United States of America v. Tuong Quoc Ho

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted November 7, 2024
Decided November 12, 2024
Before
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
AMY J. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge
DORIS L. PRYOR, Circuit Judge
No. 24-1232
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
TUONG QUOC HO,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Southern District of
Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
No. 1:20-cr-00056-JRS-TAB
James R. Sweeney II,
Judge.
O R D E R
Tuong Quoc Ho pleaded guilty to crimes arising from a fraudulent scheme and
was sentenced to 102 months in prison. Although his plea agreement contains an appeal
waiver, Ho filed a notice of appeal. His appointed counsel contends that the appeal is
frivolous and moves to withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967).
Counsel’s brief explains the nature of the case and raises potential issues that an appeal
like this would be expected to involve. Because counsel’s brief appears thorough, we
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with F ED. R. APP . P. 32.1

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limit our review to the subjects discussed in the brief and Ho’s two responses under
Circuit Rule 51(b).† See United States v. Bey, 748 F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014).
In September 2022, a federal grand jury returned a superseding indictment that
charged Ho with 20 counts of aiding and abetting wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 2; two
counts of aggravated identity theft, § 1028A(a)(1), (c)(5); one count of possession of
unauthorized access devices, § 1029(a)(3), (c)(1)(A)(i); one count of unlawful transfer,
possession, or use of a means of identification, § 1028(a)(7), (b)(2)(A), (c)(3)(A); and two
counts of money laundering, § 1957. The charges arose from a complex international
scheme in which Ho (a dual Vietnamese and American citizen) and others unlawfully
obtained personal information from hundreds of people online and used it to create
fraudulent PayPal and eBay accounts. They then listed expensive items (that they did
not have) for sale on eBay, used stolen credit card information to procure those items,
had them shipped directly to the purchasers, and collected the purchasers’ payments in
fraudulent PayPal accounts connected to Ho’s personal bank accounts. Ho and his co-
schemers went to great lengths to establish the bona fides of the PayPal accounts when
suspicious activity was detected.
Ho entered a written plea agreement with the government under Rule 11(c)(1)(B)
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in which he admitted to a detailed
description of his involvement in the scheme. He also waived his right to appeal
directly his conviction and sentence, or to bring a collateral attack, on any ground other
than ineffective assistance of counsel.
The district court held a change-of-plea hearing, at which it placed Ho under
oath and engaged in a colloquy with him. A Vietnamese interpreter was on hand, but
Ho said he wished to proceed without the interpreter’s assistance. The court then
described each charge and the terms of the plea agreement, and Ho confirmed that he
understood and wished to plead guilty. The court also explained the appeal waiver, and
Ho affirmed that he understood and agreed to it. After agreeing to the factual basis as
outlined in the plea agreement—without having it read aloud—Ho entered a plea of
guilty to all charges, which the court accepted.
† We received Ho’s response to counsel’s Anders brief on September 10, 2024, the
day it was due. We then received a second, more detailed, response on September 16.
We construe the second filing as a motion to supplement the Rule 51(b) response, grant
it, and consider both responses.

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No. 24-1232 Page 3
Before sentencing, a probation officer prepared a presentence investigation
report (PSR). Ho objected to portions of the PSR that described his offense conduct
consistent with the factual basis for the plea agreement—prompting the probation
officer and the government to question whether Ho accepted responsibility. Ho then
moved to withdraw his guilty plea. The district court denied the motion.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court addressed and denied each of Ho’s
objections to the PSR. With a total offense level of 28 (and no reduction for acceptance of
responsibility) and a criminal history category of I, Ho’s sentencing range was 78 to 97
months’ imprisonment. The court imposed a term of 78 months (including a concurrent
60-month sentence for the unlawful possession of a means of identification) plus a
consecutive 24-month sentence for aggravated identity theft (two 2-year terms
concurrent to each other), for a total of 102 months. The court also imposed the
restitution described in the plea agreement. Ho then initiated this appeal.
In discussing potential issues to raise on appeal, counsel first considers and
properly rejects any challenge Ho could make to his guilty plea. See United States v.
Larry, 104 F.4th 1020, 1022 (7th Cir. 2024). Because Ho moved to withdraw his guilty
plea in the district court, we would review the denial of the motion for an abuse of
discretion and any factual findings, including whether the plea was entered knowingly
and voluntarily, for clear error. United States v. Merrill, 23 F.4th 766, 769 (7th Cir. 2022).
Here, a review of the hearing transcript reflects that the district court followed
the requirements of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Under oath,
Ho confirmed that he understood the charges against him, the possible penalties, and
the rights he was waiving; he also affirmed that his plea was voluntary and not the
product of coercion. See Larry, 104 F.4th at 1022. Ho also confirmed multiple times that
he did not need the services of the interpreter, who stood by throughout the hearing to
assist as needed.
In his Rule 51(b) response, however, Ho disagrees that the district court informed
him of “the nature of each charge to which the defendant is pleading” because of four
specific omissions. F ED . R. C RIM . P. 11(b)(1)(G). First, he proposes arguing that the court
erred by not reading the indictment or explaining the nature of the charges against him
during the change-of-plea hearing. See United States v. Cusenza, 749 F.2d 473, 475
(7th Cir. 1984). But unlike the district court in Cusenza, the district court here did more
than just reference the charges by their count number; it described the elements of each

