United States of America v. Luis Duarte

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted June 23, 2022 *
Decided June 27, 2022
Before
DIANE S. SYKES, Chief Judge
MICHAEL B. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
No. 21-2720
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
LUIS DUARTE,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Northern District of
Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:19-CR-00876(1)
Virginia M. Kendall,
Judge.
O R D E R
Luis Duarte appeals his conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon.
See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He challenges the denial of his motion to suppress the firearm
on the ground that police officers lacked reasonable suspicion to stop him. We conclude
* We granted the parties’ joint motion to waive oral argument, and the petition is
therefore submitted on the briefs and the record. FED. R. A PP. P. 34(a)(2).
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

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No. 21-2720 Page 2
that the district court was entitled on this record to uphold the officers’ actions, and
therefore affirm the judgment.
Around midnight on March 27, 2019, officers Aaron David and Andrew David
were patrolling Chicago’s west side while they investigated a report of shots fired
nearby, about an hour earlier. Aaron David knew the surrounding area to be the border
between territories controlled by rival gangs, the Latin Kings and the Two-Six gang.
From their car, the officers saw Duarte on the sidewalk. Officer Andrew David later
testified that he recognized Duarte as a possible Two-Six gang member. The officers
pulled over to the opposite side of the street and asked two men if they had heard
gunshots. The men pointed eastward, to the area where the officers had seen Duarte. By
this time, Duarte had reversed direction and was walking away from the officers.
The officers drove closer to Duarte, got out of the vehicle, and approached him
from behind on foot. They walked toward him without weapons drawn and calmly
asked to speak with him. Duarte turned toward the officers, and Officer Aaron David
noticed a weighted object in the front pocket of Duarte’s hooded sweatshirt. Duarte
raised his hands and spontaneously began to remove his sweatshirt. Aaron David later
testified that Duarte’s action was “an indication to me that [Duarte] might be either
trying to fight me or is doing something suspicious.” As Duarte lifted the sweatshirt
over his head, Aaron David noticed “the pocket sunk down, and it was still hanging
with the weighted object in it.” At that moment, the officer grabbed Duarte’s left hand
and the sweatshirt pocket, in which he felt the weighted object. After confirming that
the object was the size and shape of a firearm, he yelled “pole,” meaning gun. Andrew
David then asked Duarte “You’re Two-Six, right, I’ve seen you before?” Duarte nodded
in agreement.
The officers later determined that the object in the sweatshirt was a .38 revolver
with three spent shell casings. Duarte was charged with unlawful possession of a
firearm by a convicted felon. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Duarte moved to suppress the firearm based on the officers’ lack of reasonable
suspicion to conduct an investigatory Terry stop and subsequent frisk. The district judge
denied the motion. She concluded that no seizure occurred until Aaron David grabbed
Duarte’s hand. At that point, she explained, the officers had reasonable suspicion to
believe that Duarte possessed a gun or was involved in a shooting: (1) shots were fired
nearby an hour and a half earlier; (2) Duarte was in a neighborhood with frequent gun
violence, after midnight; (3) Andrew David recognized Duarte as a Two-Six gang
member; (4) Aaron David knew that Two-Six members carried guns; (5) the two men on

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No. 21-2720 Page 3
the other side of the street told the officers they heard shots coming from Duarte’s
direction; (6) Duarte changed direction after the officers passed him in their car; (7) a
weighted object, with the size and shape of a firearm, hung in Duarte’s sweatshirt
pocket; and (8) Duarte attempted to remove his sweatshirt when the officers
approached him.
On appeal, Duarte challenges the district judge’s decision to credit the officers’
testimony. He argues, first, that Andrew David could not have had a sufficient view
from the moving police car to recognize him as a gang member. Duarte also disputes
the veracity of the officers’ testimony about their conversation with the two men on the
street—testimony that Duarte says must be disregarded because the officers gave it at
the suppression hearing rather than in a written post-arrest report.
When reviewing the denial of a suppression motion, we review factual findings
for clear error, see United States v. Wilson, 963 F.3d 701, 703 (7th Cir. 2020), and the judge
here did not clearly err in crediting the officers’ testimony. The particular testimony
challenged by Duarte was not “inconsistent” or “improbable on its face.” United States v.
Terry, 572 F.3d 430, 434–35 (7th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). For
instance, with regard to Andrew David’s testimony that he recognized Duarte, body-
camera footage (admitted into evidence at the hearing) captured the officer’s question
to Duarte about being a Two-Six gang member. As for the officers’ testimony about
their conversation with the two men in the street, none of that testimony conflicted with
any other evidence in the record.
Duarte next challenges the judge’s determination that the weighted object in his
sweatshirt pocket was sufficient to give rise to reasonable suspicion. But a conspicuous
bulge in a person’s clothing can support an officer’s reasonable suspicion that an
individual is armed and potentially dangerous. See Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106,
112 (1977). Moreover, any assessment of reasonable suspicion is a fact-intensive inquiry,
Wilson, 963 F.3d at 703, and here there are additional circumstances that gave the
officers a basis to suspect that Duarte had engaged in criminal activity. Specifically,
upon responding to a reported shooting on contested gang territory, Aaron David saw
Duarte switch direction upon the patrol car’s approach and then try to remove his
sweatshirt, perhaps to “fight” or do “something suspicious.” Taken together, these facts
are enough to find reasonable suspicion. See id. at 703–04 (reasonable suspicion where
defendant had bulge in clothing and acted evasively in high-crime area following
dispatch report of a crime in progress); see also United States v. Richmond, 924 F.3d 404,

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No. 21-2720 Page 4
411 (7th Cir. 2019) (reasonable suspicion where defendant had bulge in clothing and
acted evasively in high-crime area).
AFFIRMED

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