisions were made at
Berlin on November 13, 1908; at Rome on June 2, 1928; at Brussels on June 26, 1948; at Stockholm
on July 14, 1967; and at Paris on July 27, 1971 (which were subsequently amended on September 28,
1979). Accordingly, the list of countries includes in a parenthetical the latest act of the convention to
which the country is party. For example, the substantive provisions of Berne (Paris) include articles
1 to 21 and the appendix; articles 22 to 38 deal with administrative provisions of the convention. The
effective date for U.S. adherence to the Berne Convention is March 1, 1989.

Bilateral · Bilateral copyright relations with the United States by virtue of a proclamation or treaty.
Where there is more than one proclamation or treaty, only the date of the first one is given.

FTA · Free Trade Agreement. The United States has concluded comprehensive free trade agreements
(many bilaterally, some regionally) with multiple countries. With the exception of the United
States-Israel agreement, the FTAs contain chapters on intellectual property rights, which include
substantive copyright law and enforcement obligations.

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NAFTA · North American Free Trade Agreement. The effective date of the United States was
January 1, 1994, the date the agreement entered into force. NAFTA was renegotiated and replaced
with the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force on July 1, 2020.

None . No known copyright relations with the United States.

Phonograms . Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized
Duplication of Their Phonograms, Geneva, 1971. The effective date for the United States is March 10,
1974.

SAT · Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by
Satellite, Brussels, 1974. The effective date for the United States is March 7, 1985.

UCC Geneva · Universal Copyright Convention, Geneva, 1952. The effective date for the United
States is September 16, 1955, the date the treaty entered into force.

UCC Paris · Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris, 1971. The effective date for the
United States is July 10, 1974, the date the treaty entered into force.

Unclear · Copyright relations status is unclear; a country may not have established copyright
relations with the United States but may be honoring obligations incurred under a former political
status, including possible relationships as a territory.

USMCA · United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. The USMCA entered into force on July 1, 2020,
replacing NAFTA.

VIP3 · The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind,
Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled. This treaty entered into force on September 30,
2016 after twenty eligible parties, including countries or certain intergovernmental organizations,
ratified it. Because the European Union has ratified this treaty, all 27 members of the EU are covered
by this treaty's obligations. The effective date for the United States is May 8, 2019.

WCT . World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty, Geneva, 1996. The
effective date for the United States is March 6, 2002, the date the treaty entered into force.

WPPT . WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, Geneva, 1996. The effective date for the
United States is May 20, 2002, the date the treaty entered into force.

WTO · World Trade Organization (WTO), established pursuant to the Marrakesh Agreement of
April 15, 1994, to implement the Uruguay Round Agreements. The Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is one of the WTO agreements. It includes
substantive obligations for the protection of copyright and other intellectual property rights as well
as their enforcement. The effective date of United States membership in the WTO is January 1, 1995.

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#### Treaty membership

Convention or Treaty

Member Parties, including United States

Berne (various texts)

182

Phonograms

81

SAT

40

UCC Geneva

100

UCC Paris

65

VIP (Marrakesh)

106 contracting members covering 132 countries

WCT

119

WPPT

115

WTO

166

The United States has not yet acceded to the treaty below.

BTAP4 · Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances. On June 26, 2012, the United States and forty-
seven other nations signed the treaty at the diplomatic conference. The treaty entered into force on
April 28, 2020. The United States has not yet acceded to this treaty.

Countries5

Afghanistan

Andorra

Armenia

WTO July 29, 2016;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

SAT Dec. 13, 1993;

Berne (Paris) June 2, 2018;

Berne (Paris) June 2, 2004

Berne (Paris) Oct. 19, 2000;

VIP Oct. 26, 2018;

Phonograms Jan. 31, 2003;

WCT Feb. 9, 2021;

Angola

WTO Feb. 5, 2003;

WPPT Feb. 9, 2021

WTO Nov. 23, 1996

WCT Mar. 6, 2005;

VIP Mar. 15, 2026

WPPT Mar. 6, 2005;

Albania

VIP Sept. 1, 2022

Berne (Paris) Mar. 6, 1994;

Antigua and Barbuda

WTO Sept. 8, 2000;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Australia

Phonograms June 26, 2001;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 17, 2000

Bilateral Mar. 15, 1918;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 14, 1928;

UCC Geneva Feb. 4, 2004;

Argentina

UCC Geneva May 1, 1969;

UCC Paris Feb. 4, 2004;

Bilateral Aug. 23, 1934;

Phonograms June 22, 1974;

WCT Aug. 6, 2005

BAC Apr. 19, 1950;

UCC Paris Feb. 29, 1978;

VIP Oct. 1, 2026

UCC Geneva Feb. 13, 1958;

SAT Oct. 26, 1990;

Berne (Paris) June 10, 1967;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Algeria

Phonograms June 30, 1973;

FTA Jan. 1, 20056;

UCC Geneva Aug. 28, 1973;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT July 26, 2007;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WPPT July 26, 2007;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 19, 1998;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

WCT Jan. 31, 2014;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

WPPT Jan. 31, 2014

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Austria

Barbados

Bolivia

Bilateral Sept. 20, 1907;

UCC Geneva June 18, 1983;

BAC May 15, 1914;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 1, 1920;

UCC Paris June 18, 1983;

UCC Geneva Mar. 22, 1990;

UCC Geneva July 2, 1957;

Berne (Paris) July 30, 1983;

UCC Paris Mar. 22, 1990;

SAT Aug. 6, 1982;

Phonograms July 29, 1983;

Berne (Paris) Nov. 4, 1993;

UCC Paris Aug. 14, 1982;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Sept. 12, 1995;

Phonograms Aug. 21, 1982;

WCT Dec. 13, 2019;

VIP June 12, 2019

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT Dec. 13, 2019;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

VIP May 20, 2023

Bosnia and Herzegovina

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 1, 1992;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Belarus7

UCC Geneva July 12, 1993;

UCC Geneva Mar. 29, 1994;

UCC Paris July 12, 1993;

Azerbaijan7

Berne (Paris) Dec. 12, 1997;

SAT Jan. 12, 1994;

UCC Geneva Apr. 7, 1997;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Phonograms May 25, 2009;

Berne (Paris) June 4, 1999;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WCT Nov. 25, 2009;

Phonograms Sept. 1, 2001;

Phonograms Apr. 17, 2003;

WPPT Nov. 25, 2009;

WCT Apr. 11, 2006;

VIP Oct. 22, 2020

VIP Apr. 20, 2021

WPPT Apr. 11, 2006;

VIP Dec. 24, 2018

Belgium

Botswana

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1887;

WTO May 31, 1995;

Bahamas

Bilateral July 1, 18919;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 15, 1998;

Berne (Brussels) July 10, 1973;

UCC Geneva Aug. 31, 1960;

WCT Jan. 27, 2005;

UCC Geneva July 13, 1976;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT Jan. 27, 2005;

UCC Paris Dec. 27, 1976

WCT Aug. 30, 2006;

VIP Jan. 5, 2017

WCT Oct. 11, 2026;

WPPT Aug. 30, 2006;

WPPT Oct. 11, 2026;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Brazil

BAC Aug. 31, 1915;

Bahrain

Belize

Berne (Paris) Feb. 9, 1922;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Dec. 1, 1982;

Bilateral Apr. 2, 1957;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 2, 1997;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Jan. 13, 1960;

WCT Dec. 15, 2005;

Berne (Paris) June 17, 2000;

Phonograms Nov. 28, 1975;

WPPT Dec. 15, 2005;

WCT Feb. 9, 2019;

UCC Paris Dec. 11, 1975;

FTA Jan. 11, 20068;

