Dominga Sanik Herrera v. PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 25a0338p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
DOMINGA SANIK HERRERA,
Petitioner,
v.
PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
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No. 25-3207
On Petition for Review from the Board of Immigration Appeals.
No. A 075 334 494.
Decided and Filed: December 15, 2025
Before: NALBANDIAN, DAVIS, and HERMANDORFER, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Margaret W. Wong, MARGARET WONG & ASSOCIATES LLC, Cleveland,
Ohio, for Petitioner. Remi da Rocha-Afodu, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
HERMANDORFER, Circuit Judge. After Dominga Sanik Herrera entered the United
States unlawfully, an immigration judge ordered her removed to her native country of
Guatemala. Herrera later sought to reopen her removal proceedings on the ground that she
lacked notice of the original removal hearing. Herrera’s attempt failed after she did not respond
to an IJ’s request for more information about her lack-of-notice claim. Nearly a decade later, in
2020, Herrera re-raised her lack-of-notice argument in a second motion to reopen her removal
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proceedings. The IJ denied her motion as number barred. The Board of Immigration Appeals
agreed and dismissed Herrera’s appeal of the IJ’s decision. It also declined to reopen
proceedings sua sponte. Because Herrera failed to exhaust her number-bar challenge, we deny
her petition in part. And because we lack jurisdiction over the Board’s decision not to reopen
sua sponte, we dismiss her petition in part.
I
Herrera, a native and citizen of Guatemala, entered the United States without inspection
in January 1994. In March 1997, she applied for asylum and withholding of removal. It appears
the address Herrera provided on her application was that of a Tennessee man who helped her
complete the asylum application because Herrera believed him to be “a knowledgeable
immigration attorney” at the time. A.R. 94. The application nonetheless attested that Herrera
resided at the provided address and listed no alternative way of reaching Herrera. And Herrera
did not make any changes to that address or provide an alternative address at her asylum
interview.
Two months later, using the address from Herrera’s application, the Government served
Herrera with a Notice to Appear. The Notice to Appear charged her as removable under 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). It set her removal proceeding for a date in August; the hearing was
later advanced to June 19, 1997. Herrera did not attend the June hearing. An IJ then ordered
Herrera removed in absentia.
Over a decade later, in September 2010, Herrera moved to reopen her removal
proceedings and rescind the in absentia removal order. Herrera contended that she never
received the Notice to Appear and that she lacked notice of the June 1997 hearing date. In
December 2010, the IJ issued an interim order requesting additional evidence regarding
Herrera’s lack-of-notice claim within 60 days. Herrera failed to provide more evidence or any
further response. So the IJ denied her motion to reopen. Herrera did not appeal the IJ’s decision
to the Board.
Herrera waited nearly another decade before filing a second motion to reopen in June
2020. That second motion asserted the same notice-based arguments Herrera pressed previously.

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In response, the IJ recognized that persons previously ordered removed may generally file only
one motion to reopen. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(1). The IJ noted
that agency regulations further specify that “an alien may file only one motion” to reopen and
rescind an in absentia order of removal “based on lack of notice.” A.R. 54 (citing 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.23(b)(4)(ii)). Herrera, in the IJ’s view, did not satisfy the changed-country-conditions
exception to that number-bar rule as needed to advance a new asylum or withholding-of-removal
claim. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(i). So the IJ applied the number-bar rule to reject Herrera’s
second motion.
Herrera appealed the IJ’s decision to the Board. Her brief before the Board contended
that she never received adequate notice of the 1997 removal hearing and that extraordinary
circumstances excused her failure to appear at that hearing. Herrera also argued that the in
absentia order was erroneous because the IJ applied the incorrect legal framework. And she
requested that the Board reopen her proceedings sua sponte. Missing from the brief was any
argument about the IJ’s number-bar conclusion.
The Board dismissed Herrera’s appeal. It concluded that Herrera did “not meaningfully
challenge the [IJ’s] determination that her motion [was] numerically barred.” A.R. 3. The Board
also determined that Herrera did “not make any argument for equitable tolling of the numerical
limitation.” Id. So the Board “deem[ed] these issues waived.” Id. And because the number-bar
analysis was “dispositive,” the Board did not address Herrera’s merits arguments supporting her
second motion to reopen. Id. at 4. Finally, the Board declined to reopen Herrera’s removal
proceedings sua sponte. In explaining that “discretionary” decision, the Board cited Herrera’s
lack of “due diligence in seeking reopening” over the 27 years following her removal order, her
lengthy unlawful presence, and the “importance of finality in immigration proceedings.” Id.
Herrera timely petitioned for this Court’s review.
II
Herrera challenges three aspects of the Board’s decision. First, she contends that the
Board erred in its number-bar analysis. That is so, she claims, because the Board failed to
consider whether equitable tolling applied to the numerical limitation on her second motion to

