United States of America v. John Fredenburgh

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued October 1, 2024
Decided October 11, 2024
Before
MICHAEL B. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
NANCY L. MALDONADO, Circuit Judge
No. 22-1907
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
JOHN FREDENBURGH,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Eastern District of
Wisconsin.
No. 21-CR-128
William C. Griesbach,
Judge.
O R D E R
John Fredenburgh pleaded guilty to traveling in interstate commerce for the
purpose of engaging in sexual conduct with a minor, 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b), and attempted
enticement of a minor, id. § 2422(b), and was sentenced to 307 months’ imprisonment.
He challenges one part of the district court’s calculation of his advisory guidelines
range: the failure to group his convictions for sentencing purposes. But we see no error
in the district court’s decision not to group Fredenburgh’s convictions, and so we
affirm.
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with F ED. R. APP . P. 32.1

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No. 22-1907 Page 2
I.
Fredenburgh engaged in a 5-year sexual relationship with a minor. He first met
the minor—at the time his stepdaughter’s friend—when she was 8 years old. Over time,
Fredenburgh gave her gifts, compliments, and allowed her to smoke cigarettes while
under his supervision. He first had sex with her when she was 12 years old. Although
most of the sexual occurrences happened at his home (in Suring, Wisconsin), the two
also had sex on camping trips and at hotels. They also engaged in “phone sex” on at
least three occasions. The relationship came to a halt when the minor confessed to her
mother that she had been in a “secret relationship” with Fredenburgh.
Fredenburgh was later indicted on two counts of traveling in interstate
commerce for the purpose of engaging in sexual conduct with a minor in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2423(b), and one count of attempted enticement of a minor to engage in sexual
conduct in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). He eventually pleaded guilty to one count of
traveling in interstate commerce for the purpose of engaging in sexual conduct with a
minor and one count of attempted enticement of a minor to engage in sexual conduct.
The United States Probation Office prepared a presentence investigation report
(PSR), which did not group Fredenburgh’s two counts of conviction for sentencing
purposes. The PSR noted that, although the two counts involved the same victim, they
represented separate harms against her. Because the PSR did not group the two counts,
it assigned one unit to each count under the § 3D1.4 grouping rules, and added a 2-level
increase to the count with the highest offense level, 34, for a multiple-count adjustment
of 36. Additional offense-level enhancements boosted the recommended total offense
level to 38. Because Fredenburgh had no criminal history points, his offense level
yielded a guidelines imprisonment range of 235–293 months. Fredenburgh did not
object to the PSR’s calculation of his guidelines range.
At sentencing, the district court first inquired whether Fredenburgh disputed the
guidelines calculations in the PSR, and Fredenburgh again stated that he did not object
to the PSR’s calculations. So the court adopted those calculations. After considering the
seriousness of Fredenburgh’s convictions and the duration of misconduct that spanned
the minor’s childhood, the court imposed an above-guidelines sentence of 300 months’
imprisonment.

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No. 22-1907 Page 3
II.
On appeal, Fredenburgh argues that the district court erred by failing to group
his convictions for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2. Because he did not raise this argument
in the district court, relief in this court depends on a finding that the district court’s
failure to group his convictions was plain error. United States v. Long, 79 F.4th 882, 885
(7th Cir. 2023), cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 578 (2024). For that to be so, Fredenburgh must
demonstrate an error that is clear and obvious, and affected both his substantial rights
and the fairness or integrity of the judicial proceedings. Id. An error in calculating the
guidelines range typically satisfies the plain error standard. See Rosales-Mireles v. United
States, 585 U.S. 129, 132 (2018).
Section 3D1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides that “[a]ll counts involving
substantially the same harm shall be grouped together into a single [g]roup.” The
grouping guideline lists the following circumstances in which multiple counts are
deemed to involve “substantially the same harm”:
(a) When counts involve the same victim and the same act or transaction.
(b) When counts involve the same victim and two or more acts or
transactions connected by a common criminal objective or constituting
part of a common scheme or plan.
(c) When one of the counts embodies conduct that is treated as a specific
offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to, the guideline applicable
to another of the counts.
(d) When the offense level is determined largely on the basis of the total
amount of harm or loss, the quantity of a substance involved, or some
other measure of aggregate harm, or if the offense behavior is ongoing
or continuous in nature and the offense guideline is written to cover
such behavior.
U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(a)–(d). Fredenburgh argues that his convictions should have grouped
under § 3D1.2(d). He contends that his convictions were ongoing or continuous, as they
were based on a “years-long ongoing interaction” with the minor.

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No. 22-1907 Page 4
But the district court committed no plain error. First, Fredenburgh cannot point
to any caselaw—from this court or otherwise—supporting the proposition that his
convictions should be grouped under § 3D1.2(d). Indeed, he acknowledges that there
are no cases addressing the applicability of § 3D1.2(d) to counts of sexual misconduct.
And on a matter of first impression, we will rarely find plain error. See United States v.
Ramirez, 783 F.3d 687, 695 (7th Cir. 2015). Fredenburgh certainly has not shown any
error here that was “clear under current law.” United States v. Natale, 719 F.3d 719, 731
(7th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted).
In any event, the Guidelines’ commentary counsels against Fredenburgh’s
argument. Specifically, Application Note 6 advises that most “drug offenses, firearms
offenses, and other crimes where the guidelines are based primarily on quantity or
contemplate continuing behavior” should be grouped under § 3D1.2(d). U.S.S.G.
§ 3D.1.2 cmt. n.6. The application note then ticks off a list of examples of the kind of
offenses that should be grouped; absent from that list are offenses involving sexual
misconduct. This omission suggests that § 3D1.2(d) does not contemplate offenses
involving sexual misconduct.
In addition, Application Note 4, while addressing § 3D.1.2(b), excludes sexual
misconduct from grouping. The note says that “two counts of rape for raping the same
person on different days … are not to be grouped together.” U.S.S.G. § 3D.1.2 cmt. n.4.
This suggests that sex crimes—even against the same victim—pose distinct and
separate harms, and thus should not be grouped under the grouping guideline. Put
differently, in the context of “sex crimes committed by the same defendant against the
same victim over an extended period of time, … each act usually amounts to a fresh
harm the victim must face anew.” United States v. Bivens, 811 F.3d 840, 843 (6th Cir.
2016). We thus conclude that the district court did not commit plain error by failing to
group Fredenburgh’s counts of conviction under § 3D1.2(d).
Fredenburgh also argues that the district court erred by failing to group his
convictions under § 3D1.2(b) and (c). But, as Fredenburgh conceded at oral argument,
our decisions in United States v. Von Loh, 417 F.3d 710 (7th Cir. 2005), and United States v.
White, 97 F.4th 532 (7th Cir. 2024), say otherwise. In Von Loh, we relied on the
Guidelines’ commentary to conclude that multiple acts of statutory rape against the
same victim are separate harms and thus do not group under § 3D1.2(b) or (c). 417 F.3d
at 714. Fredenburgh asks us to reconsider Von Loh, and he argues that the Guidelines’
commentary is no longer authoritative. His argument relies on Kisor v. Wilke, 588 U.S.

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No. 22-1907 Page 5
558, 573 (2019), where the Supreme Court clarified the deference owed to an agency’s
interpretation of its own regulations. But in White, we rejected the same argument
Fredenburgh now raises and held that the Guidelines’ commentary remains
authoritative post-Kisor. 97 F.4th at 539. The most we can offer under currently
controlling precedent is that Fredenburgh has preserved his argument for further
review at the Supreme Court.
AFFIRMED.

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