WPPT Feb. 9, 2019;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

SAT May 1, 2007

VIP Feb. 9, 2019

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Bangladesh

Benin

Brunei Darussalam

UCC Geneva Aug. 5, 1975;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 3, 1961;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Paris Aug. 5, 1975;

WTO Feb. 22, 1996;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 30, 2006;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT Apr. 16, 2006;

WCT May 2, 2017;

Berne (Paris) May 4, 1999;

WPPT Apr. 16, 2006;

WPPT May 2, 2017

VIP Dec. 26, 2022

SAT Aug. 17, 2017

### Bhutan

Berne (Paris) Nov. 25, 2004

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Bulgaria

Canada

China

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1921;

Bilateral Jan. 1, 1924;

Bilateral Jan. 13, 190413;

UCC Geneva June 7, 1975;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 10, 1928;

Bilateral Nov. 30, 1948;

UCC Paris June 7, 1975;

UCC Geneva Aug. 10, 1962;

Bilateral Mar. 17, 199214;

Phonograms Sept. 6, 1995;

FTA Jan. 1, 198910;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 15, 1992;

WTO Dec. 1, 1996;

NAFTA Jan. 1, 199411;

UCC Geneva Oct. 30, 1992;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Paris Oct. 30, 1992;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WCT Aug. 13, 2014;

Phonograms Apr. 30, 1993;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WPPT Aug. 13, 2014;

WTO Dec. 11, 2001;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016;

WCT June 9, 2007;

Burkina Faso

USMCA July 1, 2020;

WPPT June 9, 2007;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 19, 1963;

SAT June 27, 2024

VIP May 5, 2022

Phonograms Jan. 30, 1988;

WTO June 3, 1995;

Cape Verde

Colombia

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Berne (Paris) July 7, 1997;

BAC Dec. 23, 1936;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO July 23, 2008;

UCC Geneva June 18, 1976;

VIP Oct. 31, 2017

VIP May 22, 2019;

UCC Paris June 18, 1976;

WCT May 22, 2019;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 7, 1988;

Burundi

WPPT May 22, 2019

Phonograms May 16, 1994;

WTO July 23, 1995;

WTO Apr. 30, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 12, 2016;

Central African Republic

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WCT Apr. 12, 2016

Berne (Paris) Sept. 3, 1977;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO May 31, 1995;

FTA15 May 15, 2012;

Cambodia

VIP Nov. 19, 2020

SAT Mar. 20, 2014;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

VIP May 27, 2025

WTO Oct. 13, 2004;

Chad

Berne (Paris) Mar. 9, 2022

Berne (Brussels/Stockholm)

Comoros

Nov. 25, 1971;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 17, 2005;

Cameroon

WTO Oct. 19, 1996

WCT Apr. 25, 2021;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 21, 1964;

WPPT Apr. 25, 2021;

UCC Geneva May 1, 1973;

Chile

VIP Apr. 25, 2021;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

Bilateral May 25, 1896;

WTO Aug. 21, 2024

WTO Dec. 13, 1995;

BAC June 14, 1955;

VIP Jan. 5, 2022;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

Congo, Democratic

WPPT Apr. 9, 2025;

Berne (Paris) June 5, 1970;

Republic of the

WCT Apr. 9, 2025

Phonograms Mar. 24, 1977;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 8, 1963;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Jan. 1, 1997;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Phonograms Nov. 29, 1977

WPPT May 20, 2002;

FTA Jan. 1, 200412;

Congo

SAT June 8, 2011;

Berne (Paris) May 8, 1962;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

WTO Mar. 27, 1997

Cook Islands
Berne (Paris) Aug. 3, 2017;
VIP June 19, 2019;
WCT June 19, 2019;
WPPT June 19, 2019

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Costa Rica16

Czech Republic

Ecuador

Bilateral Oct. 19, 1899;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 1, 1993;

BAC Aug. 31, 1914;

BAC Nov. 30, 1916;

Phonograms Jan. 1, 1993;

UCC Geneva June 5, 1957;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

UCC Geneva Mar. 26, 1993;

Phonograms Sept. 14, 1974;

Berne (Paris) June 10, 1978;

UCC Paris Mar. 26, 1993;

UCC Paris Sept. 6, 1991;

UCC Paris Mar. 7, 1980;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 9, 1991;

Phonograms June 17, 1982;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WTO Jan. 21, 1996;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

SAT June 25, 1999;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

WPPT May 20, 2002;

Denmark

FTA Jan. 1, 200917;

Bilateral May 8, 1893;

Egypt

VIP Jan. 9, 2019

Berne (Paris) July 1, 1903;

Berne (Paris) June 7, 1977;

UCC Geneva Feb. 9, 1962;

Phonograms Apr. 23, 1978;

Cote d'Ivoire

Phonograms Mar. 24, 1977;

WTO June 30, 1995

Berne (Paris) Jan. 1, 1962;

UCC Paris July 11, 1979;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

El Salvador

VIP Dec. 17, 2020

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

Bilateral June 30, 190818;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

Phonograms Feb. 9, 1979;

Croatia

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

UCC Geneva Mar. 29, 1979;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 8, 1991;

UCC Paris Mar. 29, 1979;

UCC Paris July 6, 1992;

Djibouti

Berne (Paris) Feb. 19, 1994;

UCC Geneva July 6, 1992;

WTO May 31, 1995;

WTO May 7, 1995;

SAT July 26, 1993;

Berne (Paris) May 13, 2002

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Phonograms Apr. 20, 2000;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO Nov. 30, 2000;

Dominica

FTA Mar. 1, 200617;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

SAT July 22, 2008;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 7, 1999

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Dominican Republic16

Equatorial Guinea

Cuba

BAC Oct. 31, 1912;

Berne (Paris) June 26, 1997

Bilateral Nov. 17, 1903;

UCC Geneva May 8, 1983;

BAC May 28, 1913;

UCC Paris May 8, 1983;

Eritrea

UCC Geneva June 18, 1957;

WTO Mar. 9, 1995;

None

WTO Apr. 20, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 24, 1997;

Berne (Paris) Feb. 20, 1997

WCT Jan. 10, 2006;

Estonia

VIP June 4, 2026

WPPT Jan. 10, 2006;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 26, 1994; WTO Nov. 13, 1999;

FTA Mar. 1, 200717;

Cyprus

VIP Sept. 5, 2018

Phonograms May 28, 2000;

Berne (Paris) Feb. 24, 1964;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

UCC Geneva Dec. 19, 1990;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

UCC Paris Dec. 19, 1990;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Phonograms Sept. 30, 1993;

WTO July 30, 1995;

Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)

WCT Nov. 4, 2003;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT Dec. 2, 2005;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 14, 1998

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

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Ethiopia

Georgia

Guatemala16

VIP Feb. 2, 2021

Berne (Paris) May 16, 1995;

BAC Mar. 28, 1913;

WTO June 14, 2000;

UCC Geneva Oct. 28, 1964;

European Union19

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Phonograms Feb. 1, 1977;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO July 21, 1995;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

VIP Feb. 26, 2025

Berne (Paris) July 28, 1997;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

WPPT Jan. 8, 2003;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Germany20

WCT Feb. 4, 2003;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 188721;

FTA July 1, 200617;

Fiji

Bilateral Apr. 15, 1892;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Berne (Brussels) Dec. 1, 1971;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

UCC Geneva Dec. 13, 1971;

Bilateral July 12, 196722;

Guinea

Phonograms Apr. 18, 1973;

Phonograms May 18, 1974;

Berne (Paris) Nov. 20, 1980;

WTO Jan. 14, 1996

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

UCC Geneva Nov. 13, 1981;

SAT Aug. 25, 1979;

UCC Paris Nov. 13, 1981;

Finland

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Oct. 25, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 1, 1928;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