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charge, which is sufficient to ensure Ho understood the nature of the charges against
him, see United States v. Goliday, 41 F.4th 778, 783 (7th Cir. 2022).
Second, Ho proposes arguing that the district court failed to inform him that
wire fraud requires “obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent
pretenses, representations, or promises.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1343; McNally v. United States
483 U.S. 350, 360–61 (1987). But in McNally, the Supreme Court explained that the
proscribed activities under § 1343 are disjunctive: they include either obtaining money
or property or devising a scheme to defraud. 483 U.S. at 358; see also Percoco v. United
States, 598 U.S. 319, 327 (2023). In Ho’s case, he was indicted for the fraudulent scheme
of using people’s personal information to create fraudulent PayPal accounts, and the
district court advised him of that appropriately.
Third, Ho wishes to argue that the district court should have, but did not, advise
him that his charge of aggravated identity theft required him to know that the identity
he assumed belonged to “a real person.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). But Ho acknowledged
in his plea agreement and during the change-of-plea hearing that he “knew the means
of identification belonged to another person.” And using the term “another person”
was sufficient to inform Ho that the identity belonged to a “real” or “actual” person. See
United States v. Arojojoye, 753 F.3d 729, 735–36 (7th Cir. 2014).
In his fourth proposed argument relating to Rule 11(b)(1)(G), Ho asserts that,
when describing the charges of aggravated identity theft, the district court should have
advised him of the meaning of “uses” and “in relation to” as recently defined in Dubin
v. United States, 599 U.S. 110 (2023). Under Dubin, a defendant “‘uses’ another person’s
means of identification ‘in relation to’ a predicate offense when this use is at the crux of
what makes the conduct criminal.” 599 U.S. at 131. In Dubin, the defendant had
committed healthcare fraud by overbilling patients, but the use of his patients’ personal
information (such as their names) was not a key aspect of the fraud. Id. at 132. But here,
creating fake PayPal accounts using unlawfully obtained personal identifying
information was at the heart of the fraud scheme. The court’s description of the
elements—which Dubin explained but did not add to—was accurate and required no
discussion of Dubin to be complete.
Ho also proposes arguing that the district court did not sufficiently establish the
factual basis for Ho’s guilty plea as required by Rule 11(b)(3). The purpose of the rule is
to ensure that a defendant’s guilty plea is based on something he actually did. We look
to the “total circumstances surrounding the plea” to determine whether Rule 11’s

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requirements have been met. United States v. Messino, 55 F.3d 1241, 1254 (7th Cir. 1995)
(quoting United States v. Fountain, 777 F.2d 351, 355 (7th Cir. 1985)). Although we have
expressed a preference for establishing the factual basis for a guilty plea through a
dialogue between the court and the defendant in which the defendant “describes the
conduct that gave rise to the charge,” such a dialogue is not required. United States v.
Hernandez-Rivas, 513 F.3d 753, 760 (7th Cir. 2008) (citing Fountain, 777 F.2d at 356). We
have explained that “[a] district court may find the factual basis in anything that
appears on the record,” including a plea agreement. Id.
Here, we are satisfied that the district court sufficiently determined that there
was a factual basis for Ho’s guilty plea. During Ho’s colloquy, the court directed Ho to
the section of Ho’s plea agreement laying out the factual basis for the plea. The court
asked Ho if he was familiar with the facts set forth in that section. Ho said he was. The
court then offered Ho time to review the facts, but Ho repeated that he was familiar
with them. The court then asked Ho if the facts set forth in the plea agreement were
true, and Ho responded that they were. The court later made a specific finding that
Ho’s guilty plea was supported by an independent factual basis. Thus, because the
district court looked both to the facts laid out in the guilty plea and to Ho’s
confirmation that those facts were true, Rule 11(b)(3) was satisfied.
Therefore, we agree with counsel that there are no nonfrivolous arguments that
Ho could raise on appeal to establish that the district court abused its discretion by
denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
As a result, we also agree that all other arguments, including each one that Ho
raised about his sentence, are foreclosed by the appellate waiver in the plea agreement.
Ho waived his “right to appeal the conviction and sentence imposed in this case on any
ground.” This waiver “stands or falls with the underlying agreement and plea.” United
States v. Nulf, 978 F.3d 504, 506 (7th Cir. 2020). Because Ho’s guilty plea is valid, we
would enforce the waiver. And counsel properly rejects any argument that an exception
to the waiver could apply. Ho’s sentence complies with all applicable statutory
maximums. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343 (20 years), 1028A(a)(1) (2 years), 1029(c)(1)(A)(i) (10
years), 1028(b)(2) (5 years), 1957(b)(1) (10 years). And the court did not rely on a
constitutionally impermissible factor at sentencing. See Nulf, 978 U.S. at 506.
Therefore, we GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.

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