Robert Garceau v. City of Flint, Michigan; Darryl Patterson; Alvern Lock

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 18a0513n.06
No. 17-2347
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
ROBERT GARCEAU; ALAN DICKENSON, II;
STEVEN HOWE; CARY WOOSTER; ERIC EADS;
LAWRENCE LAFRAMBOISE; TROY SIMPSON;
ESTHER CAMPBELL; CHAD BALDWIN;
RODNEY HALL; JOHN CRAMER; MICHAEL
ROSS,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
CITY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN; DARRYL
PATTERSON; ALVERN LOCK,
Defendants-Appellees.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
BEFORE: CLAY and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; ZOUHARY, District Judge.*
GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in defendants’ favor in this
§ 1983 “reverse race” discrimination matter. We affirm.
In 2011, the City of Flint Police Department, due to serious financial woes, had an excess
of sergeant openings. Its then-Chief of Police, defendant Alvern Lock, decided to provisionally
promote individuals under Rule VII, Section 3 of the City’s Personnel Rules and Regulations until
the Department could create and administer a formal promotional exam. Lock turned to two
*The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.

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No. 17-2347
Garceau, et al. v. City of Flint, et al.
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captains for help, defendant Patterson and T.P. Johnson,1 asking that they generate a list of those
individuals they believed “would be qualified . . . [and] best suited for” the positions. Lock
retained final authority over the decision-making process, and upon the recommendations from
Patterson and Johnson provisionally promoted twelve individuals. The City then conducted a
series of promotional exams, after which some of the provisionally promoted individuals, along
with other officers who also received the highest exam scores, were permanently promoted.
Plaintiffs are several Caucasian police officers who were not provisionally promoted to
sergeant.2 They brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action claiming defendants discriminated against
them because of their race during the provisional-appointment process in violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection guarantee. Plaintiffs asserted a variety of other claims
against defendants as well, which are not at issue in this appeal. Their general theory is that the
Flint Police Department has a long history of discriminating against Caucasian police officers, and
that this history repeated itself in the use of subjective criteria to justify promoting African
American officers instead of them.3
The district court entered summary judgment in defendants’ favor on plaintiffs’ § 1983
claims. In so doing, it assumed Title VII’s mixed-motive rubric applied to standalone § 1983
claims,4 which provides that a plaintiff must “produce evidence sufficient to convince a jury that:
1Despite his equal role in the allegedly discriminatory provisional hiring process, Johnson,
a white male, was not named as a defendant in this action.
2Plaintiffs Campbell and Simpson were permanently promoted to sergeant following
subsequent exams.
3Plaintiffs assert this theory notwithstanding the fact that use of their proffered objective
criterium—seniority—would not have resulted in their promotion and actually would have resulted
in more African American officers being promoted.
4As opposed to the more exacting McDonnell Douglas/Burdine burden-shifting framework
for single-motive claims.

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No. 17-2347
Garceau, et al. v. City of Flint, et al.
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(1) the defendant took an adverse employment action against the plaintiff; and (2) race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for the defendant’s adverse employment
action.” White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d 381, 400 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation
marks and emphasis omitted). In a well-reasoned opinion, the district court comprehensively
detailed why there was no record evidence—aside from a “single, stray comment [by Lock] that
was temporally remote to the instant promotions”—indicating plaintiffs’ race motivated Lock’s
promotional decisions, noting that “the bulk of Plaintiffs’ proffered evidence consists of
impermissible hearsay, blatant speculation, or misrepresented facts from the record.”
Plaintiffs’ briefing on appeal leaves much to be desired. Noticeably absent is a citation to
record evidence reflecting a genuine issue of material fact—evidence that defendants treated
similarly-situated individuals differently (i.e., those individuals who did receive provisional
promotions). Instead, plaintiffs largely repeat verbatim the brief they filed below, and do so
without addressing the district court’s rejection of their positions and criticism of their factual
distortions.
We have reviewed the record on appeal. Because the district court fully and accurately
articulated the reasons why judgment should be entered for defendants, a detailed opinion by this
court would be duplicative and serve no useful purpose. Accordingly, we adopt the analysis and
conclusions of the district court and affirm on the basis of its August 31, 2016, opinion.

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