WCT May 25, 2002;

Bilateral Jan. 1, 1929;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

WPPT May 25, 2002

UCC Geneva Apr. 16, 1963;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Phonograms Apr. 18, 1973;

Guinea-Bissau

UCC Paris Nov. 1, 1986;

Ghana

Berne (Paris) July 22, 1991;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Aug. 22, 1962;

WTO May 31, 1995

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 11, 1991;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Guyana

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WCT Nov. 18, 2006;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 25, 1994;

WPPT Feb. 16, 2013;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995

France

Phonograms Feb. 10, 2017;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1887;

VIP Aug. 11, 2018

Haiti

Bilateral July 1, 18919;

BAC Nov. 27, 1919;

UCC Geneva Jan. 14, 1956;

Greece

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

Phonograms Apr. 18, 1973;

Berne (Paris) Nov. 9, 1920;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 11, 1996;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

Bilateral Mar. 1, 1932;

WTO Jan. 30, 1996

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Aug. 24, 1963;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

SAT Oct. 22, 1991;

Holy See

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

Phonograms Feb. 9, 1994;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 12, 1935;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Oct. 5, 1955;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

Phonograms July 18, 1977;

Gabon

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

UCC Paris May 6, 1980

Berne (Paris) Mar. 26, 1962;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Grenada

WPPT May 20, 2002

WTO Feb. 22, 1996;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 22, 1998

Gambia, The

Berne (Paris) Mar. 7, 1993; WTO Oct. 23, 1996

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Honduras16

Indonesia

Jamaica

BAC Apr. 27, 1914;

Bilateral Aug. 1, 1989;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 1, 1994;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 25, 1990;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Phonograms Jan. 11, 1994;

Phonograms Mar. 6, 1990;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 5, 1997;

WTO Mar. 9, 1995;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

SAT Jan. 12, 2000;

WCT May 20, 2002;

WPPT Feb. 15, 2005;

WCT June 12, 2002;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

VIP Apr. 28, 2020

WPPT June 12, 2002;

FTA Apr. 1, 200617;

VIP Aug. 28, 2024

SAT Apr. 7, 2008;

Iran

VIP June 29, 2017

None

Japan24

Berne (Paris) July 15, 1899;

Hong Kong, China23

Iraq

Bilateral May 10, 1906;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

VIP July 23, 2024

UCC Geneva Apr. 28, 1956;

Berne (Paris) July 1, 1997;

UCC Paris Oct. 21, 1977;

Phonograms July 1, 1997

Ireland

Phonograms Oct. 14, 1978;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 5, 1927;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Hungary

Bilateral Oct. 1, 1929;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Bilateral Oct. 16, 1912;

UCC Geneva Jan. 20, 1959;

WPPT Oct. 9, 2002;

Berne (Paris) Feb. 14, 1922;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

UCC Geneva Jan. 23, 1971;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

Jordan

Phonograms May 28, 1975;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Berne (Paris) July 28, 1999;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Apr. 11, 2000;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Israel

FTA Dec. 17, 200125;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

Bilateral May 15, 1948;

WCT Apr. 27, 2004;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Berne (Paris) Mar. 24, 1950;

WPPT May 24, 2004;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

VIP Sept. 26, 2018

Iceland

Phonograms May 1, 1978;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 7, 1947;

FTA Aug. 19, 1985;

Kazakhstan7

UCC Geneva Dec. 18, 1956;

Bilateral Sept. 1, 1985;

UCC Geneva Aug. 6, 1992;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Apr. 21, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 12, 1999;

VIP Mar. 9, 2022

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Phonograms Aug. 3, 2001; WCT Nov. 12, 2004;

India

Italy

WPPT Nov. 12, 2004;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 1, 1928;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1887;

WTO Nov. 30, 2015;

Bilateral Aug. 15, 1947;

Bilateral Oct. 31, 1892;

VIP July 14, 2025

UCC Geneva Jan. 21, 1958;

Bilateral May 1, 1915;

Phonograms Feb. 12, 1975;

UCC Geneva Jan. 24, 1957;

Kenya

UCC Paris Apr. 7, 1988;

Phonograms Mar. 24, 1977;

UCC Geneva Sept. 7, 1966;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Paris Jan. 25, 1980;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

WCT Dec. 25, 2018;

SAT July 7, 1981;

Phonograms Apr. 21, 1976;

WPPT Dec. 25, 2018;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

SAT Aug. 25, 1979;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

Berne (Paris) June 11, 1993;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

VIP Sept. 2, 2017

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Kiribati

Latvia

Luxembourg

Berne (Paris) Jan. 2, 2018;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 11, 1995;

Berne (Paris) June 20, 1888;

VIP Oct. 31, 2019;

Phonograms Aug. 23, 1997;

Bilateral (two) June 29, 1910;

WCT June 22, 2021;

WTO Feb. 10, 1999;

UCC Geneva Oct. 15, 1955;

WPPT June 22, 2021

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Phonograms Mar. 8, 1976;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Korea, Democratic

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

People's Republic of

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

North

Lebanon

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Berne (Paris) Apr. 28, 2003;

Berne (Rome) Sept. 30, 1947;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016;

UCC Geneva Oct. 17, 1959

Macau, China26

WCT Apr. 30, 2024

WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Lesotho

Korea, Republic of

Berne (Paris) Sept. 28, 1989;

Madagascar

UCC Geneva Oct. 1, 1987;

WTO May 31, 1995;

Berne (Brussels) Jan. 1, 1966;

UCC Paris Oct. 1, 1987;

VIP July 30, 2018

WTO Nov. 17, 1995;

Phonograms Oct. 10, 1987;

WCT Feb. 24, 2015;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Liberia

WPPT Feb. 24, 2015

Berne (Paris) Aug. 21,1996;

UCC Geneva July 27, 1956;

WCT June 24, 2004;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 8, 1989;

Malawi

WPPT Mar. 18, 2009;

Phonograms Dec. 16, 2005;

UCC Geneva Oct. 26, 1965;

FTA Mar. 15, 2012;

WTO July 14, 2016;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 12, 1991;

SAT Mar. 19, 2012;

VIP Jan. 6, 2017

WTO May 31, 1995;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

VIP Oct. 14, 2017

Libya

Kuwait

Berne (Paris) Sept. 28, 1976

Malaysia

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 1, 1990;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 2, 2014

Liechtenstein

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Berne (Paris) July 30, 1931;

WCT Dec. 27, 2012;

Kyrgyz Republic

UCC Geneva Jan. 22, 1959;

WPPT Dec. 27, 2012;

WTO Dec. 20, 1998;

WTO Sept. 1, 1995;

VIP June 30, 2022

Berne (Paris) July 8, 1999;

Phonograms Oct. 12, 1999;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

UCC Paris Nov. 11, 1999;

Maldives, Republic of

WPPT Aug. 15, 2002;

WCT Apr. 30, 2007;

WTO May 31, 1995;

Phonograms Oct. 12, 2002;

WPPT Apr. 30, 2007;

Berne (Paris) Nov. 22, 2025

VIP Aug. 15, 2017

VIP Dec. 22, 2021

Mali

Lao People's Democratic

Lithuania

Berne (Rome) Mar. 19, 1962;

Republic

Berne (Paris) Dec. 14, 1994;

WTO May 31, 1995;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

Phonograms Jan. 27, 2000;

WCT Apr. 24, 2002;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 14, 2012;

WTO May 31, 2001;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO Feb. 2, 2013

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

WPPT May 20, 2002; VIP Jan. 1, 2019

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Malta

Moldova7

Mozambique

Berne (Rome) Sept. 21, 1964;

UCC Geneva June 23, 1997;

WTO Aug. 26, 1995;