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reopen. She also asserts that the number bar did not preclude her motion in any event. Second,
Herrera argues that the Board erred in declining to reopen her removal proceedings sua sponte.
And third, she maintains that the Board violated her Fifth Amendment right to due process by
failing to adequately explain its reasoning. We address, and reject, each challenge in turn.
A
The agency denied Herrera’s second motion to reopen on the ground that the motion was
number barred. But as the Government points out, Herrera’s brief to the Board did not contest
the IJ’s number-bar holding. From there, the Government argues that Herrera failed to exhaust
her challenge to the agency’s reliance on the number bar. And it says her failure in turn
precludes this Court’s review of the present arguments. We agree.
Courts generally “may review a final order of removal only if” “the alien has exhausted
all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d). Although
non-jurisdictional, the exhaustion requirement is a claim-processing rule “that a court must
enforce” when “a party properly raises it”—as the Government does here. Mazariegos-Rodas v.
Garland, 122 F.4th 655, 664 (6th Cir. 2024) (quoting Fort Bend County v. Davis, 587 U.S. 541,
549 (2019)). To satisfy that exhaustion requirement, those appealing IJ decisions must “preserve
each claim by presenting it to the” Board. Cuevas-Nuno v. Barr, 969 F.3d 331, 334 (6th Cir.
2020) (citation omitted). We look to the petitioner’s “brief before the [Board] to determine
which claims [she] adequately raised before that body.” Id.
The Board determined that Herrera “waived” any challenge to the IJ’s conclusion that her
second motion to reopen was number barred. A.R. 3. The Board likewise deemed waived “any
argument for equitable tolling of the numerical limitation.” Id. We agree that Herrera’s brief
before the Board failed to specifically challenge the IJ’s determination that the number bar
applied. Her Board brief instead opted to discuss equitable tolling in the context of the 180-day
filing deadline for motions to reopen. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(ii). But that deadline was
not at issue in the IJ’s decision. And Herrera’s brief before the Board otherwise made no
mention of “equitable tolling” as applied to the number bar. Herrera Br. 22. Herrera’s brief in
this Court likewise fails to address—and forfeits any challenge to—the Board’s waiver analysis.

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See In re Burke, 863 F.3d 521, 528 (6th Cir. 2017). We therefore deny Herrera’s petition for
review of the Board’s number-bar decision on exhaustion grounds without proceeding to the
merits of her notice-based arguments.
B
Herrera next contends that the Board erred by failing to consider her “exceptional
circumstances” when declining to reopen her proceedings sua sponte. Herrera Br. 20. That
argument also fails because we generally lack jurisdiction to review the Board’s denial of sua
sponte reopening. Nor do Herrera’s arguments support treating her case as an exception to our
no-review rule.
1
Before the Board, Herrera moved for reopening of her case sua sponte. If a party’s
request to reopen a case sua sponte sounds like a “misnomer,” that’s because it is. Salazar-
Marroquin v. Barr, 969 F.3d 814, 816 n.1 (7th Cir. 2020). “Sua sponte” refers to an action taken
by an adjudicator “[w]ithout prompting or suggestion.” Sua Sponte, Black’s Law Dictionary
1728 (12th ed. 2024). So definitionally, “reopening is not sua sponte where the alien requests
it.” Djie v. Garland, 39 F.4th 280, 282 n.1 (5th Cir. 2022).
These so-called “sua sponte” reopening motions do not stem from any statutory right—
indeed, the Immigration and Nationality Act “does not specifically address” the concept of sua
sponte reopening. Tamenut v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d 1000, 1003 (8th Cir. 2008) (en banc). Instead,
the Board’s power to engage in sua sponte reopening derives exclusively from the Board’s
regulations. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(a). The operative provision states that “[t]he Board may at
any time reopen or reconsider on its own motion any case in which it has rendered a decision.”
Id. And it goes on to note that “[t]he Board has discretion to deny a motion to reopen even if the
moving party has made out a prima facie case for relief.” Id. No other limits on the Board’s sua
sponte authority appear.
We’ve thus explained that the regulation vests “unfettered discretion” in the Board “to
decide whether to exercise sua sponte authority.” Guzman-Torralva v. Bondi, 154 F.4th 880,

