United States of America v. Delbert Garfield Stewart

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 23a0147p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
DELBERT GARFIELD STEWART,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Nos. 22-3682/3881
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron.
No. 5:21-cr-00371-1—Solomon Oliver, Jr., District Judge.
Decided and Filed: July 10, 2023
Before: CLAY, KETHLEDGE, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Paul M. Flannery, FLANNERY GEORGALIS LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, W.
Benjamin Reese, FLANNERY GEORGALIS LLC, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Damoun
Delaviz, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
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OPINION
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LARSEN, Circuit Judge. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) temporarily
suspended Delbert Stewart’s private pilot airman’s certificate, but Stewart kept flying his plane.
So the FAA permanently revoked Stewart’s airman’s certificate. Still, Stewart kept flying. Now
Stewart challenges his criminal conviction for flying without authorization. We AFFIRM.
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I.
Stewart obtained his private pilot airman’s certificate in 1978 and flew without incident
for decades. See 14 C.F.R. § 61.113(a) (describing the private pilot certificate). But Stewart
came to the FAA’s attention in 2013, when he flew at altitudes and in weather conditions for
which he was not authorized. The FAA notified Stewart that the agency planned to suspend his
airman’s certificate and gave him four options of how to respond: (1) surrender his airman’s
certificate and begin the 180-day suspension immediately; (2) submit information showing that
he had not violated the regulations; (3) request to discuss the matter informally with an FAA
attorney; or (4) request that the order be issued so that Stewart could appeal to the National
Transportation Safety Board. Stewart did not exercise any of these options; instead he sent the
FAA a letter stating his belief that the agency lacked jurisdiction over private pilots.
The FAA officially suspended Stewart’s airman’s certificate in February 2014. The 180-
day suspension was to start when Stewart surrendered his certificate; but Stewart never turned in
his certificate or appealed the suspension. The FAA assessed a $5,000 civil penalty on Stewart
for failure to turn in his certificate, but Stewart kept flying. When he failed to properly deploy
his plane’s landing gear a few years later, the FAA again investigated Stewart and flagged his
plane for inspection. Stewart did not comply with the inspection requirements, and the FAA
suspended the airworthiness certificate for his plane. Still, Stewart kept flying, though he now
had neither a valid airman’s certificate nor a valid airworthiness certificate for his plane. On
another flight, Stewart again landed his plane with the landing gear up. So the FAA revoked
Stewart’s airman’s certificate in October 2019. In May 2020, the FAA again assessed a $5,000
civil penalty for Stewart’s failure to surrender his airman’s certificate. But that didn’t stop
Stewart either; he completed at least two more flights after that.
In May of 2021, a grand jury indicted Stewart on three counts of “knowingly and
willfully serv[ing] . . . as an airman without an airman’s certificate authorizing the individual to
serve in that capacity.” 49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7). Each count was tied to a particular flight
Stewart flew with a suspended or revoked airman’s certificate. Stewart moved to dismiss the
indictment, arguing that § 46306(b)(7) did not cover his conduct. Stewart posited that he was not
“without” an airman’s certificate because he still had physical possession of his; and, in

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Stewart’s view, the statute did not require that the certificate be valid. The district court denied
Stewart’s motion to dismiss, reasoning that “the statute unambiguously requires airmen to have a
certificate that authorizes them to serve in that capacity,” and Stewart’s suspended or revoked
certificate did not do so. Pursuant to a plea agreement, Stewart entered a conditional plea to one
count of the indictment, reserving the right to appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss. Stewart
was sentenced to two years of probation. This timely appeal followed.
II.
Stewart argues that the statute charged in the indictment—49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7)—
does not reach his conduct. Because Stewart’s challenge involves a question of statutory
interpretation, we review de novo. See United States v. Jackson, 995 F.3d 522, 524 (6th Cir.
2021).
Our review begins with the statutory text. See id. When that text is clear, “this first step
of the interpretive inquiry is our last.” Rotkiske v. Klemm, 140 S. Ct. 355, 360 (2019). Stewart
was charged under 49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7), which reads: “. . . a person shall be fined under title
18, imprisoned for not more than 3 years, or both, if the person . . . knowingly and willfully
serves or attempts to serve in any capacity as an airman without an airman’s certificate
authorizing the individual to serve in that capacity.” Giving those terms their plain meaning, a
revoked or suspended certificate cannot authorize someone to fly.
To “authorize” means “to give official permission for something to happen, or to give
someone official permission to do something.” Authorize, Cambridge Dictionary, available
at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/authorizing (last visited July 6, 2023);
see also Authorize, Merriam-Webster, available at https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/authorize (last visited July 6, 2023) (defining the term as “to endorse,
empower, justify, or permit by or as if by some recognized or proper authority . . . ;” “to invest
especially with legal authority”). Authorizing is the present participle of authorize, which means
that it “expresses present action.” Present Participle, Merriam-Webster, available at
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/present%20participle (last visited July 6, 2023).
So the text clearly required Stewart to have official permission to fly at the time of the flights in