UCC Geneva Nov. 19, 1968;

Berne (Paris) Nov. 2, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Nov. 22, 2013

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Phonograms July 17, 2000;

VIP Apr. 27, 2026

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

WTO July 26, 2001;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Myanmar, Union of

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995

SAT Oct. 28, 2008;

Marshall Islands

VIP May 19, 2018

Namibia

VIP May 8, 2019

Berne (Paris) Mar. 21, 1990;

Monaco

WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Mauritania

Berne (Paris) May 30, 1889;

Berne (Paris) Feb. 6, 1973;

Bilateral Oct. 15, 1952;

Naoero

WTO May 31, 1995

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

Berne (Paris) May 11, 2020;

Phonograms Dec. 2, 1974;

WCT Aug. 11, 2020

Mauritius

UCC Paris Dec. 13, 1974

UCC Geneva Aug. 20, 1970;

Nepal

Berne (Paris) May 10, 1989;

Mongolia

WTO Apr. 23, 2004;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Jan. 29, 1997;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 11, 2006

VIP Apr. 11, 2021

Berne (Paris) Mar. 12, 1998;

WCT Oct. 25, 2002;

Netherlands28

Mexico

WPPT Oct. 25, 2002;

Bilateral Nov. 20, 1899;

Bilateral Feb. 27, 1896;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Berne (Paris) Nov. 1, 1912;

UCC Geneva May 12, 1957;

UCC Geneva June 22, 1967;

BAC Apr. 24, 1964;

Montenegro

UCC Paris Nov. 30, 1985;

Berne (Paris) June 11, 1967;

Berne (Paris) June 3, 2006;

Phonograms Oct. 12, 1993;

Phonograms Dec. 21, 1973;

Phonograms June 3, 2006;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Paris Oct. 31, 1975;

WCT June 3, 2006;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

SAT Aug. 25, 1979;

WPPT June 3, 2006;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

NAFTA Jan. 1, 199411;

SAT Oct. 23, 2006;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Apr. 26, 2007;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

UCC Paris Apr. 26, 2007;

New Zealand

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO Apr. 29, 2012;

Bilateral Dec. 1, 1916;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016;

VIP June 8, 2022

Berne (Paris) Apr. 24, 1928;

USMCA July 1, 2020

UCC Geneva Sept. 11, 1964;

Morocco

Phonograms Aug. 13, 1976;

Micronesia,

Berne (Paris) June 16, 1917;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Federated States of

UCC Geneva May 8, 1972;

WCT Mar. 17, 2019;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 7, 2003

UCC Paris Jan. 28, 1976;

WPPT Mar. 17, 2019;

SAT June 30, 1983;

VIP Jan. 4, 2020

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

FTA Jan. 1, 200627;

WCT July 20, 2011;

WPPT July 20, 2011; VIP Aug. 15, 2019

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Nicaragua16

Oman

Peru

BAC Dec. 15, 1913;

Berne (Paris) July 14, 1999;

BAC Apr. 30, 1920;

UCC Geneva Aug. 16, 1961;

WTO Nov. 9, 2000;

UCC Geneva Oct. 16, 1963;

SAT Aug. 25, 1979;

WCT Sept. 20, 2005;

UCC Paris July 22, 1985;

WTO Sept. 3, 1995;

WPPT Sept. 20, 2005;

SAT Aug. 7, 1985;

Phonograms Aug. 10, 2000;

SAT Mar. 18, 2008;

Phonograms Aug. 24, 1985;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 23, 2000;

FTA Jan. 1, 200929

Berne (Paris) Aug. 20, 1988;

WCT Mar. 6, 2003;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT Mar. 6, 2003;

Pakistan

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

FTA Apr. 1, 200617;

Berne (Rome) July 5, 1948;

WPPT July 18, 2002;

VIP Apr. 16, 2020

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

FTA Feb. 1, 200931;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Niger

VIP June 12, 2024

Berne (Paris) May 2, 1962;

Philippines

UCC Geneva May 15, 1989;

Palau

Bilateral Oct. 21, 1948;

UCC Paris May 15, 1989;

Unclear

Berne (Paris) Aug. 1, 1951;

WTO Dec. 13, 1996

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

VIP Oct. 20, 2026

Panama

WCT Oct. 4, 2002;

BAC Nov. 25, 1913;

WPPT Oct. 4, 2002;

Nigeria

UCC Geneva Oct. 17, 1962;

VIP Mar. 18, 2019

UCC Geneva Feb. 14, 1962;

Phonograms June 29, 1974;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 14, 1993;

UCC Paris Sept. 3, 1980;

Poland

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

SAT Sept. 25, 1985;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 28, 1920;

WCT Jan. 4, 2018;

Berne (Paris) June 8, 1996;

Bilateral Feb. 16, 1927;

WPPT Jan. 4, 2018;

WTO Sept. 6, 1997;

UCC Geneva Mar. 9, 1977;

VIP Jan. 4, 2018

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

UCC Paris Mar. 9, 1977;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WTO July 1, 1995;

Niue

FTA Oct. 21, 201230;

WPPT Oct. 21, 2003;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 24, 2016

VIP May 10, 2017

WCT Mar. 23, 2004; VIP Jan. 1, 2019

North Macedonia

Papua New Guinea

Berne (Paris) Sept. 8, 1991;

WTO June 9, 1996

Portugal

SAT Sept. 2, 1977;

Bilateral July 20, 1893;

UCC Geneva Apr. 30, 1997;

Paraguay

Berne (Paris) Mar. 29, 1911;

UCC Paris Apr. 30, 1997;

BAC Sept. 20, 1917;

UCC Geneva Dec. 25, 1956;

Phonograms Mar. 2, 1998;

UCC Geneva Mar. 11, 1962;

UCC Paris July 30, 1981;

WTO Apr. 4, 2003;

Phonograms Feb. 13, 1979;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT Feb. 4, 2004;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 2, 1992;

SAT Mar. 11, 1996;

WPPT Mar. 20, 2005

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

Norway

WPPT May 20, 2002;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Berne (Paris) Apr. 13, 1896;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Bilateral July 1, 1905;

UCC Geneva Jan. 23, 1963;

UCC Paris Aug. 7, 1974;
Phonograms Aug. 1, 1978;
WTO Jan. 1, 1995;
VIP Nov. 30, 2021

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Qatar

Saint Lucia

Senegal

WTO Jan. 13, 1996;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 24, 1993;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 25, 1962;

Berne (Paris) July 5, 2000;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva July 9, 1974;

WCT Oct. 28, 2005;

Phonograms Apr. 2, 2001;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

WPPT Oct. 28, 2005;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

VIP Jan. 24, 2019;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WCT May 18, 2002;

SAT July 12, 2023

VIP Sept. 11, 2020

WPPT May 20, 2002

Romania

Saint Vincent and the

Serbia

Berne (Paris) Jan. 1, 1927;

Grenadines

Berne (Paris) Apr. 27, 1992;

Bilateral May 14, 1928;

UCC Geneva Jan. 22, 1985;

SAT Mar. 12, 2001;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Paris Jan. 22, 1985;

UCC Paris Sept. 11, 2001;

Phonograms Oct. 1, 1998;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Nov. 11, 2001;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 29, 1995;

Phonograms June 10, 2003;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WPPT Feb. 12, 2011;

WCT June 13, 2003;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

VIP Dec. 5, 2016;

WPPT June 13, 2003;

WCT July 6, 2023

VIP May 24, 2020

Russian Federation7

UCC Geneva May 27, 1973;

Samoa, Independent

Seychelles

SAT Jan. 20, 1989;

State of

WTO Apr. 26, 2015

UCC Paris Mar. 9, 1995;

Berne (Paris) July 21, 2006;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 13, 1995;