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884 (6th Cir. 2025) (citation omitted). That dynamic has follow-on consequences for our
authority to engage in judicial review. Under the Administrative Procedure Act, courts lack
power to review agencies’ decisions when the “agency action is committed to agency discretion
by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2). In Harchenko v. INS, 379 F.3d 405 (6th Cir. 2004), we
concluded that the Board’s unfettered discretion as to “whether to invoke sua sponte authority”
to reopen meant such decisions are “not subject to judicial review,” id. at 410-11 (citation
omitted).
From then on, our decisions have reiterated the rule that “we lack jurisdiction to review a
[Board] decision declining to exercise its discretionary authority to sua sponte reopen a removal
order.” Cuevas-Nuno, 969 F.3d at 335.1 Applying that “well settled” rule here, we conclude that
the Board’s discretionary decision to deny Herrera’s motion for sua sponte reopening is likewise
“not subject to judicial review.” Guzman-Torralva, 154 F.4th at 884 (citation omitted).
2
Herrera’s counterarguments in favor of review do not persuade. She first contends that
Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369 (2024), means we now “may independently
review” the Board’s denial of sua sponte reopening “for legal errors.” Herrera Br. 3, 9-10. We
disagree. Under Loper Bright, courts must exercise their independent judgment when
interpreting the statutory provisions agencies administer. 603 U.S. at 394. But our prior cases
declining to review the Board’s sua sponte reopening decisions have not rested on deference to
the Board’s reading of a statute. See Barry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 721, 723 (6th Cir. 2008);
Harchenko, 379 F.3d at 410-11. So Loper Bright does not call for unsettling our no-review rule.
Herrera otherwise suggests that we may review whether the Board committed an
underlying legal error in denying review sua sponte. But in Rais v. Holder, 768 F.3d 453 (6th
Cir. 2014), we held that our no-jurisdiction rule applied even accepting that the Board’s sua
sponte denial there turned on “questions of law,” id. at 464. Rais has since been understood by
1See also, e.g., Guzman-Torralva, 154 F.4th at 884; Lopez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1000, 1003 (6th Cir.
2021); Barry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 721, 723 (6th Cir. 2008).

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many to preclude legal-error review of sua sponte reopening denials.2 That view would mandate
rejecting review of Herrera’s sua sponte reopening request no matter its legal-error gloss.
Just recently, though, our Court deemed it not “clear” whether Rais’s no-review rule
governs requests to review the “legal standards underlying” the Board’s denial of sua sponte
reopening. Vargas-Rodriguez v. Bondi, 156 F.4th 708, 716 (6th Cir. 2025). Some unpublished
decisions have suggested the same.3 Whatever the potential conflicts in our caselaw, we need
not cull through them here. That is because Herrera’s review request puts no cognizable “legal
standards” in play regardless. Id.
Examining the Board’s decision shows why. The Board did not rest its denial of sua
sponte review on some discrete legal issue. Instead, the Board opted to “decline [its]
discretionary authority” in light of equitable and policy-based considerations—like Herrera’s
lengthy period of unlawful presence, her delay in seeking relief, and the importance of finality in
the immigration system. A.R. 4. Those are heartland matters of enforcement discretion—not
reliance on “a legal determination.” Chen v. Garland, 43 F.4th 244, 254 (2d Cir. 2022); see also
Barajas-Salinas v. Holder, 760 F.3d 905, 908 (8th Cir. 2014) (Board’s “expression of discretion”
unreviewable). To be sure, Herrera contests the Board’s “conclusion that the facts presented
were not exceptional” in making its discretionary call. Patel v. Bondi, No. 24-3624, 2025 WL
1013473, at *2 (6th Cir. Mar. 31, 2025); see also Dable v. Barr, 794 F. App’x 490, 494-95 (6th
Cir. 2019) (citing Lisboa v. Holder, 570 F. App’x 468, 473 (6th Cir. 2014)). But such
freestanding fact assessment—that is, one lacking any prospect that the Board “appl[ied] the
wrong rule or misapprehend[ed] the scope of its discretion”—is not enough to confer jurisdiction
even in circuits that engage in “legal errors” review. Patel, 2025 WL 1013473, at *2 (collecting
cases); cf. Sang Goo Park v. Att’y Gen., 846 F.3d 645, 650 (3d Cir. 2017) (“[T]he presence of an
exceptional situation does not compel it to act; the [Board] may still decide against reopening.”).
2See Thompson v. Barr, 959 F.3d 476, 483 n.3 (1st Cir. 2020); Malukas v. Barr, 940 F.3d 968, 970 (7th
Cir. 2019); Williams v. Garland, 59 F.4th 620, 658 n.9 (4th Cir. 2023) (Rushing, J., dissenting); Ramirez-Lopez v.
Garland, No. 21-3794, 2022 WL 2161087, at *2 n.2 (6th Cir. June 15, 2022); Sow Bolo v. Barr, 828 F. App’x 295,
298 (6th Cir. 2020); 33 Wright & Miller’s Federal Practice & Procedure § 8418 n.10 (2d ed. 2025).
3See Patel v. Bondi, No. 24-3624, 2025 WL 1013473, at *2 (6th Cir. Mar. 31, 2025); Singh v. Garland, No.
21-3812, 2022 WL 4283249, at *9 (6th Cir. Sep. 16, 2022); Hermiz v. Garland, 848 F. App’x 184, 187 (6th Cir.
2021).