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Nos. 22-3682/3881 United States v. Stewart Page 4
question—it does not matter that he had permission at some earlier date. That official
permission had to come from the FAA. See 14 C.F.R. § 61.13. The FAA had suspended or
revoked Stewart’s airman’s certificate when Stewart flew each of the charged flights. FAA
regulations make clear that a suspended or revoked certificate is not “valid,” and “must” be
returned to the FAA. 14 C.F.R. § 61.19(a)(2), (f). Because Stewart’s suspended or revoked
certificate was not valid, it could not have served as Stewart’s official permission—that is,
authorization—for Stewart to serve as a private pilot at the time of the charged flights. Stewart’s
conduct therefore is properly covered by 49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7), and the district court did not
err in denying his motion to dismiss.
Stewart’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. He argues that he was not “without
an airman’s certificate” because he had one in his possession; its validity he says is irrelevant
because the statute does not say that a certificate must be “valid.” But this reading ignores the
rest of the text, which requires a “certificate authorizing the [airman] to serve in that capacity.”
49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(7) (emphasis added). To focus on mere possession would read
“authorizing” out of the statute. But “every word . . . is to be given effect in a statute,” and we
should avoid “interpretations that cause words to have no consequence.” United States v.
VanDemark, 39 F.4th 318, 325 (6th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted). To give “authorizing”
meaning, the airman’s certificate must give the pilot permission to fly the plane.
It makes no difference that a prior version of the statute expressly required a “valid”
certificate “authorizing” flight. See 49 U.S.C. App. § 1472. An invalid certificate could never
grant “authoriz[ation],” so when Congress removed the term as part of a recodification project, it
could not have meant that an invalid certificate would do. For the same reason, we are not
persuaded by Stewart’s attempt to draw a negative inference from the fact that two differently
structured provisions of the statute expressly criminalize flying aircraft with “suspended or
revoked” registrations. See 49 U.S.C. § 46306(b)(5)–(6). The provision at issue in Stewart’s
case pegs criminal liability to “knowingly and willfully” flying “without an airman’s certificate
authorizing” him (in the present) to do so. Id. at § 46306(b)(7) (emphasis added). A suspended
or revoked certificate does not provide such permission.

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Stewart argues that two district court cases support his contention that criminal liability
turns on “whether a pilot has an airman’s certificate that was issued to him, not whether the FAA
may have suspended that certificate.” Appellant’s Br. at 21–22 (citing United States v. Evinger,
761 F. Supp. 42, 43 (W.D. Tex. 1990) and United States v. One Helicopter, 770 F. Supp. 436,
439–40 (N.D. Ill. 1991)). But these cases neither bind nor persuade us. Neither involved a
suspended or revoked airman’s certificate, a point the Fifth Circuit emphasized in affirming the
district court’s dismissal of the indictment in Evinger. See United States v. Evinger, 919 F.2d
381, 384 (5th Cir. 1990) (“[Evinger] had a valid airman certificate that permitted him to act in
the capacity of private pilot and therefore he did not violate [the statute].”).
Stewart’s argument that his misconduct must be treated as a purely civil matter is also
unpersuasive. Congress routinely makes criminal and civil consequences available for similar
conduct. Consider, for example, statutes proscribing drug distribution, compare 21 U.S.C. § 841
(criminal) with 21 U.S.C. § 842 (civil), submission of false claims upon or against the United
States, compare 18 U.S.C. § 287 (criminal) with 31 U.S.C. § 3729 et seq. (civil), and misconduct
by law enforcement, compare 18 U.S.C. § 242 (criminal) with 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (civil). Stewart
has not explained why such schemes are impermissible.
Finally, as explained above, the text of the criminal statute here plainly covers Stewart’s
conduct. That dooms his resort to lenity. See Shular v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 779, 787 (2020)
(explaining that the rule of lenity applies only to an “ambiguous statute” (citation omitted)).
Because the indictment alleged conduct satisfying every element of 49 U.S.C.
§ 46306(b)(7), the district court did not err in denying Stewart’s motion to dismiss.
* * *
We AFFIRM.

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