WTO May 10, 2012

Sierra Leone

Phonograms Mar. 13, 1995;

WTO July 23, 1995

WCT Feb. 5, 2009;

San Marino

WPPT Feb. 5, 2009;

Berne (Paris) Sept. 2, 2020;

Singapore

WTO Aug. 22, 2012;

VIP Sept. 2, 2020;

Bilateral May 18, 1987;

VIP May 8, 2018

WCT Sept. 2, 2020;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT Sept. 2, 2020

Berne (Paris) Dec. 21, 1998;

Rwanda

FTA Jan. 1, 200432;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 1, 1984;

São Tomé and Principe

WCT Apr. 17, 2005;

UCC Geneva Nov. 10, 1989;

Berne (Paris) June 14, 2016;

WPPT Apr. 17, 2005;

UCC Paris Nov. 10, 1989;

WCT Apr. 27, 2020;

SAT Apr. 27, 2005;

WTO May 22, 1996;

WPPT Apr. 27, 2020;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

SAT July 25, 2001;

VIP Jan. 15, 2021

VIP Jan. 25, 2022

Slovakia

Saudi Arabia

Berne (Paris) Jan. 1, 1993;

Saint Kitts and Nevis

UCC Geneva July 13, 1994;

Phonograms Jan. 1, 1993;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 9, 1995;

UCC Paris July 13, 1994;

UCC Geneva Mar. 31, 1993;

WTO Feb. 21, 1996;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 11, 2004;

UCC Paris Mar. 31, 1993;

WCT Oct. 8, 2024;

WTO Dec. 11, 2005;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT Oct. 8, 2024;

VIP Feb. 21, 2019;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

VIP Oct. 8, 2024

Phonograms July 4, 2023

WPPT May 20, 2002; VIP Jan. 1, 2019

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Slovenia

Suriname

Timor-leste

Berne (Paris) June 25, 1991;

Berne (Paris) Feb. 23, 1977;

WTO Aug. 30, 2024

SAT Nov. 3, 1992;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995

UCC Geneva Nov. 5, 1992;

Thailand

UCC Paris Nov. 5, 1992;

Sweden

Bilateral Sept. 1, 1921;

WTO July 30, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 1, 1904;

Berne (Paris) July 17, 1931;

Phonograms Oct. 15, 1996;

Bilateral June 1, 1911;

Bilateral June 8, 1968;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

UCC Geneva July 1, 1961;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

Phonograms Apr. 18, 1973;

VIP Apr. 28, 2019;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

UCC Paris July 10, 1974; WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT Oct. 13, 2022

Solomon Islands

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

Togo

WTO July 26, 1996;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 30, 1975;

Berne (Paris) July 4, 2019

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

WTO May 31, 1995; WCT May 21, 2003;

Somalia

Switzerland

WPPT May 21, 2003;

Unclear

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1887;

UCC Geneva May 28, 2003;

Bilateral July 1, 18919;

UCC Paris May 28, 2003;

South Africa

UCC Geneva Mar. 30, 1956;

Phonograms June 10, 2003;

Bilateral July 1, 1924;

UCC Paris Sept. 21, 1993;

SAT June 10, 2003

Berne (Brussels) Oct. 3, 1928;

SAT Sept. 24, 1993;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Phonograms Sept. 30, 1993;

Tonga Berne (Paris) June 14, 2001;

WTO July 1, 1995;

Spain

WCT July 1, 2008;

WTO July 27, 2007

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1887;

WPPT July 1, 2008;

Bilateral July 10, 1895

VIP May 11, 2020

Trinidad and Tobago

and renewed Nov. 26, 1902;

Berne (Paris) Aug. 16, 1988;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

Syria

UCC Geneva Aug. 19, 1988;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

Berne (Paris) June 11, 2004

UCC Paris Aug. 19, 1988;

Phonograms Aug. 24, 1974;

Phonograms Oct. 1, 1988;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Taiwan (Chinese Taipei)13

WTO Mar. 1, 1995;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

WTO Jan. 1, 2002;

SAT Nov. 1, 1996;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

WCT Nov. 28, 2008;

VIP Jan. 1, 2019

Tajikistan7

WPPT Nov. 28, 2008;

UCC Geneva Aug. 28, 1992;

VIP Jan. 4, 2020

Sri Lanka

Berne (Paris) Mar. 9, 2000;

Berne (Rome) July 20, 1959;

WCT Apr. 5, 2009;

Tunisia

UCC Geneva Jan. 25, 1984;

WPPT Aug. 24, 2011;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1887;

UCC Paris Jan. 25, 1984;

Phonograms Feb. 26, 2013;

UCC Geneva June 19, 1969;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WTO Mar. 2, 2013;

UCC Paris June 10, 1975;

VIP Jan. 5, 2017

VIP May 27, 2019

WTO Mar. 29, 1995; VIP Dec. 7, 2016;

Sudan

Tanzania

WPPT June 16, 2023;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 28, 2000

Berne (Paris) July 25, 1994; WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT June 16, 2023

Sudan, Republic of South

VIP July 8, 2020

Unclear

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Turkey

United States of America

Viet Nam

Berne (Paris) Jan. 1, 1952;

UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955;

Bilateral Dec. 23, 199833;

WTO Mar. 26, 1995;

Phonograms Mar. 10, 1974;

Bilateral Dec. 10, 2001;

WCT Nov. 28, 2008;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 26, 2004;

WPPT Nov. 28, 2008

SAT Mar. 7, 1985;

Phonograms July 6, 2005;

VIP Dec. 28, 2026

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

SAT Jan. 12, 2006;

Berne (Paris) Mar. 1, 1989;

WTO Jan. 11, 2007;

Turkmenistan

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WCT Feb. 17, 2022;

Berne (Paris) May 29, 2016;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WPPT July 1, 2022;

VIP Jan. 15, 2021

VIP May 8, 2019

VIP Mar. 6, 2023

Tuvalu

Uruguay

Yemen

Berne (Paris) June 2, 2017

BAC Mar. 18, 1920;

Berne (Paris) July 14, 2008;

Berne (Paris) July 10, 1967;

WTO June 26, 2014

Uganda

Phonograms Jan. 18, 1983;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

UCC Geneva Apr. 12, 1993;

Zambia

VIP July 23, 2018;

UCC Paris Apr. 12, 1993;

UCC Geneva June 1, 1965;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 28, 2022;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Jan. 2, 1992;

WCT Apr. 28, 2022;

WPPT Aug. 28, 2008;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995

WPPT Apr. 28, 2022

WCT June 5, 2009;

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Zimbabwe

Ukraine7

Berne (Rome) Apr. 18, 1980;

UCC Geneva Jan. 17, 1994;

Uzbekistan

WTO Mar. 5, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Oct. 25, 1995;

Berne (Paris) Apr. 19, 2005;

VIP Dec. 12, 2019

Phonograms Feb. 18, 2000;

Phonograms Apr. 25, 2019;

WCT Mar. 6, 2002;

WCT July 17, 2019;

WPPT May 20, 2002;

WPPT July 17, 2019;

WTO May 16, 2008;

VIP June 7, 2022

VIP Sept. 8, 2023

Vanuatu

United Arab Emirates

Berne (Paris) Dec. 27, 2012;

WTO Apr. 10, 1996;

WTO Aug. 24, 2012;

Berne (Paris) July 14, 2004;

VIP Aug. 6, 2020;

WCT July 14, 2004;

WCT Aug. 6, 2020;

WPPT June 9, 2005;

WPPT Aug. 6, 2020

VIP Sept. 30, 2016

Venezuela

United Kingdom

UCC Geneva Sept. 30, 1966;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 5, 1887;

Phonograms Nov. 18, 1982;

Bilateral July 1, 18919;

Berne (Paris) Dec. 30, 1982;

UCC Geneva Sept. 27, 1957;

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

Phonograms Apr. 18, 1973;

UCC Paris Apr. 11, 1996;

UCC Paris July 10, 1974;

VIP Jan. 2, 2020

WTO Jan. 1, 1995;

WCT Mar. 14, 2010;

WPPT Mar. 14, 2010;

VIP Jan. 1, 2021

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## Statutory provisions

Sections 104 and 104(a) of Title 17 of the United States Code, which pertain to the national origin of
works receiving U.S. copyright protection and copyright in restored works, are reprinted below.