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Nor does another recent decision of this Court—Sarkisov v. Bondi, --- F.4th ----, 2025
WL 3251118 (6th Cir. 2025)—counsel to the contrary. Sarkisov concluded that courts have
jurisdiction to review the Board’s “determination that a petitioner failed to present ‘extraordinary
circumstances’ warranting the Attorney General’s exercise of discretion to reopen” the removal
proceedings of certain applicants under the Violence Against Women Act. Id. at *2 (quoting
8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(iv)(III)). In so ruling, we explained that the statutory “safe harbor,”
id.; see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), as interpreted by the Supreme Court, see Wilkinson v.
Garland, 601 U.S. 209, 212 (2024), preserves courts’ jurisdiction to review mixed questions of
law and fact. And we noted that the statutory provision at issue—which triggers upon a showing
of “extraordinary circumstances,” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(iv)(III)—presented that type of
mixed question, Sarkisov, 2025 WL 3251118, at *3. That was because “the statute says that the
[Board] may exercise discretion in a case that meets a certain legal standard.” Id. at *5.
Sarkisov distinguished itself from cases—like this one—involving “purely discretionary
decisions, such as when the [Board] declines to reopen a removal order sua sponte.” Id. at *2.
And for sound reasons. The regulation that provides the Board’s sua sponte reopening authority,
8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(a), leaves courts with “no law to apply,” Rais, 768 F.3d at 463 (citation
omitted). By contrast, Sarkisov read the at-issue statutory provision to provide the kind of
“judicially manageable” “legal standard” that supported review. 2025 WL 3251118, at *4.
Sarkisov, moreover, saw its reliance on 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) as reason to distinguish the no-
review holding of Harchenko, 379 F.3d at 410-11, which arose under a different, prior provision
of the INA that predated the safe-harbor provision, Sarkisov, 2025 WL 3251118, at *5. Yet our
rejection of sua sponte reopening review post-Harchenko rests not on any judicial-review
provisions of the INA, but on the determination that the APA itself precludes review. See supra
p. 6 & n.1. Nor does Sarkisov’s reliance on “recent [Board] decisions” to help apply the
judicially manageable “extraordinary circumstances” provision there translate to sua sponte
reopening decisions. 2025 WL 3251118, at *6. The Supreme Court has rejected the notion “that
if the agency gives a ‘reviewable’ reason for otherwise unreviewable action, the action becomes
reviewable.” ICC v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, 482 U.S. 270, 283 (1987). So even if Board
decisions helped clarify Sarkisov’s statutory standard, the Board’s explanations for denying

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requests to reopen sua sponte do not enable judicial review over those “otherwise unreviewable”
decisions in the same way. Id.
For the above reasons, we lack jurisdiction to review the Board’s refusal to reopen
Herrera’s proceedings sua sponte. We therefore dismiss the portion of Herrera’s petition seeking
review of the Board’s sua sponte reopening denial.
C
Last, we reject Herrera’s argument that the Board violated her Fifth Amendment right to
due process by issuing a “cursory decision” that “fail[ed] to provide a reasoned analysis of her
arguments regarding lack of notice and due diligence.” Herrera Br. 18-19. “[T]he Board has no
duty to write an exegesis on every contention.” Akhtar v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 408 (6th Cir.
2005) (citation omitted). It need only “consider the issues raised, and announce its decision in
terms sufficient to enable [us] to perceive that it has heard and thought and not merely reacted.”
Id. (citation omitted). The Board explained that because the number bar “dispos[ed]” of
Herrera’s second motion to reopen, it “need not address [Herrera’s] remaining appellate
arguments.” A.R. 4. That sufficed for due-process purposes. Once the Board explained the
“basis on which it decided against” Herrera, it “owed no duty” to examine Herrera’s alternative
arguments “for sake of completeness.” Zhang v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 851, 854-55 (6th Cir. 2008).
Herrera’s contention that the Board “did not engage in a meaningful review” of her case thus
lacks merit. Gishta v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 972, 980 (6th Cir. 2005).
* * *
We deny the petition in part and dismiss the petition in part.

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