### §104. Subject matter of copyright: National origin

(a) UNPUBLISHED WORKS .- The works specified by sections 102 and 103, while unpublished, are subject to protection
under this title without regard to the nationality or domicile of the author.

(b) PUBLISHED WORKS .- The works specified by sections 102 and 103, when published, are subject to protection
under this title if-

(1) on the date of first publication, one or more of the authors is a national or domiciliary of the United States,
or is a national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a treaty party, or is a stateless person, wherever that person
may be domiciled; or

(2) the work is first published in the United States or in a foreign nation that, on the date of first publication, is
a treaty party; or

(3) the work is a sound recording that was first fixed in a treaty party; or

(4) the work is a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that is incorporated in a building or other structure, or
an architectural work that is embodied in a building and the building or structure is located in the United States
or a treaty party; or

(5) the work is first published by the United Nations or any of its specialized agencies, or by the Organization
of American States; or

(6) the work comes within the scope of a presidential proclamation. Whenever the president finds that a particular
foreign nation extends, to works by authors who are nationals or domiciliaries of the United States or to works that
are first published in the United States, copyright protection on substantially the same basis as that on which the
foreign nation extends protection to works of its own nationals and domiciliaries and works first published in that
nation, the president may by proclamation extend protection under this title to works of which one or more of the
authors is, on the date of first publication, a national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of that nation, or which
was first published in that nation. The president may revise, suspend, or revoke any such proclamation or impose
any conditions or limitations on protection under a proclamation.

For purposes of paragraph (2), a work that is published in the United States or a treaty party within 30 days after
publication in a foreign nation that is not a treaty party shall be considered to be first published in the United States
or such treaty party, as the case may be.

(c) EFFECT OF BERNE CONVENTION .- No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may
be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United
States thereto. Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title that derive from this title, other federal or
state statutes, or the common law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of
the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.

(d) EFFECT OF PHONOGRAMS TREATIES .- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b), no works other than
sound recordings shall be eligible for protection under this title solely by virtue of the adherence of the United States
to the Geneva Phonograms Convention or the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

#### § 104A. Copyright in restored works

(a) AUTOMATIC PROTECTION AND TERM .-

(1) TERM .-

(A) Copyright subsists, in accordance with this section, in restored works, and vests automatically on the date
of restoration.

(B) Any work in which copyright is restored under this section shall subsist for the remainder of the term of
copyright that the work would have otherwise been granted in the United States if the work never entered the
public domain in the United States.

(2) EXCEPTION .- Any work in which the copyright was ever owned or administered by the Alien Property
Custodian and in which the restored copyright would be owned by a government or instrumentality thereof, is
not a restored work.

(b) OWNERSHIP OF RESTORED COPYRIGHT .- A restored work vests initially in the author or initial rightholder of
the work as determined by the law of the source country of the work.

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(c) FILING OF NOTICE OF INTENT TO ENFORCE RESTORED COPYRIGHT AGAINST RELIANCE PARTIES .- On or after
the date of restoration, any person who owns a copyright in a restored work or an exclusive right therein may file with
the Copyright Office a notice of intent to enforce that person's copyright or exclusive right or may serve such a notice
directly on a reliance party. Acceptance of a notice by the Copyright Office is effective as to any reliance parties but shall
not create a presumption of the validity of any of the facts stated therein. Service on a reliance party is effective as to that
reliance party and any other reliance parties with actual knowledge of such service and of the contents of that notice.

(d) REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT OF RESTORED COPYRIGHTS .-

(1) ENFORCEMENT OF COPYRIGHT IN RESTORED WORKS IN THE ABSENCE OF A RELIANCE PARTY .- As against
any party who is not a reliance party, the remedies provided in chapter 5 of this title shall be available on or after
the date of restoration of a restored copyright with respect to an act of infringement of the restored copyright that
is commenced on or after the date of restoration.

(2) ENFORCEMENT OF COPYRIGHT IN RESTORED WORKS AS AGAINST RELIANCE PARTIES .- As against a reliance
party, except to the extent provided in paragraphs (3) and (4), the remedies provided in chapter 5 of this title shall
be available, with respect to an act of infringement of a restored copyright, on or after the date of restoration of the
restored copyright if the requirements of either of the following subparagraphs are met:

(A)(i) The owner of the restored copyright (or such owner's agent) or the owner of an exclusive right therein
(or such owner's agent) files with the Copyright Office, during the 24-month period beginning on the date of
restoration, a notice of intent to enforce the restored copyright; and

(ii)(I) the act of infringement commenced after the end of the 12-month period beginning on the date of
publication of the notice in the Federal Register;

(II) the act of infringement commenced before the end of the 12-month period described in subclause
(I) and continued after the end of that 12-month period, in which case remedies shall be available only
for infringement occurring after the end of that 12-month period; or

(III) copies or phonorecords of a work in which copyright has been restored under this section are
made after publication of the notice of intent in the Federal Register.

(B)(i) The owner of the restored copyright (or such owner's agent) or the owner of an exclusive right therein
(or such owner's agent) serves upon a reliance party a notice of intent to enforce a restored copyright; and

(ii)(I) the act of infringement commenced after the end of the 12-month period beginning on the date
the notice of intent is received;

(II) the act of infringement commenced before the end of the 12-month period described in subclause
(I) and continued after the end of that 12-month period, in which case remedies shall be available only
for the infringement occurring after the end of that 12-month period; or

(III) copies or phonorecords of a work in which copyright has been restored under this section are
made after receipt of the notice of intent.

In the event that notice is provided under both subparagraphs (A) and (B), the 12-month period referred to in such
subparagraphs shall run from the earlier of publication or service of notice.

(3) EXISTING DERIVATIVE WORKS .-

(A) In the case of a derivative work that is based upon a restored work and is created-

(i) before the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, if the source country of the
restored work is an eligible country on such date, or

(ii) before the date on which the source country of the restored work becomes an eligible country, if that
country is not an eligible country on such date of enactment,

a reliance party may continue to exploit that derivative work for the duration of the restored copyright if the
reliance party pays to the owner of the restored copyright reasonable compensation for conduct which would
be subject to a remedy for infringement but for the provisions of this paragraph.

(B) In the absence of an agreement between the parties, the amount of such compensation shall be
determined by an action in United States district court, and shall reflect any harm to the actual or potential
market for or value of the restored work from the reliance party's continued exploitation of the work, as well as
compensation for the relative contributions of expression of the author of the restored work and the reliance
party to the derivative work.

(4) COMMENCEMENT OF INFRINGEMENT FOR RELIANCE PARTIES .- For purposes of section 412, in the case
of reliance parties, infringement shall be deemed to have commenced before registration when acts which would
have constituted infringement had the restored work been subject to copyright were commenced before the date
of restoration.

(e) NOTICES OF INTENT TO ENFORCE A RESTORED COPYRIGHT .-

(1) NOTICES OF INTENT FILED WITH THE COPYRIGHT OFFICE .-

(A)(i) A notice of intent filed with the Copyright Office to enforce a restored copyright shall be signed by the
owner of the restored copyright or the owner of an exclusive right therein, who files the notice under subsection

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(d)(2)(A)(i) (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as the "owner"), or by the owner's agent, shall identify the
title of the restored work, and shall include an English translation of the title and any other alternative titles
known to the owner by which the restored work may be identified, and an address and telephone number
at which the owner may be contacted. If the notice is signed by an agent, the agency relationship must have
been constituted in a writing signed by the owner before the filing of the notice. The Copyright Office may
specifically require in regulations other information to be included in the notice, but failure to provide such other
information shall not invalidate the notice or be a basis for refusal to list the restored work in the Federal Register.

(ii) If a work in which copyright is restored has no formal title, it shall be described in the notice of intent
in detail sufficient to identify it.

(iii) Minor errors or omissions may be corrected by further notice at any time after the notice of intent is
filed. Notices of corrections for such minor errors or omissions shall be accepted after the period established
in subsection (d)(2)(A)(i). Notices shall be published in the Federal Register pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(B)(i) The Register of Copyrights shall publish in the Federal Register, commencing not later than 4 months
after the date of restoration for a particular nation and every 4 months thereafter for a period of 2 years, lists
identifying restored works and the ownership thereof if a notice of intent to enforce a restored copyright has
been filed.

(ii) Not less than 1 list containing all notices of intent to enforce shall be maintained in the Public
Information Office of the Copyright Office and shall be available for public inspection and copying during
regular business hours pursuant to sections 705 and 708.

(C) The Register of Copyrights is authorized to fix reasonable fees based on the costs of receipt, processing,
recording, and publication of notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright and corrections thereto.

(D)(i) Not later than 90 days before the date the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
referred to in section 101(d)(15) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act enters into force with respect to the
United States, the Copyright Office shall issue and publish in the Federal Register regulations governing the filing
under this subsection of notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright.

(ii) Such regulations shall permit owners of restored copyrights to file simultaneously for registration of
the restored copyright.

(2) NOTICES OF INTENT SERVED ON A RELIANCE PARTY .-

(A) Notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright may be served on a reliance party at any time after the
date of restoration of the restored copyright.

(B) Notices of intent to enforce a restored copyright served on a reliance party shall be signed by the owner or
the owner's agent, shall identify the restored work and the work in which the restored work is used, if any, in detail
sufficient to identify them, and shall include an English translation of the title, any other alternative titles known
to the owner by which the work may be identified, the use or uses to which the owner objects, and an address
and telephone number at which the reliance party may contact the owner. If the notice is signed by an agent, the
agency relationship must have been constituted in writing and signed by the owner before service of the notice.

(3) EFFECT OF MATERIAL FALSE STATEMENTS .- Any material false statement knowingly made with respect to
any restored copyright identified in any notice of intent shall make void all claims and assertions made with respect
to such restored copyright.

(f) IMMUNITY FROM WARRANTY AND RELATED LIABILITY .-

(1) IN GENERAL .- Any person who warrants, promises, or guarantees that a work does not violate an exclusive
right granted in section 106 shall not be liable for legal, equitable, arbitral, or administrative relief if the warranty,
promise, or guarantee is breached by virtue of the restoration of copyright under this section, if such warranty,
promise, or guarantee is made before January 1, 1995.

(2) PERFORMANCES .- No person shall be required to perform any act if such performance is made infringing
by virtue of the restoration of copyright under the provisions of this section, if the obligation to perform was
undertaken before January 1, 1995.

(g) PROCLAMATION OF COPYRIGHT RESTORATION .- Whenever the President finds that a particular foreign
nation extends, to works by authors who are nationals or domiciliaries of the United States, restored copyright
protection on substantially the same basis as provided under this section, the President may by proclamation extend
restored protection provided under this section to any work-

(1) of which one or more of the authors is, on the date of first publication, a national, domiciliary, or sovereign
authority of that nation; or

(2) which was first published in that nation.

The President may revise, suspend, or revoke any such proclamation or impose any conditions or limitations on
protection under such a proclamation.

(h) DEFINITIONS .- For purposes of this section and section 109(a):

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(1) The term "date of adherence or proclamation" means the earlier of the date on which a foreign nation which,
as of the date the WTO Agreement enters into force with respect to the United States, is not a nation adhering to
the Berne Convention or a WTO member country, becomes-

(A) a nation adhering to the Berne Convention;

(B) a WTO member country;

(C) a nation adhering to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;

(D) a nation adhering to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or

(E) subject to a Presidential proclamation under subsection (g).

(2) The "date of restoration" of a restored copyright is-

(A) January 1, 1996, if the source country of the restored work is a nation adhering to the Berne Convention
or a WTO member country on such date, or

(B) the date of adherence or proclamation, in the case of any other source country of the restored work.

(3) The term "eligible country" means a nation, other than the United States, that-

(A) becomes a WTO member country after the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act;

(B) on such date of enactment is, or after such date of enactment becomes, a nation adhering to the Berne
Convention;

(C) adheres to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;

(D) adheres to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or

(E) after such date of enactment becomes subject to a proclamation under subsection (g).

(4) The term "reliance party" means any person who-

(A) with respect to a particular work, engages in acts, before the source country of that work becomes an
eligible country, which would have violated section 106 if the restored work had been subject to copyright
protection, and who, after the source country becomes an eligible country, continues to engage in such acts;

(B) before the source country of a particular work becomes an eligible country, makes or acquires 1 or
more copies or phonorecords of that work; or

(C) as the result of the sale or other disposition of a derivative work covered under subsection (d)(3), or
significant assets of a person described in subparagraph (A) or (B), is a successor, assignee, or licensee of that
person.

(5) The term "restored copyright" means copyright in a restored work under this section.

(6) The term "restored work" means an original work of authorship that-

(A) is protected under subsection (a);

(B) is not in the public domain in its source country through expiration of term of protection;

(C) is in the public domain in the United States due to-

(i) noncompliance with formalities imposed at any time by United States copyright law, including failure
of renewal, lack of proper notice, or failure to comply with any manufacturing requirements;

(ii) lack of subject matter protection in the case of sound recordings fixed before February 15, 1972; or

(iii) lack of national eligibility;

(D) has at least one author or rightholder who was, at the time the work was created, a national or domiciliary
of an eligible country, and if published, was first published in an eligible country and not published in the United
States during the 30-day period following publication in such eligible country; and

(E) if the source country for the work is an eligible country solely by virtue of its adherence to the WIPO
Performances and Phonograms Treaty, is a sound recording.

(7) The term "rightholder" means the person-

(A) who, with respect to a sound recording, first fixes a sound recording with authorization, or

(B) who has acquired rights from the person described in subparagraph (A) by means of any conveyance
or by operation of law.

(8) The "source country" of a restored work is-

(A) a nation other than the United States;

(B) in the case of an unpublished work-

(i) the eligible country in which the author or rightholder is a national or domiciliary, or, if a restored
work has more than 1 author or rightholder, of which the majority of foreign authors or rightholders are
nationals or domiciliaries; or

(ii) if the majority of authors or rightholders are not foreign, the nation other than the United States which
has the most significant contacts with the work; and

(C) in the case of a published work-

(i) the eligible country in which the work is first published, or

(ii) if the restored work is published on the same day in 2 or more eligible countries, the eligible country
which has the most significant contacts with the work.

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NOTES

1\. This circular is intended as an overview of registering a work with the Copyright Office after receiving
a demand for mandatory deposit. The authoritative source for U.S. copyright law is Title 17 of United
States Code, which includes the Copyright Act of 1976 and all subsequent amendments to copyright
law. Copyright Office regulations are codified in Title 37 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Copyright
Office practices and procedures are summarized in the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices,
Third Edition. The copyright law, regulations, and the Compendium are available on the Copyright Office
website at copyright.gov.

2\. U.S. federal copyright law applies in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands
but not in American Samoa.

3\. The Marrakesh Treaty requires contracting parties to adopt national law provisions that permit the
reproduction, distribution, and making available of published works in accessible formats through
limitations and exceptions to the rights of copyright holders. It also provides for the exchange of these
accessible-format works across borders by organizations that serve persons who are blind, visually
impaired, and print disabled.

4\. The Beijing Treaty updates the international legal framework for audiovisual performers to provide
rights and protections similar to those already provided for musical performers under the WPPT. Included
in the Beijing Treaty are articles requiring national treatment for audiovisual performers in other countries,
exclusive rights for audiovisual performers, and safeguards for technological protection measures.

5\. In certain cases, the United States may have had copyright relations with former territories or colonies
of countries such as France, the Netherlands, Portugal, the Soviet Union, Spain, and the United Kingdom
before those countries and their territories gained independence and joined international copyright
treaties and conventions and bilateral agreements in their own right. The legal situations involved may
be fact-specific, and the scope of copyright protection for U.S. works in such situations may be complex.

6\. Copyright relations between Australia and the United States were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement, effective Jan. 1, 2005.

7\. Each of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries listed in this circular is a successor to
the Soviet Union's copyright treaty obligations, in particular those under UCC Geneva; accordingly, each is
a member of UCC Geneva effective May 27, 1973, the date the Soviet Union became a party. The successor
status of each country was confirmed in a bilateral trade agreement between each country and the
United States, effective on the following dates: Armenia (Apr. 2, 1992); Azerbaijan (Apr. 21, 1995); Belarus
(Feb. 16, 1993); Georgia (Aug. 13, 1993); Kazakhstan (Feb. 18, 1993); Kyrgyz Republic (Aug. 21, 1992);
Moldova (July 2, 1992); Russia (June 17, 1992); Tajikistan (Nov. 24, 1993); Turkmenistan (Oct. 25, 1993);
Ukraine (June 23, 1992); Uzbekistan (Jan. 13, 1994). However, only the countries listed in this circular as
parties to the UCC have filed notices of succession with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization, which administers UCC Geneva. The notices of succession are effective on the
dates specified.

8\. Copyright relations between the United States and Bahrain were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, effective Jan. 11, 2006.

9\. Copyright relations between the United States and Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, and
Switzerland were established by Presidential Proclamation No. 3. of July 1, 1891, 27 Stat. 981 (1891),
effective that same date, under the authority of the Chase Act of 1891.

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10\. Relations between Canada and the United States were further developed pursuant to the Canada-
U.S. Free Trade Agreement, effective Jan. 1, 1989.

11\. Relations between Canada, Mexico, and the United States were further developed pursuant to the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), effective Jan. 1, 1994. NAFTA was renegotiated and replaced with
the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force on July 1, 2020.

12\. Copyright relations between Chile and the United States were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement, effective Jan. 1, 2004.

13\. The government of the People's Republic of China views the 1904 treaty as not binding. In the territory
administered by the authorities on Taiwan, the treaty is considered to be in force.

14\. Copyright relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America were
established, effective Mar. 17, 1992, by a presidential proclamation of the same date, under the authority
of section 104 of Title 17 of the United States Code, as amended on Oct. 31, 1988 (Public Law 100-568,
102 Stat. 2853, 2855).

15\. Copyright relations between Colombia and the United States were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement, effective May 15, 2012.

16\. This country became a party to the Mexico City Convention, 1902, effective June 30, 1908, to which
the United States also became a party, effective on the same date. As regards copyright relations with the
United States, this convention is considered to have been superseded by adherence of this country and
the United States to the Buenos Aires Convention of 1910.

17\. Copyright relations between the United States and Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua were further developed pursuant to the Dominican Republic-
Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR). All countries signed CAFTA-DR on Aug. 5, 2004.
CAFTA-DR entered into force for each country on the dates specified in this circular.

18\. This country became a party to the Mexico City Convention, 1902, effective June 30, 1908, to which the
United States also became a party, effective on the same date.

19\. Formerly European Communities. The effective date of the name change from European Communities
to European Union is December 1, 2009. Currently, EU member countries are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, and Sweden. The European Commission is the European Union's executive arm.

20\. The dates of adherence by Germany to multilateral treaties include adherence by the Federal Republic
of Germany when that country was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany and the German
Democratic Republic. However, through the accession, effective Oct. 3, 1990, of the German Democratic
Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, in accordance with the German Unification Treaty of Aug. 31,
1990, the German Democratic Republic ceased, on the said date, to be a sovereign state. Previously, the
German Democratic Republic had become party to the Paris Act of the Berne Convention for the Protection
of Literary and Artistic Works on Feb. 18, 1978, but ceased to be a party to the said convention on Oct. 3,
1990\. The German Democratic Republic had also been a member of the Universal Copyright Convention,
having become party to the Geneva text of the convention on Oct. 5, 1973, and party to the revised Paris
text of the same convention on Dec. 10, 1980.

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21\. Date on which the accession by the German Empire became effective.

22\. Copyright relations between the United States and Germany were established effective July 12, 1967,
by Presidential Proclamation No. 3792 of that same date, at 32 FR 10341, under the authority of the
Copyright Act of 1909 as amended at 55 Stat. 732.

23\. Prior to the return of Hong Kong to China, bilateral copyright relations existed with Hong Kong
through the United Kingdom (from Aug. 1, 1973), and Phonogram Convention Membership existed
through the United Kingdom (from Mar. 4, 1975). The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary
and Artistic Works of Sept. 9, 1886, as amended in 1979, applies to Hong Kong, China, through the
People's Republic of China (PRC), effective July 1, 1997. The Convention for the Protection of Producers
of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms applies to Hong Kong, China,
through the PRC, effective July 1, 1997.

24\. Copyright relations between Japan and the United States, which were formulated effective May 10,
1906, are considered to have been abrogated and superseded by the adherence of Japan to the UCC
Geneva, effective Apr. 28, 1956.

25\. Copyright relations between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the United States were further
developed pursuant to the United States-Jordan Free Trade Agreement, effective Dec. 17, 2001.

26\. Prior to the return of Macau to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Macau was a member of Berne
(Paris) through Portugal. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of Sept. 9,
1886, applies to Macau, China, effective Dec. 20, 1999, through the PRC.

27\. Copyright relations between the United States and Morocco were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement, effective Jan. 1, 2006.

28\. Refers to the country in Europe and the Netherland Antilles.

29\. Copyright relations between the United States and Oman were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Oman Free Trade Agreement, effective Jan. 1, 2009.

30\. Copyright relations between the United States and Panama were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement, effective Oct. 21, 2012.

31\. Copyright relations between the United States and Peru were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, effective Feb. 1, 2009.

32\. Copyright relations between the United States and Singapore were further developed pursuant to the
United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, effective Jan. 1, 2004.

33\. Copyright relations between the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the United States were
established effective December 23, 1998, by Presidential Proclamation No. 7161 of that same date, at
63 FR 71571 (1998), under the authority of sections 104(b)(5) and 104A(g) of Title 17 of the United States
Code, as amended.

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## For further information

By internet

The copyright law, the Compendium, electronic registration, application forms, regulations,
and related materials are available on the Copyright Office website at copyright.gov.

### By email

To send an email inquiry, Contact Us on the Copyright Office website.

By telephone
For general information, call the Copyright Public Information Office at 202-707-3000 or
877-476-0778 (toll free). Staff members are on duty from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., eastern time,
Monday through Friday, except federal holidays.

By regular mail

Write to
Library of Congress
U.S. Copyright Office
Public Information Division
101 Independence Avenue SE #6303
Washington, DC 20559-6303

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